The document presents a comprehensive overview of sentiment analysis (SA), discussing its definition, methods, and challenges, including the complexities of sarcasm and subjectivity detection. It highlights the use of resources like SentiWordNet and WordNet Affect, along with various algorithms such as Naive Bayes and clustering techniques for improving sentiment classification accuracy. The conclusion emphasizes the potential for future exploration in cognitive approaches and the importance of lexical resources in enhancing sentiment prediction.

1. S
Sentiment A
Analysis
Presented by
Aditya Joshi 08305908
Guided by
Prof. Pushpak Bhattacharyya
IIT Bombay

2. What is SA & OM?
• Identify the orientation of opinion in a
piece of text
• Can be generalized to a wider set of
emotions
The movie
was fabulous!
The movie
stars Mr. X
The movie
was horrible!

3. Motivation
• Knowing sentiment is a very natural ability
of a human being.
Can a machine be trained to do it?
• SA aims at getting sentiment-related
knowledge especially from the huge
amount of information on the internet
• Can be generally used to understand
opinion in a set of documents

4. Tripod of Sentiment Analysis
Cognitive
Science
Natural
Language
Processing
Machine
Learning
Sentiment
Analysis
Natural
Language
Processing
Machine
Learning

5. Contents :
Challenges
Subjectivity
detection
SA
Approaches
Applications
Lexical
Resources

6. Challenges
• Contrasts with standard text-based
categorization
• Domain dependent
• Sarcasm
• Thwarted expressions
Mere presence of words is
Indicative of the category
in case of text categorization.
Not the case with
sentiment analysis
• Contrasts with standard text-based
categorization
• Domain dependent
• Sarcasm
• Thwarted expressions
Sentiment of a word
is w.r.t. the
domain.
Example: ‘unpredictable’
For steering of a car,
For movie review,
• Contrasts with standard text-based
categorization
• Domain dependent
• Sarcasm
• Thwarted expressions
Sarcasm uses words of
a polarity to represent
another polarity.
Example: The perfume is so
amazing that I suggest you wear it
with your windows shut
• Contrasts with standard text-based
categorization
• Domain dependent
• Sarcasm
• Thwarted expressions
the sentences/words that
contradict the overall sentiment
of the set are in majority
Example: The actors are good,
the music is brilliant and appealing.
Yet, the movie fails to strike a chord.

7. SentiWordNet
•Lexical resource for sentiment
analysis
•Built on the top of WordNet synsets
•Attaches sentiment-related
information with synsets

8. Quantifying sentiment
Objective
Polarity
Subjective
Polarity
Positive Negative
Term sense
position
Each term has a Positive, Negative and Objective score. The
scores sum to one.

9. Building SentiWordNet
• Ln, Lo, Lp are the three seed sets
• Iteratively expand the seed sets through K
steps
• Train the classifier for the expanded sets

10. Lp
Ln
also-see
antonymy
Expansion of seed sets
The sets at the end of kth step are called Tr(k,p) and Tr(k,n)
Tr(k,o) is the set that is not present in Tr(k,p) and Tr(k,n)

11. Committee of classifiers
• Train a committee of classifiers of different
types and different K-values for the given
data
• Observations:
– Low values of K give high precision and low
recall
– Accuracy in determining positivity or
negativity, however, remains almost constant

12. WordNet Affect
• Similar to SentiWordNet (an earlier work)
• WordNet-Affect: WordNet + annotated
affective concepts in hierarchical order
• Hierarchy called ‘affective domain labels’
– behaviour
– personality
– cognitive state

13. Subjectivity detection
• Aim: To extract subjective portions of text
• Algorithm used: Minimum cut algorithm

14. Constructing the graph
• Why graphs?
• Nodes and edges?
• Individual Scores
• Association scores
To model item-specific
and pairwise information
independently.
• Why graphs?
• Nodes and edges?
• Individual Scores
• Association scores
Nodes: Sentences of
the document and source & sink
Source & sink represent
the two classes of sentences
Edges: Weighted with
either of the two scores
• Why graphs?
• Nodes and edges?
• Individual Scores
• Association scores
Prediction whether
the sentence is subjective or not
Indsub(si)=
• Why graphs?
• Nodes and edges?
• Individual Scores
• Association scores
Prediction whether two
sentences should have
the same subjectivity level
T : Threshold – maximum distance upto
which sentences may be considered
proximal
f: The decaying function
i, j : Position numbers

15. Constructing the graph
• Build an undirected graph G with vertices
{v1, v2…,s, t} (sentences and s,t)
• Add edges (s, vi) each with weight ind1(xi)
• Add edges (t, vi) each with weight ind2(xi)
• Add edges (vi, vk) with weight assoc (vi, vk)
• Partition cost:

16. Example
Sample cuts:

17. Document
Subjective
Results (1/2)
• Naïve Bayes, no extraction : 82.8%
• Naïve Bayes, subjective extraction : 86.4%
• Naïve Bayes, ‘flipped experiment’ : 71 %
Document
Subjectivity
detector
Objective
POLARITY CLASSIFIER

18. Results (2/2)

19. Approach 1: Using adjectives
• Many adjectives have high sentiment
value
– A ‘beautiful’ bag
– A ‘wooden’ bench
– An ‘embarrassing’ performance
• An idea would be to augment this polarity
information to adjectives in the WordNet

20. Setup
• Two anchor words (extremes of the polarity
spectrum) were chosen
• PMI of adjectives with respect to these
adjectives is calculated
Polarity Score (W)= PMI(W,excellent) – PMI (W, poor)
excellent poor
word
PMI PMI

21. Experimentation
• K-means clustering algorithm used on the
basis of polarity scores
• The clusters contain words with similar
polarities
• These words can be linked using an
‘isopolarity link’ in WordNet

22. Results
• Three clusters seen
• Major words were with negative polarity
scores
• The obscure words were removed by
selecting adjectives with familiarity count
of 3
– the ones that are not very common

23. Approach 2: Using Adverb-
Adjective Combinations (AACs)
• Calculate sentiment value based on the
effect of adverbs on adjectives
• Linguistic ideas:
• Adverbs of affirmation: certainly
• Adverbs of doubt: possibly
• Strong intensifying adverbs: extremely
• Weak intensifying adverbs: scarcely
• Negation and Minimizers: never

24. Moving towards computation…
• Based on type of adverb, the score of the
resultant AAC will be affected
• Example of an axiom:
• Example : ‘extremely good’ is more
positive than ‘good’

25. AAC Scoring Algorithms
1. Variable Scoring Algorithm
2. Adjective Priority Scoring Algorithm
3. Adverb first scoring algorithm

26. Scoring the sentiment on a topic
• Rel (t) : Sentences in d that reference to
topic t
• s : Sentence is Rel (t)
• Appl+
(s) : AACs with positive score in s
• Appl-
(s) : AACs with negative score in s
• Return strength =

27. Findings
• APSr
with r=0.35 worked the best (Better
correlation with human subject)
– Adjectives are more important than adverbs in
terms of sentiment
• AACs give better precision and recall as
compared to only adjectives

28. Approach 3: Subject-based SA
• Examples:
The horse bolted.
The movie lacks a good story.

29. Lexicon
subj. bolt
b VB bolt subj
subj. lack obj.
b VB lack obj ~subj
Argument that sends the
sentiment (subj./obj.)
Argument that receives the
sentiment (subj./obj.)
Argument that receives the
sentiment (subj./obj.)

30. Lexicon
• Also allows ‘S+’ characters
• Similar to regular expressions
• E.g. to put S+ to risk
– The favorability of the subject depends on the
favorability of ‘S+’.

31. Example
The movie lacks a good story.
G JJ good obj.
The movie lacks S+.
B VB lack obj ~subj.
Lexicon : Steps :
1) Consider a context window of upto five
words
2) Shallow parse the sentence
3) Step-by-step calculate the sentiment value
based on lexicon and by adding ‘S+’
characters at each step

32. Results
Description Precision Recall
Benchmark
corpus
Mixed
statements
94.3% 28%
Open Test
corpus
Reviews of
a camera
94% 24%

33. Applications
• Review-related analysis
• Developing ‘hate mail filters’ analogous to
‘spam mail filters’
• Question-answering (Opinion-oriented
questions may involve different treatment)

34. Conclusion & Future Work
• Lexical Resources have been developed to
capture sentiment-related nature
• Subjective extracts provide a better accuracy of
sentiment prediction
• Several approaches use algorithms like Naïve
Bayes, clustering, etc. to perform sentiment
analysis
• The cognitive angle to Sentiment Analysis can be
explored in the future

35. References (1/2)
• Tetsuya Nasukawa, Jeonghee Yi. ‘Sentiment Analysis: Capturing
Favorability Using Natural Language Processing’. In K-CAP ’03, Florida,
pages 1-8. 2003.
• Alekh Agarwal, Pushpak Bhattacharyya. ‘Augmenting WordNet with polarity
information on adjectives’. In K-CAP ’03, Florida, pages 1-8. 2003.
• SENTIWORDNET: A Publicly Available Lexical Resource for Opinion Mining
Andrea Esuli, Fabrizio Sebastiani
• ‘Machine Learning’, Han and Kamber, 2nd
edition, 310-330.
• http://wordnet.princeton.edu
• Farah Benamara, Carmine Cesarano, Antonio Picariello, VS Subrahmanian
et al; ‘Sentiment Analysis: Adjectives and Adverbs are better than
Adjectives Alone’; In ICWSM ’2007 Boulder, CO USA, 2007.

36. References (2/2)
• Jon M. Kleinberg; ‘Authoritative Sources in a Hyperlinked Environment’ as
IBM Research Report RJ 10076, May 1997, Pgs. 1 – 34.
• www.cs.uah.edu/~jrushing/cs696-summer2004/notes/Ch8Supp.ppt
• Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis, Foundations and Trends in
Information Retrieval, B. Pang and L. Lee, Vol. 2, Nos. 1–2 (2008) 1–135,
2008.
• Bo Pang, Lillian Lee; ‘A Sentimental Education: Sentiment Analysis Using
Subjectivity Summarization Based on Minimum Cuts’; Proceedings of the
42nd ACL; pp. 271–278; 2004.
• http://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~veeranna/ppt/Wordnet-Affect.ppt