The document discusses the topic of the Internet and its services. It provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet from early packet switched networks in the 1960s-1970s to the billions of devices currently connected worldwide. It also describes several key Internet services and technologies including email, websites, online shopping, banking, reservations systems, e-learning, blogs, and video conferencing. Prateek Rohatgi completed a school project on this topic under the guidance of his teacher Mr. Harshvardhan Thakur.

2. I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my teacher Mr. Harshvardhan Thakur as well as our
principal Mrs. Subha Narayan who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic,
INTERNET & SERVICES which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and I came to know about so many new things I
am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends
who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.

3. This is to certify that this project has been made by Prateek
Rohatgi of class X – E on the topic INTERNET & SERVICES under
the guidance of our computer teacher Mr. Harshvardhan
Thakur and have been completed it successfully.
By – Prateek Rohatgi
X- E

4. The Internet is a global system of interconnected
computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol
suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide. It is
a network of networks that consists of millions of private,
public, academic, business, and government networks, of
local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of
electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.
The Internet carries an extensive range of information
resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext
documents and applications of the World Wide
Web (WWW), the infrastructure to support email, and peer-
to-peer networks for file sharing and telephony.

5. Research into packet switching started in the early
1960s and packet switched networks such as Mark I at NPL in
the UK, ARPANET,CYCLADES, Merit Network , Tymnet,
and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early
1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular
led to the development of protocols for internetworking,
where multiple separate networks could be joined together
into a network of networks.

6. The Internet, referring to the specific global system of
interconnected IP networks, is a proper noun and written with an
initial capital letter. In the media and common use it is often not
capitalized, viz. the internet. Some guides specify that the word
should be capitalized when used as a noun, but not capitalized
when used as a verb or an adjective.[4] The Internet is also often
referred to asthe Net.

7. The Internet is a globally distributed network comprising
many voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks. It
operates without a central governing body.
The technical underpinning and standardization of the
Internet's core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) is an activity of
the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit
organization of loosely affiliated international participants that
anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.

8. The Internet allows greater flexibility in working hours and
location, especially with the spread of unmetered high-speed
connections. The Internet can be accessed almost anywhere by
numerous means, including through mobile Internet devices.
Mobile phones, data cards, handheld game consoles and cellular
routers allow users to connect to the Internet wirelessly. Within the
limitations imposed by small screens and other limited facilities of
such pocket-sized devices, the services of the Internet, including
email and the web, may be available. Service providers may
restrict the services offered and mobile data charges may be
significantly higher than other access methods.

9. Overall Internet usage has seen tremendous growth.
From 2000 to 2009, the number of Internet users globally rose
from 394 million to 1.858 billion. By 2010, 22 percent of the
world's population had access to computers with 1
billion Google searches every day, 300 million Internet users
reading blogs, and 2 billion videos viewed daily on YouTube.
The prevalent language for communication on the Internet has
been English. This may be a result of the origin of the Internet, as
well as the language's role as a lingua franca. Early computer
systems were limited to the characters in the American Standard
Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), a subset of the Latin
alphabet.

10. Many people use the World Wide Web to access news, weather and
sports reports, to plan and book vacations and to find out more about their
interests. People use chat, messaging and email to make and stay in touch with
friends worldwide, sometimes in the same way as some previously had pen
pals.
Social networking websites such as Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace
have created new ways to socialize and interact. Users of these sites are able
to add a wide variety of information to pages, to pursue common interests, and
to connect with others. It is also possible to find existing acquaintances, to allow
communication among existing groups of people. Sites like LinkedIn foster
commercial and business connections

11. Electronic mail, most commonly referred to as email or e-
mail since ca. 1993, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author
to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the Internet or
other computer networks. Some early email systems required that the author
and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant
messaging. Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model.
Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users
nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need
connect only briefly, typically to a mail server, for as long as it takes to send or
receive messages.
Historically, the term electronic mail was used generically for any electronic
document transmission. For example, several writers in the early 1970s used
the term to describe fax document transmission.[3][4] As a result, it is difficult to
find the first citation for the use of the term with the more specific meaning it
has today.

12. Online shopping or e-shopping is a form of electronic
commerce which allows consumers to directly buy goods
or services from a seller over the Internet using a web browser.
Alternative names are: e-web-store, e-shop, e-store, Internet shop, web-
shop, web-store, online store, online storefront and virtual store. Mobile
commerce (or m-commerce) describes purchasing from an online
retailer's mobile optimized online site or app.
An online shop evokes the physical analogy of buying products or
services at a bricks-and-mortar retailer or shopping center ; the process is
called business-to-consumer (B2C) online shopping. In the case where a
business buys from another business, the process is called business-to-
business (B2B) online shopping.

13. A computer reservations system or central reservation system[
(CRS) is a computerized system used to store and retrieve information
and conduct transactions related to air travel, hotels, car rental, or
activities. Originally designed and operated by airlines, CRSes were later
extended for the use of travel agencies. Major CRS operations that book
and sell tickets for multiple airlines are known as global distribution
systems (GDS). Airlines have divested most of their direct holdings to
dedicated GDS companies,[who make their systems accessible to
consumers through Internet gateways. Modern GDSes typically allow
users to book hotel rooms, rental cars, airline tickets as well as activities
and tours. They also provide access to railway reservations and bus
reservations in some markets, although these are not always integrated
with the main system.

14. E-banking allows customers of a financial institution to
conduct financial transactions on a secured website operated by the
institution, which can be a retail bank, virtual bank, credit union or
building society.
To access a financial institution's online banking facility, a
customer having personal Internet access must register with the
institution for the service, and set up some password (under various
names) for customer verification. Financial institutions now routinely
allocate customers numbers (also under various names), whether or not
customers intend to access their online banking facility. Customers'
numbers are normally not the same as account numbers, because
number of accounts can be linked to the one customer number. The
customer will link to the customer number any of those accounts which
the customer controls, which may be cheque, savings, loan, credit card
and other accounts. Customer numbers will also not be the same as any
debit or credit card issued by the financial institution to the customer.

15. E-learning (or eLearning) is the use of electronic media and information
and communication technologies (ICT) in education. E-learning is broadly
inclusive of all forms of educational technology in learning and teaching. E-
learning is inclusive of, and is broadly synonymous with multimedia
learning, technology-enhanced learning (TEL),computer-based
instruction (CBI), computer managed instruction,[computer-based
training (CBT), computer-assisted instruction or computer-aided
instruction (CAI), internet-based training (IBT), web-based training (WBT), online
education, virtual education, virtual learning environments (VLE) (which are also
called learning platforms), m-learning, and digital educational collaboration.
These alternative names emphasize a particular aspect, component or delivery
method.
E-learning includes numerous types of media that deliver text, audio,
images, animation, and streaming video, and includes technology applications
and processes such as audio or video tape, satellite TV, CD-ROM, and
computer-based learning, as well as local intranet/extranet and web-based
learning. Information and communication systems, whether free-standing or
based on either local networks or the Internet in networked learning, underly
many e-learning processes.

16. A blog is a discussion or informational site published on the World
Wide Web and consisting of discrete entries ("posts") typically displayed
in reverse chronological order (the most recent post appears first). Until
2009 blogs were usually the work of a single individual, occasionally of a
small group, and often covered a single subject. More recently "multi-
author blogs" (MABs) have developed, with posts written by large
numbers of authors and professionally edited. MABs from newspapers,
other media outlets, universities, think tanks, advocacy groups and
similar institutions account for an increasing quantity of blog traffic. The
rise of Twitter and other "micro blogging" systems helps integrate MABs
and single-author blogs into societal new streams. Blog can also be used
as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.

17. Video conferencing is the conduct of
a videoconference (also known as a video
conference or video teleconference) by a set of
telecommunication technologies which allow two or more
locations to communicate by simultaneous two-way video
and audio transmissions. It has also been called 'visual
collaboration' and is a type of groupware.
Video conferencing differs from videophone calls in
that it's designed to serve a conference or multiple locations
rather than individuals.[1] It is an intermediate form of video
telephony, first used commercially in Germany during the
late-1930s and later in the United States during the early
1970s as part of AT&T's development of Picture
phone technology.