presented by: Miss Prajakta D. sawant, Lecturer at Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, radhanagari. SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY. PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY(0813).

1. Vakratund Education Society’s
GENESIS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, RADHANAGARI.
SECOND YEAR DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY
SUBJECT: PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY
SUBJECT CODE: (0813)
CHAPTER: ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION OF DRUG
Presented by:
Miss. Prajakta D. Sawant
Lecturer,
Guided by:
Mr. Shobhraj B. Malavi
Principal,
Genesis Institute of Pharmacy Radhanagari.

2. Pharmacology and Toxicology Routes of administration of drug
Miss.Prajakta .D.Sawant Page 1
Routes of administration 0f drugs
First pass metabolism
 Metabolism of drug before it reaches the systemic circulation is known as first
pass metaboliosm .
 It is also known as first pass metabolism .
Defination :-
“ The phenomenon in which concentration of drug reduced cause of metabolic
inactivation before it reaches the systemic circulation is known as first pass metabolism .’
Fig No :01 Schematic diagram showing first pass metabolism

3. Pharmacology and Toxicology Routes of administration of drug
Miss.Prajakta .D.Sawant Page 2
ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS
Defination :-
A path by which drug is taken into body is known as a routes of administration of drugs .
Factors governing choice of routes :-
The choice of appropriate route in a given situation depend on the drug as well as patient
related factors .
1) Physical and chemical properties of drugs :-
Solid / Liquid / Gas , Solubility,Stability ,Irritancy ,PH.
2) Site of desired action :-
Localised and approachable or generalized and not approachable .
3) Rate and extent of absorption of drugs from different routes .
4) Effect of digestive juices and first pass metabolism on drugs .
5) Accuracy of dosage required ( IV and inhalational can provide fine tuning ) .
6) Condition of patient (Unconcious ,Vomiting etc.).
Classification of routes of administration of drugs
Possible routes of drug entry into body may be divided into three classes .
 Enteral
 Parenteral
 Topical

4. Pharmacology and Toxicology Routes of administration of drug
Miss.Prajakta .D.Sawant Page 3
Enteral Parenteral Topical
 Oral
 Buccal
 Sublingual
 Rectum
 Intravenous
 Intramuscular
 Subcutaneous
 Intradermal
 Intra_ Osseous
 Intra arterial
 Intrathecal
 Intrasynivial
 Epidural
 Intra coronary
 Intra –peritonial
 Inhalational
 Trasdermal
 Transcutaneous
 Transmucosal
 Opthalmic
 Vaginal

5. Pharmacology and Toxicology Routes of administration of drug
Miss.Prajakta .D.Sawant Page 4
ENTERAL ROUTE
This route of administration involve any part of GI tract .
ORAL ROUTE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES EXAMPLES OF
ORAL DOSAGE
FORMS
 It is the most
common route of
drug administration
.
 In this route drug is
given through the
oral cavity .
 It is safe route.
 It is convenient .
 Self administered
 Pain free
administration.
 Non –invasive &
easy to take .
 It is economical as
compared to
parenteral
preperations.
 No need for
sterilization.
 Varieties are
available.
 Withdrawal is
possible .
 Slow absorption
and slow oncet of
action.
 Cannot be used
in emergency.
 Irritable and
unpalatable drugs
can causes
nausea and
vomiting.
 Cannot be used
in uncooperative
,vomiting and
unconscious
patients.
 First pass effect .
 Food – drug
interaction &
drug – Drug
interaction can
occur .
 Capsules
 Tablets
 Syrups
 Powders
 Spansules
 Emulsions
 Suspensions
 Elixirs

6. Pharmacology and Toxicology Routes of administration of drug
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Buccal route :-
 It involve placing a
drug between gums
and cheeks ,where it
dissolve and absorp
into the blood.
Advantages
 Drug absoption is
quick..
 Quick termination.
 Avoid first pass
metabolism.
 It can be self
administered .
 It is economical.
 Avoid destruction
of drugs by GI
acidity.
 Rapid absorption
through the
capillary network
into systemic
circulation.
 No interaction
with food .
 Fast oncet of
action.
 Useful in
unconscious
patients.
Disadvantages
 Unpalatable and
bitter drugs are
diificult to
administer.
 It can cause
irritation of oral
mucosa.
 Large quantities
are not given
through this
route.
 Advantages lost
if swallowed .
 Not used in
childrens .
Examples of dosage
forms
 Films
 Patches
 Chewing gums
 Gels
 Ointments
 Buccal spray
 Tablets

7. Pharmacology and Toxicology Routes of administration of drug
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Sublingual Route Advantages Disadvantages Examples of dosage
forms
 It is derived from latin
word “Under the
tongue .”
 It involves the
administration of drug
by placing the drug
under the tongue .
Same as a buccal
route
Same as buccal route Same as buccal route
Rectal route Advantages Disadvantages Examples of
dosage forms
This involve administration of
drug via rectum .
 Avoid first
pass
metabolism.
 Used in
childrens and
unconscious
patients.
 Used in case
of nausea &
vomiting .
 Avoid food
drug
interaction
 Absorption is slow and
erratic .
 It is inconvenient method .
 Irritation of rectal mucosa
can occur.
 Psychological patients may
be embarrassed & dislike
this method.
 Supposotor
ies
 Ointments
 Creams
 Enemas

8. Pharmacology and Toxicology Routes of administration of drug
Miss.Prajakta .D.Sawant Page 7
Parenteral routes Defination & explaination
Intradermal Route
 In this route drug is injected into the layer of
skin .
 Drug is injected in very small amount NMT 1
ml at 15 Degree celcious .
 This route is applied in the injection of
vaccines like B. C.G. vaccine & also applied
in injection of local anaesthetics.
Parenteral Route
 ( Per- Beyond &
Enteral – Intestinal)
 It involve direct
delivery of drug into
systemic circulation
without intestinal
mucosa.
 It involves route of
administration other
 than oral route.
Advantages
 High bioavailability.
 Fast oncet of action .
 Avoid first pass
metabolism .
 No gastric irritation.
 No food drug
interaction.
 Suitable for vomiting &
unconscious patients .
 Irritant & unpalatable
drugs can be given.
Disadvantages
 Expensive.
 It is inconvenient
method .
 Self
administration is
not possible.
 It should be
sterilize before
injection to avoid
infection.
 It is painfull
method.
 It must be
administered by
skillfull person .
 Chances of
inflammation at
the site of
injection .
Examples of
dosage forms
 Ampoules
 Vials
 IV Infusions

9. Pharmacology and Toxicology Routes of administration of drug
Miss.Prajakta .D.Sawant Page 8
Parenteral routes Defination and explaination
Intramuscular route
 In this route drug is injected deep
into the muscular tissue.
 It is mostly used in application of
steroids .
Subcutaneous route
 In this route drug is injected into
the loose connective tissue
( Subcutaneous tissue under the
skin ).
 Upto 2 ml drug can be injected by
this route at 45 degree angle .
 Examples :- Dermojet
Pellet implantation
Biodegradable &
non biodegradable
implants .
Intravenous route
 In this route drug is introduced
into lumen of vein.

10. Pharmacology and Toxicology Routes of administration of drug
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Parenteral routes Defination
Intra-arterial
 In this route drug is injected
into the arteries.
Intrathecal route
 It involve administration of
drug via injection into spinal
cord or into subarachinoiud
space .

11. Pharmacology and Toxicology Routes of administration of drug
Miss.Prajakta .D.Sawant Page 10
Intrasynovial route
 It involve administration of
drug via injection within the
synovial cavity of a joint .
Topical route Advantages Disadvantages Examples of
dosage forms
 It involves
application of drugs
directly to the surface of
the skin or mucous
membrane
(
eye,nose,ear,lungs,vagina,
urethra,colon )
 Avoid first pass
metabolism.
 Easy to apply.
 Avoid fluctuation
in the drug level
like inter and intra
patient variations .
 Easy termination
of medication
when needed.
 Suitable for self
medication.
 Relatively large
area of application.
 Avoid
gastrointestinal
irritation.
 Drug can be
delivered more
selectively to
specific sites.
 Chances of skin
irritation / contact
dermatitis due to
drug or excipient.
 Possibility of
allergic reaction.
 Drug with larger
particle size are
difficult to get
absorbed through
the skin.
 Poor permeability
of some drugs
through the skin .
 Ointments
 Creams
 Lotions
 Emulsions
 Liniments
( Balm).
 Lotion
 Gels & jellies
 Paste

12. Pharmacology and Toxicology Routes of administration of drug
Miss.Prajakta .D.Sawant Page 11
Inhalational Route Advantages Disadvantages Examples of
dosage forms
 It involves
administration of
drug by inhalation
through the mouth
 This route is
applicable for
gaseous and
volatile agents &
aerosols.
 Rapid oncet of
action because
lungs have large
surface area for
absorption and
they are reachly
supplied with
blood.
 Very safe method
.
 Drug act at the
site of action.
 Used for
unconscious
patients.
 Avoid first pass
metabolism.
 Difficult in
consuming exact
amount of dosage.
 It is time
consuming method
.
 Some drugs may
induce cough.
 It is so expensive
method.
 Only limited drugs
can be used.
 Not suitable for
irritant drugs.
 Aerosols
 Nebulizers