The document provides a comprehensive overview of research, defining it as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to answer questions or solve problems. It discusses various types of research, objectives, methodologies, and terminologies, emphasizing the importance of research in generating new knowledge, solving problems, and informing decision-making. Additionally, it highlights challenges faced by researchers in India, including insufficient training and resource management issues.

1. INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Dr. Kishorkumar Sorathia
Faculty of Pharmacy,
Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad

2. INTRODUCTION
 “Search of knowledge”
 “Systematized effort to gain new knowledge.”
 “It is a scientific and systematic search for relatable information on
specific topic”
 “Research is a systematic process of collecting, analysing, and
interpreting data to answer a specific question or to solve a problem.
It is an essential tool for advancing knowledge, understanding
complex phenomena, and informing decision-making.”
Dr.
Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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3. INTRODUCTION
 According to Oxford Dictionary, “A careful inquiry specially through
search for new facts in any branch of knowledge”
 According to Clifford Woody, research comprises defining and
redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solution;
collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making deductions and
reaching conclusion; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to
determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.
Dr.
Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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4. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
 To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into
it (exploratory or formulative research studies)
 To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual,
situation or a group (descriptive research studies)
 To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with
which it is associated with something else (diagnostic research
studies)
 To identify the casual relationship between variables (hypothesis-
testing research studies)
 To discover answers to questions through the application of scientific
procedures.
 To find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been
discovered as yet.
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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5. MOTIVATION IN RESEARCH
What makes people to undertake research?
 Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential
benefits
 Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved
problems
 Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work
 Desire to be of service to society
 Desire to get respectability
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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6. WHY RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT?
 To generate new knowledge: Research can lead to
new discoveries and insights. It helps to fill gaps in
existing knowledge and can provide a basis for
developing new theories or refining existing ones.
 To solve problems: Research can help to identify
the root causes of problems and suggest solutions. It
can be used to develop new products or services,
improve existing ones, or address social, economic,
or environmental challenges.
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Dr.
Kishorkumar
Sorathia

7. WHY RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT?
 To inform decision-making: Research can provide the
evidence needed to make informed decisions. It can help
policymakers, businesses, and individuals make decisions
based on reliable data and facts rather than assumptions
or biases.
 To improve quality of life: Research can lead to
improvements in health care, education, technology, and
other areas that can directly or indirectly impact our
quality of life.
 To support innovation: Research can help to drive
innovation by providing the knowledge and insights
needed to develop new products or services, improve
existing ones, or create new industries 7
Dr.
Kishorkumar
Sorathia

8. NEED FOR PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH
 Improving human health
 Enhancing drug safety and efficacy
 Supporting healthcare innovation
 Economic benefits
 Addressing unmet medical needs
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Dr.
Kishorkumar
Sorathia

9. SOME TERMINOLOGIES
 Data: Units of information or any statistics, facts, figures, general
material, evidence, or knowledge collected during the course of the
study. Measurement of records of facts made under specific
conditions
 Hypothesis: A statement of the predicted relationship between two
or more variables in a research study; an educated or calculated
guess by the researcher. Tentative assumption of the study or
expected results of the study
 Independent variable: The part of the experiment that the
researcher is manipulating; also called experimental or treatment
variable.
 Dependent variable: The effect of the Independent variable
 Population: The entire set of individuals or objects having some
common characteristic(s) selected for a research study is referred to
as population. A total number of subjects which they abide the
inclusion and exclusion criteria.
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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10. SOME TERMINOLOGIES
 Sample: A part or subset of population selected to participate in the
research study.
 Literature review: A critical summary or research on a topic of
interest, generally prepared to put a research problem in context or
to identify gaps and weaknesses in prior studies so as to justify a
new investigation.
 Review: A paper that is a critical evaluation of research on a
particular topic.
 Research proposal / Synopsis: A formal preparation that includes
introduction, review of literature and proposed method of conducting
study.
 Abstract: A clear, concise summary that communicates the essential
information about the study. In research journals, it is usually located
at the beginning of an article
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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11. TYPES OF RESEARCH
 Descriptive vs. Analytical
 Applied vs. Fundamental
 Quantitative vs. Qualitative
 Conceptual vs. Empirical
 Some Other Types of Research
 One-time research or longitudinal research
 Field-setting research or laboratory research or simulation
research
 Clinical or diagnostic research
 Exploratory or formalized
 Historical research
 conclusion-oriented and decision-oriented
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Dr.
Kishorkumar
Sorathia

12. TYPES OF RESEARCH
1. Descriptive research
2. Analytical research
3. Applied research
4. Basic research
5. Quantitative research
6. Qualitative research
7. Conceptual research
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Kishorkumar
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13. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
 Surveys & fact finding enquiries of different kinds
 Purpose is description of the state of affairs as it exists at
present.
 Researcher has no control over the variables; he can
only report what has happened or what is happening.
 Subdivisions of Descriptive Research
 Survey research
 The case study
 Job analysis
 Observational research
 Correlation study
 Comparative study
 Epidemiological research
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Kishorkumar
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14. ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
 Involves in-depth study and evaluation of available
information in an attempt to explain complex
phenomenon.
 The researcher has to use facts or information already
available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation
of the material.
 Subdivisions of Descriptive Research
 Historical research
 Philosophical research
 Review
 Research synthesis ( meta analysis i.e. analysis the review
that already published)
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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15. APPLIED / ACTION RESEARCH
 Finding a solution an immediate problem
 Say a solution
 Subtypes
 Marketing research
 Evaluation research
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Kishorkumar
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16. BASIC /PURE/ FUNDAMENTAL
RESEARCH
 Generalization and with the formulation of theory
 Natural phenomenon and mathematics are the
examples of basic research
 Finding information in broad base.
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Kishorkumar
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17. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 Based on measurement of quantity or amount
 Weighing, measuring are the examples of
quantitative research
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Kishorkumar
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18. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 Phenomena relating quality or kind
 Character, personality and man kind are the
examples of variable used to measure the
qualitative research
 Word association test, Sentence completion test
are the examples of qualitative research
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Kishorkumar
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19. CONCEPTUAL / EXERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
 Related to some abstract ideas / theory experiment
 Attempt to establish cause and effect relationship
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Kishorkumar
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20. UNSCIENTIFIC METHODS OF
PROBLEM SOLVING
 Tenacity
 Intuition
 Authority
 The Rationalistic method
 The Empirical method
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Kishorkumar
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21. TENACITY
 Sometime cling to certain beliefs despite lack of
supporting evidence
 Superstitions are good examples of this method
called tenacity.
 Coaches and athletes wearing same dress
 Black cat brought bad luck
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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22. INTUITION
 Intuitive knowledge is sometimes considered to be
common sense or self evident
 Factual evidence
 Self evident truth sometime may found to be false
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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23. AUTHORITY
 Reference to some authority has long been used as
a source of knowledge.
 Galileo’s telescope
 Ptolemy’s explanation about world and heaven
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Kishorkumar
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24. THE RATIONALISTIC METHOD
 Derive knowledge through reasoning
 Basket ball players are tall.
 Tony is a basket ball player
 Therefore, tony is tall
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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25. THE EMPIRICAL METHOD
 Describes data or a study that is based on objective
observation
 Gathering data is scientific method but here
experience plays major role.
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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26. SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF PROBLEM SOLVING
/ RESEARCH PROCESS
 Formulating research problem
 Review of literature
 Developing hypothesis
 Preparing research and sample design
 Collecting data
 Execution of project
 Analysis of data
 Hypothesis testing
 Discussion
 Preparation of report or thesis
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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27. FORMULATING RESEARCH PROBLEM
 Problems are divided two types
 Problems which relate to state of nature
 Those which relate correlation between variables
• Subject of interest to be selected as a problem
• Always select unsolved problem
• Initially, may propose in Broadway and ambiguities may
resolved
• Feasibility
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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28. FORMULATING RESEARCH
PROBLEM
 Understanding the problem thoroughly
 Rephrasing the same into meaningful term
 Discuss the problems with colleagues
 Staff members and guide
 Take a view of old reviews
 The final question should be precise and grammatically
correct and should state exactly what you expect to learn
as a result of a study.
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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29. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 Journals
 References
 Reports
 Books
 Library is good friend
 Internet and websites
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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30. DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS
 It should be very specific and limited to the piece of
research in hand because it has to be tested.
 The role of hypothesis is to guide the researcher by
delimiting the area of research and to keep him on
the right track.
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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31. DEVELOPING HYPOTHESIS
 Discussion with colleagues and experts about the
problem, its origin and the objectives in seeking
solution
 Examinations of data and records
 Review of similar studies in the area or of the
studies on similar problems
 Personal investigation which involves original field
interviews.
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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32. PREPARING RESEARCH AND
SAMPLE DESIGN
 State the conceptual structure within which
research would be conducted
 Type of research design
 Experimental , quasi experimental and non
experimental
 Setting of the study
 Population
 Criteria for selection
 Variables
 Sample selection
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Kishorkumar
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33. COLLECTING DATA
 Several ways are there to collect the appropriate
data
 Primary data and secondary data
 By observation
 Personal interview
 Telephone interview
 Questionnaires
 Survey
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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34. EXECUTION OF PROJECT
 It is a very important step in research process
 If it is proceeds on correct lines, the data to be collected
would be adequate and dependable.
 The step should be taken that the data should be in the
control of statistics so that the collected information is in
accordance with the pre defined designed to tackle this
problem
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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35. ANALYSIS OF DATA
 The analysis of data requires a number of closely related
operations such as establishment of categories, the
application of theses categories to raw data through
tabulation, coding and editing like statistical interference.
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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36. ANALYSIS OF DATA
 Coding: this operation is usually done at this stage
through which the categories of data are transformed into
symbols that may be tabulated and counted.
 Editing: it is the procedure that improves the quality of
the data for coding
 Tabulation: It is a part of the technical procedure
wherein the classified data are put in the form of tables.
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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37. HYPOTHESIS TESTING
 After analyzing the data, the researcher is in position to
test the hypothesis.
 Inference
 Student ‘t’ test, Chi-square, F- test are the examples of
statistical techniques
 At end, researcher have reject or not reject the null
hypothesis.
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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38. DISCUSSION
 Chapter or section of a research report that
explains what the results mean.
 Its very important section to add the appropriate
supportive literatures.
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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39. PREPARATION OF REPORT OR THESIS
 The layout of the report should be as follows.
 Preliminary pages
 The main text
 The end matter
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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40. CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH
 The purpose of the research should be
clearly defined and common concepts be
used
 The research procedure used should be
described in sufficient detail to permit
another researcher to repeat the research
for further advancement, keeping the
continuity of what has already been
attained.
 The procedure design of the research
should be carefully planned to yield results
that tare as objectives as possible
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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41. CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH
 The researcher should report with complete
frankness, flaws in procedural design and estimate
their effects upon the findings.
 The analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate
to reveal its significance and the method of analysis
used should be appropriate. The validity and
reliability of the data should be checked carefully.
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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42. CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH
 Conclusions should be confined to those justified by
the data of the research and limited to those for
which the data provide an adequate basis.
 Greater confidence in research is warranted if the
researcher is experienced, has a good reputation in
research and is a person of integrity.
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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43. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY
RESEARCHERS IN INDIA
 The lack of a scientific training in the methodology
of research
 There is insufficient interaction between university
and the companies
 Confidentiality
 Research studies overlapping one another are
undertaken quire often for want of adequate
information
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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44. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY
RESEARCHERS IN INDIA
 Does not exist a code of conduct
 Improper library management and functioning
 Improper delivery of government orders, reports
and etc.,
 Time availability improper
 Funding source
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Kishorkumar
Sorathia
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