The document provides an overview of programming, explaining the two main methods of giving instructions to computers: interpreters and compilers, and detailing the program life cycle. It discusses various programming languages, including BASIC, COBOL, and C++, their characteristics, and applications, alongside concepts like procedural and non-procedural languages. Additionally, it covers flowcharting as a design tool and categorizes programming languages by their generation.

1. Prepared by:
Gwyneth Calica
Mackenzie Nicole Cuaresma

2. A program is a set of instructions that tell the computer to do various
things; sometimes the instruction it has to perform depends on what
happened when it performed a previous instruction. This section gives an
overview of the two main ways in which you can give these instructions,
or “commands” as they are usually called. One way uses an interpreter, the
other a compiler. As human languages are too difficult for a computer to
understand in an unambiguous way, commands are usually written in one or
other languages specially designed for the purpose.
• Interpreters
With an interpreter, the language comes as an environment, where
you type in commands at a prompt and the environment executes them for
you. For more complicated programs, you can type the commands into a file
and get the interpreter to load the file and execute the commands in it. If
anything goes wrong, many interpreters will drop you into a debugger to help
you track down the problem.

3. Program Life Cycle

4. 1. Identifying the program
- It involves determining the requirement of the program
2. Planning the solution
a) Flowchart- a graphical re presentation of the step by step
instructions in a program
b) Pseudo code- is listing down the set of instructions to be
used in a program
3. Coding the program
- It is the process on where you code the program with the
use of a chosen programming language
a) Syntax- own set of rules to follow
b) Syntax error- violation of the set of rules
c) Misspelling- the common cause of syntax error

5. 4. Testing the program
a) Desk checking- it mentally traces the logic of the
program
b) Translation- languages uses a translator to ensure
that the programmer did not violate any language
rules
c) Debugging- this means detecting, locating and
correcting errors or mistakes called bugs.
5. Documentation
- Contains brief narrative processes, from
Identification of the problem to Testing the program

6. Procedural Languages
• These are considered procedural uses
a series of instructions or statements
which are sequential from beginning
to the end. This means that execution
of instructions is line by line and it is
terminated after the last instruction.

7. BASIC
(Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
• BASIC
• Short for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction
Code. Developed in the 1950s for teaching University
students to program and provided with every self-
respecting personal computer in the 1980s, BASIC has
been the first programming language for many
programmers. It is also the foundation for Visual
Basic.
• The Bywater Basic Interpreter can be found in the
Ports Collection as lang/bwbasic and the Phil
Cockroft's Basic Interpreter (formerly Rabbit Basic) is
available as lang/pbasic.

8. COBOL
(Common Business Oriented Language)
• COBOL is a wordy language;
• programs written in COBOL tend to be much
longer than the same programs written in
other languages.
• This can be annoying when you program
in COBOL, but the wordiness makes it easy to
understand programs because everything is
spelled out.

9. PASCAL
• Pascal is a historically influential imperative
and procedural programming language,
designed in 1968–1969 and published in 1970
by Niklaus Wirth as a small and efficient
language intended to encourage good
programming practices using structured
programming and data structuring.

10. FORTRAN
(Formula Translator)
• FORTRAN was the first high-level language, using the first
compiler ever developed. Prior to the development of FORTRAN
computer programmers were required to program in
machine/assembly code, which was an extremely difficult and
time consuming task, not to mention the dreadful chore of
debugging the code. The objective during it's design was to create
a programming language that would be: simple to learn, suitable
for a wide variety of applications, machine independent, and
would allow complex mathematical expressions to be stated
similarly to regular algebraic notation. While still being almost as
efficient in execution as assembly language. Since FORTRAN was
so much easier to code, programmers were able to write
programs 500% faster than before, while execution efficiency was
only reduced by 20%, this allowed them to focus more on the
problem solving aspects of a problem, and less on coding.

11. C Language
• It is a general purpose, imperative
computer programming language. It
supports structured programming, lexical variable
scope and recursion, while a static type
system prevents many unintended operations. By
design, C provides constructs that map efficiently
to typical machine instructions, and therefore it
has found lasting use in applications that had
formerly been coded in assembly language,
including operating systems as well as
various application software for computers ranging
from supercomputers to embedded systems.

12. PL1
(Programming Language 1)
• PL/I
"Programming Language One", is
a procedural, imperative computer programming
language designed for scientific, engineering,
business and systems programming applications. It
has been used by various academic, commercial
and industrial organizations since it was
introduced in the 1960s, and continues to be
actively used as of 2014.

13. Non-Procedural Languages
• This programming languages are considered to be
object-oriented programming languages. They are
event-driven which means that a programmer
selects an event that needs to occur before the
instruction or statement is executed.
• Examples:
Click
Double Click
Drag and Drop
Mouse over etc.

14. VISUAL BASIC
• Visual Basic is a third-generation event-
driven programming language and
integrated development environment
(IDE) from Microsoft for its COM
programming model first released in
1991. Microsoft intended.
• Visual Basic to be relatively easy to learn
and use.

15. C++
• C++ (pronounced as cee plus plus, /ˈsiː/ /plʌs/
/plʌs/) is a general-purpose programming
language. It has imperative, object-oriented
and generic programming features, while also
providing the facilities for low-level memory
manipulation.

16. JAVA
• Java is a general-purpose computer programming
language that is concurrent, class-based, object-
oriented and specifically designed to have as few
implementation dependencies as possible. It is
intended to let application developers "write
once, run anywhere" (WORA),[ meaning that
code that runs on one platform does not need to
be recompiled to run on another.[ Java
applications are typically compiled to byte
code that can run on any Java virtual
machine (JVM) regardless of computer
architecture.

17. DELPHI
• Embarcadero Delphi is an integrated
development environment (IDE) for console,
desktop graphical, web, and mobile applications.
• Delphi's compilers use their own Object
Pascal dialect of Pascal and generate native
code for 32- and 64-bit Windows operating
systems, as well as 32-bit Mac OS
X, iOS and Android. As of late 2011 support for
the Linux operating system was planned by
Embarcadero.[

18. Flowcharting
• -It is one of the processes used in designing or
planning the solution of a problem
• A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents
an algorithm, workflow or process, showing the
steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order
by connecting them with arrows. This
diagrammatic representation illustrates a
solution model to a given problem.

19. Symbols used in Flowcharts
RECTANGLE
DIAMOND
PARALLELOGRAM
CIRCLE
HEXAGON
OVAL

20. LEVELS OF PROGRAMMING
1. Machine Language or first generation
programing language
2. Assembly Language or second generation
programming language
3. High Level Language or third generation
programming language
4. Very High Level Languages or fourth
generation programming language
5. Natural Language

21. Gwyneth M. Calica Mackenzie Nicole D. Cuaresma