The document provides an introduction to sentiment analysis. It defines sentiment analysis as classifying text as positive, negative, or neutral based on the expressed sentiment. Sentiment analysis can be performed at the document, sentence, or aspect level. Supervised machine learning algorithms like Naive Bayes are commonly used for classification, which requires preprocessing text data into feature vectors before training models on labeled data. The document outlines the process and provides examples to illustrate sentiment analysis techniques.

1. Introduction to Sentiment Analysis
Rajesh Piryani
Department Of Computer Science
South Asian University, New Delhi

2. What is Sentiment Analysis?
It is a natural language processing task that uses an algorithmic formulation to
categorize an opinionated text into either “positive” or “negative” sentiment classes (or
sometimes a “neutral” class equivalent to having no opinion polarity).
SA(Sentiment Analysis) is defined as a quintuple
<Oi; Fij; Ski jl; Hk; Tl >
 Oi = targeted object
 Fij = feature of the object
 Ski jl = Sentiment polarity,
 Hk = Opinion Holder k,
 Tl =Time when the opinion is expressed
Example
Oi = Samsung Mobile
Fij = Battery, Camera, Memory Card, Design, etc
Ski jl = positive for six month, Negative after that
Hk = Myself,
Tl =When I purchased the Samsung mobile it was
good, but now after 6 months it gets heated in 4 to
5 minutes .
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3. Why Sentiment Analysis
Mainly because of the Web; huge volumes of opinionated text
User-generated media: One can express opinions on anything in reviews, forums,
discussion groups, blogs
Opinions of global scale: No longer limited to:
Individuals: one’s circle of friends
 Businesses: Small scale surveys, tiny focus groups, etc.
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4. Example 1
I love this movie! It's sweet, but with satirical humor. The dialogue is great and the
adventure scenes are fun… It manages to be whimsical and romantic while laughing at
the conventions of the fairy tale genre. I would recommend it to just about anyone.
I've seen it several times, and I'm always happy to see it again whenever I have a
friend who hasn't seen it yet.
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5. Example 2
My XYZ CAR was delivered yesterday. It looks fabulous. We went on a long
highway drive the very second day of getting the car. It was smooth, comfortable and
wonderful drive. Had a wonderful experience with family. Its an awesome car. I am
loving it..!
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6. Classification of Sentence
Opinion without sentiment (Objectivity)
I believe the World is flat.
Samsung Galaxy has resolution of 14 MP.
Sentiment always involve holder’s emotion or
desires (Subjectivity)
I think intervention in Libya will put US in a
difficult situation.
The US attack on Afghanistan is wrong.
Video Quality of iPhone is awesome.
iPhone6 is newest in the market.
Sentences
Objective Subjective
Positive Negative Neutral
Figure 1. Classification of Sentence
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7. Levels of Sentiment Analysis
Levels of
Sentiment Analysis
Document Level Sentence Level Aspect Level
Figure 2. Level of Sentiment Analysis
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8. Example 3
iPhone- User Review:
I bought an iPhone a few days ago. It was such a nice phone. The touch screen was
really cool. The voice quality was clear too. Although the battery life was not long, that
is ok for me. However, my mother was mad with me as I did not tell her before I
bought the phone. She also thought the phone was too expensive, and wanted me to
return it to the shop. …
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9. Visual Comparison of Aspect based
Sentiment Analysis
11/10/2017 INTRODUCTIONTO SENTIMENTANALYSIS 9
Figure 3. Visual Comparison of Aspect Level based Sentiment Analysis

10. Approaches to perform Sentiment Analysis
Machine Learning Classifier Approach
Naïve Bayes, Maximum Entropy, Support Vector Machine etc.
Unsupervised Semantic Orientation Approach
Semantic Orientation-Point-wise Mutual Information-Information Retrieval
Semi-supervised SentiWordNet based Approaches
SentiWordNet, SenticNet
11/10/2017 INTRODUCTIONTO SENTIMENTANALYSIS 10

11. ML Supervised Algorithm Block Diagram
Figure 4. Block diagram of ML Supervised Algorithm
11/10/2017 INTRODUCTIONTO SENTIMENTANALYSIS 11

12. Preprocessing of data for ML Algorithm
Review/Text Tokenization
Stop word
removal
Punctuation
marks
removal
Stemming
11/10/2017 INTRODUCTIONTO SENTIMENTANALYSIS 12
Figure 5. Steps for pre-processing of data

13. Preprocessing of data for ML Algorithm
Stop Words:
•common words that have low discrimination power (e.g., the, is, and who)
•usually filtered out before processing the text
Stemming
•the purpose of stemming is to reduce different grammatical forms or word forms of a
word like its noun, adjective, verb, adverb etc
•The goal of stemming is to reduce inflectional forms and sometimes derivationally related
forms of a word to a common base form
•Example: "argue", "argued", "argues", "arguing", and "argus" reduce to the stem "argu"
11/10/2017 INTRODUCTIONTO SENTIMENTANALYSIS 13

14. Supervised Machine Learning
Input:
 a document 𝒅
A fixed set of classes 𝑪 = 𝒄𝟏, 𝒄𝟐, … , 𝒄𝒏
A train set of m hand-labeled documents 𝒅𝟏, 𝒄𝟏 , … , (𝒅𝒎, 𝒄𝒎)
Output
A learned classifier, 𝒀: 𝒅 → 𝒄
11/10/2017 INTRODUCTIONTO SENTIMENTANALYSIS 14

15. The bag of words representation
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16. The bag of words representation
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17. The bag of word representation:
using a subset of words
11/10/2017 INTRODUCTIONTO SENTIMENTANALYSIS 17

18. The bag of words representation
11/10/2017 INTRODUCTIONTO SENTIMENTANALYSIS 18

19. NB Machine Learning Approach
The probability of a document d being in class c is computed as
𝑷 𝒄 𝒅 ∝ 𝑷 𝒄
𝟏≤𝒌≤𝒏𝒅
𝑷( 𝒕𝒌|𝒄)
where, 𝑷(𝒕𝒌|𝒄) is the conditional probability of a term 𝒕𝒌 occurring in a document of class 𝒄.
The goal is to find the best class, i.e., Maximum A Posteriori Class as follows:
𝒄𝒎𝒂𝒑 = 𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒄∈𝑪 𝑷 𝒄 ∗
𝟏≤𝒌≤𝒏𝒅
𝑷( 𝒕𝒌|𝒄)
Which can be reframed as
𝒄𝒎𝒂𝒑 = 𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒄∈𝑪[𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑷 𝒄 +
𝟏≤𝒌≤𝒏𝒅
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑷(𝒕𝒌|𝒄)]
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20. NB Machine Learning Approach (Contd..)
𝑷(𝒄) and 𝑷(𝒕𝒌|𝒄) are maximum likelihood estimates based on training data and can be computed as:
𝑷 𝒄 =
𝑵𝑪
𝑵
𝑷 𝒕 𝒄 =
𝑻𝒄𝒕
𝒕′∈𝑽 𝑻𝒄𝒕′
Laplace (add-1) smoothing for Naïve Bayes
𝑷 𝒕 𝒄 =
𝑻𝒄𝒕 + 𝟏
𝒕′∈𝑽 𝑻𝒄𝒕′ + 𝟏
=
𝑻𝒄𝒕 + 𝟏
( 𝒕′∈𝑽 𝑻𝒄𝒕′) + |𝑽|
where, 𝑵 is total no. of docs,
𝑵𝒄 is the no. of docs in the class 𝒄.
𝑻𝒄𝒕 is the number of occurrences of term 𝒕 in training docs from class 𝒄.
|𝑽|is the number of unique words in vocabulary
11/10/2017 INTRODUCTIONTO SENTIMENTANALYSIS 20

21. Example
S: I love this fun film.
Steps:
 Assigning each word: 𝑷(𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒅 | 𝒄)
 Assigning each sentence: 𝑷(𝒔|𝒄) = 𝚷 𝑷(𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒅|𝒄)
Which class assigns the higher probability to s?
11/10/2017 INTRODUCTIONTO SENTIMENTANALYSIS 21

22. Example
S: I love this fun film.
Steps:
 Assigning each word: 𝑷(𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒅 | 𝒄)
 Assigning each sentence: 𝑷(𝒔|𝒄) = 𝚷 𝑷(𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒅|𝒄)
Model Positive
0.1 I
0.1 love
0.01 this
0.05 fun
0.1 film
Model Negative
0.2 I
0.001 love
0.01 this
0.005 fun
0.1 film
S I love this fun film
0.1 0.1 0.01 0.05 0.1
0.2 0.001 0.01 0.005 0.1
𝑷 𝒔 𝒑𝒐𝒔 > 𝑷(𝒔|𝒏𝒆𝒈)
11/10/2017 INTRODUCTIONTO SENTIMENTANALYSIS 22

23. Example
Doc Words Class
Training Document
1 Chinese Beijing Chinese c
2 Chinese Chinese Shanghai c
3 Chinese Macao c
4 Tokyo Japan Chinese j
Test Document 5 Chinese Chinese Chinese Tokyo Japan ?
Formulas
𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓 𝑷 𝒄 =
𝑵𝒄
𝑵
Conditional Probability
𝑷 𝒘 𝒄 =
𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒘, 𝒄 + 𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒄 + |𝑽|
𝑽 : 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒚(𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐞 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐬)
𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒄 : 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒄
𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒘, 𝒄 : 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒘 𝒊𝒏 𝒄
For example: Prior 𝑷 𝒄 =
𝟑
𝟒
𝑷 𝒋 =
𝟏
𝟒
Conditional Probabilities
𝑃 𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑐 =
5 + 1
8 + 6
=
6
14
=
3
7
𝑃 𝐵𝑒𝑖𝑗𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐 =
1 + 1
8 + 6
=
2
14
=
1
7
𝑃 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑖 𝑐 =
1 + 1
8 + 6
=
2
14
=
1
7
𝑃 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑜 𝑐 =
1 + 1
8 + 6
=
2
14
=
1
7
𝑃 𝑇𝑜𝑘𝑦𝑜 𝑐 =
0 + 1
8 + 6
=
1
14
𝑃 𝐽𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑐 =
0 + 1
8 + 6
=
1
14
Conditional Probabilities
𝑃 𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑗 =
1 + 1
3 + 6
=
2
9
𝑃 𝐵𝑒𝑖𝑗𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑗 =
0 + 1
3 + 6
=
1
9
𝑃 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑖 𝑗 =
0 + 1
3 + 6
=
1
9
𝑃 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑜 𝑗 =
0 + 1
3 + 6
=
1
9
𝑃 𝑇𝑜𝑘𝑦𝑜 𝑗 =
1 + 1
3 + 6
=
2
9
𝑃 𝐽𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑗 =
1 + 1
3 + 6
=
2
9
CHOOSING A CLASS
𝑷 𝒄 𝒅𝟓 ∝
𝟑
𝟒
∗
𝟑
𝟕
𝟑
∗
𝟏
𝟏𝟒
∗
𝟏
𝟏𝟒
≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑
𝑷 𝒋 𝒅𝟓 ∝
𝟏
𝟒
∗
𝟐
𝟗
𝟑
∗
𝟐
𝟗
∗
𝟐
𝟗
≈ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏
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24. Algorithm
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25. Performance Evaluation
Definition of some terminologies
𝒕𝒑:- A true positive (𝒕𝒑) decision assigns two similar documents to the same classes
𝒕𝒏:- a true negative (𝒕𝒏) decision assigns two dissimilar documents to different classes
𝒇𝒑:- A (𝒇𝒑) decision assigns two dissimilar documents to the same classes
𝒇𝒏:- A (𝒇𝒏) decision assigns two similar documents to different classes
11/10/2017 INTRODUCTIONTO SENTIMENTANALYSIS 25

26. Performance Evaluation
Accuracy (A)
𝑨 =
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒍𝒚 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒅𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔
Precision (P)
𝑷 =
| 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 ∩ 𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒅𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 |
| 𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒅𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 |
𝑷 =
𝒕𝒑
𝒕𝒑 + 𝒇𝒑
Recall (R)
𝑹 =
| 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 ∩ 𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒅𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 |
| 𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 |
𝑹 =
𝒕𝒑
𝒕𝒑 + 𝒇𝒏
F-measure(F)
𝑭 = 𝟐 ∗
𝑷 ∗ 𝑹
𝑷 + 𝑹
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27. Exercise
Doc Words Class
Training
Document
1 India Eden India Wicket Cricket
2 India India Sachin Cricket
3 Sachin India Eden Cricket
4 Japan Mesi India Football
Test Document 5 India Sachin India Japan Eden Wicket ?
11/10/2017 INTRODUCTIONTO SENTIMENTANALYSIS 27
Compute the Conditional Probability of each unique word and compute
the class of doc5?

28. Hint
Doc Words Class
Training
Document
1 India Eden India Wicket Cricket
2 India India Sachin Cricket
3 Sachin India Eden Cricket
4 Japan Mesi India Football
Test Document 5 India Sachin India Japan Eden Wicket ?
Formulas
𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓 𝑷 𝒄 =
𝑵𝒄
𝑵
Conditional Probability
𝑷 𝒘 𝒄 =
𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒘, 𝒄 + 𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒄 + |𝑽|
𝑽 : 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒃𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒚(𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐞 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐬)
𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒄 : 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒄
𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒘, 𝒄 : 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒘 𝒊𝒏 𝒄
For example: Prior 𝑷 𝒄 =
𝟑
𝟒
𝑷 𝒋 =
𝟏
𝟒
Conditional Probabilities
𝑃 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝐶 =?
𝑃 𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝐶 =?
𝑃 𝑊𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝐶 =?
𝑃 𝑆𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝐶 =?
𝑃 𝐽𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝐶 =?
𝑃 𝑀𝑒𝑠𝑖 𝐶 =?
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Conditional Probabilities
𝑃 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝐹 =?
𝑃 𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝐹 =?
𝑃 𝑊𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝐹 =?
𝑃 𝑆𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝐹 =?
𝑃 𝐽𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝐹 =?
𝑃 𝑀𝑒𝑠𝑖 𝐹 =?
CHOOSING A CLASS
𝑷 𝑪 𝒅𝟓 ?
𝑷 𝑭 𝒅𝟓 ?

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