Field studies are hands-on research projects conducted outdoors that allow students to apply classroom concepts in real-world settings. They can be descriptive, involving observation and data collection, or manipulative by altering a variable and measuring outcomes. Conducting field studies engages students and helps them retain information through cooperative, experiential learning. Teachers can select from simple initial projects like creating a plant map or monitoring local birds and water quality. Careful planning of goals, timelines, permissions, equipment and documentation in a written report are necessary to ensure a successful field study experience for students.
A portfolio is a collection of a student's work that is selected and organized to show student learning progress over time or showcase a student's best work. A portfolio can contain classwork, assessments, reflections, and other materials. It provides advantages as an assessment tool by allowing students to develop reflective skills and giving teachers documentation of student learning. However, portfolios also have disadvantages such as being time-consuming to create and store. There are different types of portfolios, including working, documentary, and showcase portfolios, that serve different purposes and contain various materials. Effective portfolio assessment involves collaboration between teachers, students, and parents using clear criteria.
This document discusses principles for selecting and organizing content for teaching. It recommends focusing on content that is valid, significant, balanced, self-sufficient, interesting, useful, and feasible. Facts form the base, but teachers should emphasize conceptual understanding by integrating facts, exploring concepts in depth, and relating ideas to students' experiences. Strategies like authentic activities, dialogue, and teaching others can help develop conceptual understanding. An effective selection and organization of content should integrate cognitive, skill, and affective elements.
This document discusses product-oriented performance-based assessment and the use of scoring rubrics to evaluate student work. It defines performance-based tasks as those that require students to demonstrate their knowledge and skills through a completed product or project. Scoring rubrics are presented as a tool to assess student performance based on learning competencies defined at different levels from beginner to expert. Examples are provided of developing rubrics to evaluate projects in areas like history, geometry, and typing.
Challenges to curriculum planning include limited funding, lack of school facilities, insufficient teaching and learning resources, issues with teaching staff quality and quantity, and poor time management. Specifically, developing countries struggle due to rising student and teacher populations but decreasing education budgets. Schools have shortages of classrooms, libraries, and equipment. There is also limited procurement of instructional materials and resources. Success depends on qualified teachers, but teaching staff can be inadequate. Additionally, administrators and teachers sometimes mismanage learning time.
This document provides an overview of action research in education. It defines action research as a systematic inquiry conducted by educators to gather information and improve their own educational practices and student learning. The document discusses key characteristics of action research such as having a practical focus on the educator's own practices, involving collaboration, following a dynamic and cyclical process, developing a plan of action, and sharing research findings. It also outlines common steps to conducting action research and lists different techniques for collecting data, such as observation, questioning, and examining records.
Historical Foundations of Curriculum in the PhilippinesJohn Arvin Glo
This document provides a historical overview of the development of education in the Philippines from pre-Spanish times to the present. It describes the main educational developments that occurred during each major period of Philippine history, including pre-Spanish, Spanish colonial, American colonial, Japanese occupation, and post-WWII eras. Key events and reforms are outlined, along with the educational philosophies, curriculum, and institutions that emerged during each period. The implementation of the recent K-12 basic education program is also summarized.
Professional Education reviewer for PRC-LET or BLEPT Examinationelio dominglos
Professional Education reviewer for licensure examination for teachers. Designed reviewer for individuals who are to take PRC- BLEPT or LET covering a list of basic questions from different fields.
A portfolio is a collection of a student's work that is selected and organized to show student learning progress over time or showcase a student's best work. A portfolio can contain classwork, assessments, reflections, and other materials. It provides advantages as an assessment tool by allowing students to develop reflective skills and giving teachers documentation of student learning. However, portfolios also have disadvantages such as being time-consuming to create and store. There are different types of portfolios, including working, documentary, and showcase portfolios, that serve different purposes and contain various materials. Effective portfolio assessment involves collaboration between teachers, students, and parents using clear criteria.
This document discusses principles for selecting and organizing content for teaching. It recommends focusing on content that is valid, significant, balanced, self-sufficient, interesting, useful, and feasible. Facts form the base, but teachers should emphasize conceptual understanding by integrating facts, exploring concepts in depth, and relating ideas to students' experiences. Strategies like authentic activities, dialogue, and teaching others can help develop conceptual understanding. An effective selection and organization of content should integrate cognitive, skill, and affective elements.
This document discusses product-oriented performance-based assessment and the use of scoring rubrics to evaluate student work. It defines performance-based tasks as those that require students to demonstrate their knowledge and skills through a completed product or project. Scoring rubrics are presented as a tool to assess student performance based on learning competencies defined at different levels from beginner to expert. Examples are provided of developing rubrics to evaluate projects in areas like history, geometry, and typing.
Challenges to curriculum planning include limited funding, lack of school facilities, insufficient teaching and learning resources, issues with teaching staff quality and quantity, and poor time management. Specifically, developing countries struggle due to rising student and teacher populations but decreasing education budgets. Schools have shortages of classrooms, libraries, and equipment. There is also limited procurement of instructional materials and resources. Success depends on qualified teachers, but teaching staff can be inadequate. Additionally, administrators and teachers sometimes mismanage learning time.
This document provides an overview of action research in education. It defines action research as a systematic inquiry conducted by educators to gather information and improve their own educational practices and student learning. The document discusses key characteristics of action research such as having a practical focus on the educator's own practices, involving collaboration, following a dynamic and cyclical process, developing a plan of action, and sharing research findings. It also outlines common steps to conducting action research and lists different techniques for collecting data, such as observation, questioning, and examining records.
Historical Foundations of Curriculum in the PhilippinesJohn Arvin Glo
This document provides a historical overview of the development of education in the Philippines from pre-Spanish times to the present. It describes the main educational developments that occurred during each major period of Philippine history, including pre-Spanish, Spanish colonial, American colonial, Japanese occupation, and post-WWII eras. Key events and reforms are outlined, along with the educational philosophies, curriculum, and institutions that emerged during each period. The implementation of the recent K-12 basic education program is also summarized.
Professional Education reviewer for PRC-LET or BLEPT Examinationelio dominglos
Professional Education reviewer for licensure examination for teachers. Designed reviewer for individuals who are to take PRC- BLEPT or LET covering a list of basic questions from different fields.
The document discusses various aspects of the research and writing process including: organizing information from secondary sources; developing logical arguments and integrating different perspectives; writing multi-page essays following standard formats; and assessing student learning through diagnostic, formative, and summative assessments. The goals are to help students improve their research, analytical, and writing skills through practicing various techniques.
Science Teaching Approaches and Strategies majumalon
The document discusses various teaching approaches and strategies for science. It begins by defining science as a process of logical thinking and testing hypotheses, rather than just memorizing facts. It then outlines three components of science education: knowledge, process skills, and attitudes. Various teaching strategies are presented, including discovery learning, inquiry-based learning using the 5E model, and using discrepant events. The document also discusses characteristics of learners, reflective teaching approaches, and integrative teaching.
This document outlines the code of ethics that governs professional teachers in the Philippines in their dual roles as educators and parents. As educators, teachers have a duty to provide quality education and evaluate students fairly and competently. They must maintain high standards of academic integrity and avoid prejudicing students. As parents, teachers have special parental authority over students and must ensure their welfare, using discipline to correct and motivate rather than punish. Corporal punishment is strictly prohibited. Overall, the code of ethics emphasizes teachers' obligations to uphold educational standards, act with honor, and serve as role models for students both inside and outside the classroom.
DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE OF PRINCIPLES OF TEACHINGLeizel Despi
Principles are fundamental truths or guiding rules that govern processes and conduct. They represent the origin, laws, objectives, and nature of things. Principles are generalized statements that systematize and interpret data. In education, principles guide the path and are compasses that direct the ship. Principles are important for making teaching and learning effective by proceeding from one situation to another and governing actions and techniques. Principles also explain educational processes by showing how things are done and results are achieved.
The document outlines a lesson plan to teach students about food webs. The objectives are to define a food web, construct a food web, and differentiate a food web from a food chain. Students will study an illustration of a food web, answer questions about it, and then construct their own food web using local organisms. The key points are that a food web shows overlapping food chains and interlinked energy transfers between organisms, ranging from producers like plants at the bottom to various consumer levels above.
performance based -product oriented assessmentechem101
This document discusses product-oriented performance-based assessment. It involves assessing students' actual performance through products they create. Products can include work targeting skills like reading, writing, speaking and listening. Teachers evaluate students' proficiency on tasks based on rubrics. Assessment targets three levels - novice, skilled, and expert. Tasks and products are designed to be at an appropriate complexity, be appealing, encourage creativity, and be goal-based to attain learning objectives.
Multigrade teaching involves one teacher instructing multiple grade levels simultaneously. Some teachers may teach two grades while others may teach up to seven grades. It occurs where there are more grade levels than teachers. Factors like cultural, socioeconomic, benefits to learning, and community involvement contribute to multigrade teaching. Teachers face challenges like curriculum planning, attitude, isolation, and varying student abilities but can overcome them with support, resources, and community involvement.
This document discusses portfolio assessment methods. It defines a portfolio as a collection of student work that shows their progress and achievements. An effective portfolio includes student input in selecting work, clear criteria for judging quality, and evidence of student self-reflection. The document then outlines the key elements and stages of implementing portfolio assessment, including specifying the portfolio contents and format, introducing the process to students, and providing guidelines for presentation. It also describes different types of portfolios like documentation, process, and showcase portfolios.
The document discusses guidelines for constructing and scoring completion and essay type tests. It provides examples of completion tests involving filling in blanks with words, letters, or phrases. Essay tests are described as allowing for assessment of higher-order thinking by requiring students to organize their thoughts in writing. The document outlines objectives, types, and rules for scoring essays, including specifying criteria, maintaining anonymity, and having multiple graders to reduce bias.
This document discusses performance assessment as a way to measure students' achievements, work habits, behavior, and attitudes. It defines performance assessment as the direct observation and rating of a student's actual performance on a task according to pre-established criteria. Performance tests require students to demonstrate skills by performing or producing something, rather than just answering questions. They allow teachers to observe outcomes like work habits that standard tests may miss. The document provides examples of performance tests and discusses how to design them, including developing rubrics with explicit criteria and performance levels to assess students' mastery. It notes advantages of rubrics like providing a clear profile of student performance and increasing the validity, reliability, and fairness of scoring.
This document discusses different grading systems used in education. It describes norm-referenced and criterion-referenced grading systems. A norm-referenced system evaluates students relative to other students' performance, while a criterion-referenced system evaluates students based on an absolute standard or criteria. The document also provides examples of reporting grades using percentages, numbers, letters, and descriptions for tertiary education. It outlines the grading system used in Philippine public elementary and secondary schools according to DepEd Order 33, including features such as minimum performance standards, assessment categories, and promotion policies.
The document outlines 5 key principles of effective classroom management: building relationships with students, establishing clear rules and procedures, self-management as a teacher, maintaining appropriate student behavior, and using motivation techniques. Effective classroom management requires a teacher to create a structured and supportive learning environment through building rapport with students, setting expectations, and positively reinforcing good behavior.
The document discusses various types and purposes of assessment in education. It describes traditional assessment as occurring at the end of a unit and involving individual testing on knowledge through tools like multiple choice questions. Constructivist assessment focuses on the learning process and is formative, aiming to improve student learning through discussion and questioning. The document outlines the roles of teachers in traditional versus constructivist classrooms. It also discusses dimensions of learning, including attitudes, acquiring knowledge, extending knowledge, using knowledge meaningfully, and developing thinking habits. Different types of assessment are described, such as for learning, of learning, and as learning. The relative merits and demerits of assessment for and of learning are compared.
Primitive education aimed to teach children the skills and cultural values needed to become productive members of their tribe. It occurred through participation in daily life and observation of adults. Education was classified into pre-puberty, focused on practical skills, and post-puberty initiation, which imparted cultural knowledge.
Ancient Chinese education was based on Confucian classics and emphasized memorization. Boys were educated at home and in schools, focusing on reading, writing, and arithmetic, while girls' education was limited to the home. Formal education culminated in competitive state examinations to earn degrees required for government positions. The examination system was abolished in 1905 to modernize education.
Ms. Wong, a third grade teacher, wants to address a disruptive student's behavior through action research. She plans to use a single-subject A-B-A-B design to study the effects of time-out on the student's disruptions. First, she will establish a baseline by observing the student's behavior for several days. Then she will introduce time-out periods for a few days to see if it decreases disruptions. She will repeat the cycle, ideally finding that time-out reduces the problematic behavior so it is no longer needed. The main challenge will be observing the student during time-out while still teaching other students.
Guidelines in Preparing Different Types of TestsJervis Panis
This document discusses guidelines for preparing different types of tests to assess learning outcomes. It describes four levels of learning outcomes: knowledge, process, understanding, and product/performance. Each level can be assessed using different tools. Objective tests like multiple choice, true/false, and matching are described. Essay tests that allow subjective responses are also covered. The key aspects of a good test discussed are validity, reliability, and usability. Principles for constructing clear test items are provided.
The document discusses different types of assessment used in teaching and learning. It describes traditional assessments like paper-and-pencil tests which measure lower-level skills, while authentic assessments focus on higher-order skills through realistic tasks. Formative assessment provides feedback during instruction, while summative assessment evaluates learning after instruction through exams. Norm-referenced assessment compares students to peers, and criterion-referenced assessment evaluates students against fixed standards. The document also contrasts contextualized versus decontextualized assessment and analytic versus holistic assessment approaches.
This document provides guidance on creating alternative-response tests, also known as true-false tests, including their definition, uses, and suggestions for constructing effective true-false items. An alternative-response test consists of declarative statements that students mark as true or false. There should be an underlined word or phrase that needs correcting for the statement to be considered true. True-false items can measure a student's ability to identify factual statements, distinguish facts from opinions, and recognize cause-and-effect relationships. When constructing items, statements should be specific and avoid negatives, long sentences, multiple ideas in one statement, and trivial content. True and false statements should be about equal in length.
The document discusses performance-based assessment and constructing performance tasks. It defines performance assessment as testing that requires students to create an answer or product demonstrating their knowledge or skills. It provides guidelines for establishing validity of performance tests and constructing authentic performance tasks, including identifying learning targets, developing prompts and criteria, and using rubrics. Portfolio assessment is also explored as a purposeful, systematic collection of student work used to document progress towards learning targets.
This document outlines a classroom activity where students participate in a citizen science project to study Lyme disease. Students are split into groups and trained to collect deer tick samples from outdoor areas using provided materials. They record data on the location, type, and life stage of each tick. The goal is for students to gain hands-on fieldwork experience while contributing to research on this disease. As an incentive, participating students are also taken on a field trip to the University of Minnesota-Duluth to learn more about sciences like anatomy, geology, and microscopy from faculty. Pre- and post-activity surveys assess any changes in students' knowledge and interest in science.
The document outlines a first grade science curriculum that is aligned with national standards. It focuses on developing students' skills in asking questions, making observations, and conducting simple investigations about patterns in nature. The curriculum covers earth science topics like weather and seasons, physical science topics like sound and magnets, and life science topics like the basic needs of plants and animals. It emphasizes hands-on, inquiry-based learning and using tools to explore scientific concepts.
The document discusses various aspects of the research and writing process including: organizing information from secondary sources; developing logical arguments and integrating different perspectives; writing multi-page essays following standard formats; and assessing student learning through diagnostic, formative, and summative assessments. The goals are to help students improve their research, analytical, and writing skills through practicing various techniques.
Science Teaching Approaches and Strategies majumalon
The document discusses various teaching approaches and strategies for science. It begins by defining science as a process of logical thinking and testing hypotheses, rather than just memorizing facts. It then outlines three components of science education: knowledge, process skills, and attitudes. Various teaching strategies are presented, including discovery learning, inquiry-based learning using the 5E model, and using discrepant events. The document also discusses characteristics of learners, reflective teaching approaches, and integrative teaching.
This document outlines the code of ethics that governs professional teachers in the Philippines in their dual roles as educators and parents. As educators, teachers have a duty to provide quality education and evaluate students fairly and competently. They must maintain high standards of academic integrity and avoid prejudicing students. As parents, teachers have special parental authority over students and must ensure their welfare, using discipline to correct and motivate rather than punish. Corporal punishment is strictly prohibited. Overall, the code of ethics emphasizes teachers' obligations to uphold educational standards, act with honor, and serve as role models for students both inside and outside the classroom.
DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE OF PRINCIPLES OF TEACHINGLeizel Despi
Principles are fundamental truths or guiding rules that govern processes and conduct. They represent the origin, laws, objectives, and nature of things. Principles are generalized statements that systematize and interpret data. In education, principles guide the path and are compasses that direct the ship. Principles are important for making teaching and learning effective by proceeding from one situation to another and governing actions and techniques. Principles also explain educational processes by showing how things are done and results are achieved.
The document outlines a lesson plan to teach students about food webs. The objectives are to define a food web, construct a food web, and differentiate a food web from a food chain. Students will study an illustration of a food web, answer questions about it, and then construct their own food web using local organisms. The key points are that a food web shows overlapping food chains and interlinked energy transfers between organisms, ranging from producers like plants at the bottom to various consumer levels above.
performance based -product oriented assessmentechem101
This document discusses product-oriented performance-based assessment. It involves assessing students' actual performance through products they create. Products can include work targeting skills like reading, writing, speaking and listening. Teachers evaluate students' proficiency on tasks based on rubrics. Assessment targets three levels - novice, skilled, and expert. Tasks and products are designed to be at an appropriate complexity, be appealing, encourage creativity, and be goal-based to attain learning objectives.
Multigrade teaching involves one teacher instructing multiple grade levels simultaneously. Some teachers may teach two grades while others may teach up to seven grades. It occurs where there are more grade levels than teachers. Factors like cultural, socioeconomic, benefits to learning, and community involvement contribute to multigrade teaching. Teachers face challenges like curriculum planning, attitude, isolation, and varying student abilities but can overcome them with support, resources, and community involvement.
This document discusses portfolio assessment methods. It defines a portfolio as a collection of student work that shows their progress and achievements. An effective portfolio includes student input in selecting work, clear criteria for judging quality, and evidence of student self-reflection. The document then outlines the key elements and stages of implementing portfolio assessment, including specifying the portfolio contents and format, introducing the process to students, and providing guidelines for presentation. It also describes different types of portfolios like documentation, process, and showcase portfolios.
The document discusses guidelines for constructing and scoring completion and essay type tests. It provides examples of completion tests involving filling in blanks with words, letters, or phrases. Essay tests are described as allowing for assessment of higher-order thinking by requiring students to organize their thoughts in writing. The document outlines objectives, types, and rules for scoring essays, including specifying criteria, maintaining anonymity, and having multiple graders to reduce bias.
This document discusses performance assessment as a way to measure students' achievements, work habits, behavior, and attitudes. It defines performance assessment as the direct observation and rating of a student's actual performance on a task according to pre-established criteria. Performance tests require students to demonstrate skills by performing or producing something, rather than just answering questions. They allow teachers to observe outcomes like work habits that standard tests may miss. The document provides examples of performance tests and discusses how to design them, including developing rubrics with explicit criteria and performance levels to assess students' mastery. It notes advantages of rubrics like providing a clear profile of student performance and increasing the validity, reliability, and fairness of scoring.
This document discusses different grading systems used in education. It describes norm-referenced and criterion-referenced grading systems. A norm-referenced system evaluates students relative to other students' performance, while a criterion-referenced system evaluates students based on an absolute standard or criteria. The document also provides examples of reporting grades using percentages, numbers, letters, and descriptions for tertiary education. It outlines the grading system used in Philippine public elementary and secondary schools according to DepEd Order 33, including features such as minimum performance standards, assessment categories, and promotion policies.
The document outlines 5 key principles of effective classroom management: building relationships with students, establishing clear rules and procedures, self-management as a teacher, maintaining appropriate student behavior, and using motivation techniques. Effective classroom management requires a teacher to create a structured and supportive learning environment through building rapport with students, setting expectations, and positively reinforcing good behavior.
The document discusses various types and purposes of assessment in education. It describes traditional assessment as occurring at the end of a unit and involving individual testing on knowledge through tools like multiple choice questions. Constructivist assessment focuses on the learning process and is formative, aiming to improve student learning through discussion and questioning. The document outlines the roles of teachers in traditional versus constructivist classrooms. It also discusses dimensions of learning, including attitudes, acquiring knowledge, extending knowledge, using knowledge meaningfully, and developing thinking habits. Different types of assessment are described, such as for learning, of learning, and as learning. The relative merits and demerits of assessment for and of learning are compared.
Primitive education aimed to teach children the skills and cultural values needed to become productive members of their tribe. It occurred through participation in daily life and observation of adults. Education was classified into pre-puberty, focused on practical skills, and post-puberty initiation, which imparted cultural knowledge.
Ancient Chinese education was based on Confucian classics and emphasized memorization. Boys were educated at home and in schools, focusing on reading, writing, and arithmetic, while girls' education was limited to the home. Formal education culminated in competitive state examinations to earn degrees required for government positions. The examination system was abolished in 1905 to modernize education.
Ms. Wong, a third grade teacher, wants to address a disruptive student's behavior through action research. She plans to use a single-subject A-B-A-B design to study the effects of time-out on the student's disruptions. First, she will establish a baseline by observing the student's behavior for several days. Then she will introduce time-out periods for a few days to see if it decreases disruptions. She will repeat the cycle, ideally finding that time-out reduces the problematic behavior so it is no longer needed. The main challenge will be observing the student during time-out while still teaching other students.
Guidelines in Preparing Different Types of TestsJervis Panis
This document discusses guidelines for preparing different types of tests to assess learning outcomes. It describes four levels of learning outcomes: knowledge, process, understanding, and product/performance. Each level can be assessed using different tools. Objective tests like multiple choice, true/false, and matching are described. Essay tests that allow subjective responses are also covered. The key aspects of a good test discussed are validity, reliability, and usability. Principles for constructing clear test items are provided.
The document discusses different types of assessment used in teaching and learning. It describes traditional assessments like paper-and-pencil tests which measure lower-level skills, while authentic assessments focus on higher-order skills through realistic tasks. Formative assessment provides feedback during instruction, while summative assessment evaluates learning after instruction through exams. Norm-referenced assessment compares students to peers, and criterion-referenced assessment evaluates students against fixed standards. The document also contrasts contextualized versus decontextualized assessment and analytic versus holistic assessment approaches.
This document provides guidance on creating alternative-response tests, also known as true-false tests, including their definition, uses, and suggestions for constructing effective true-false items. An alternative-response test consists of declarative statements that students mark as true or false. There should be an underlined word or phrase that needs correcting for the statement to be considered true. True-false items can measure a student's ability to identify factual statements, distinguish facts from opinions, and recognize cause-and-effect relationships. When constructing items, statements should be specific and avoid negatives, long sentences, multiple ideas in one statement, and trivial content. True and false statements should be about equal in length.
The document discusses performance-based assessment and constructing performance tasks. It defines performance assessment as testing that requires students to create an answer or product demonstrating their knowledge or skills. It provides guidelines for establishing validity of performance tests and constructing authentic performance tasks, including identifying learning targets, developing prompts and criteria, and using rubrics. Portfolio assessment is also explored as a purposeful, systematic collection of student work used to document progress towards learning targets.
This document outlines a classroom activity where students participate in a citizen science project to study Lyme disease. Students are split into groups and trained to collect deer tick samples from outdoor areas using provided materials. They record data on the location, type, and life stage of each tick. The goal is for students to gain hands-on fieldwork experience while contributing to research on this disease. As an incentive, participating students are also taken on a field trip to the University of Minnesota-Duluth to learn more about sciences like anatomy, geology, and microscopy from faculty. Pre- and post-activity surveys assess any changes in students' knowledge and interest in science.
The document outlines a first grade science curriculum that is aligned with national standards. It focuses on developing students' skills in asking questions, making observations, and conducting simple investigations about patterns in nature. The curriculum covers earth science topics like weather and seasons, physical science topics like sound and magnets, and life science topics like the basic needs of plants and animals. It emphasizes hands-on, inquiry-based learning and using tools to explore scientific concepts.
Assessing Science Learning In 3 Part Harmonyheasulli
This was presented by Richard A. Duschl, a professor from Rutgers University Graduate School of Education, at my school district's opening day professional development workshop
The disappearance of the golden toad in Costa Rica's Monteverde cloud forest in 1999 was one of the earliest observed effects of climate change. Scientists believe rising temperatures caused the clouds to lift higher, drying out the frogs' environment. This event highlights the emerging field of environmental science, which studies human interactions with the environment using various disciplines like ecology, chemistry, geology, and social sciences. Sound scientific practice requires testing hypotheses through reproducible experiments and openly reporting results, even if they disprove initial hypotheses.
Biology – the living world seminar presentationMichael Botting
This document outlines a biology unit plan for year 7 students focusing on classification of living things. It includes 3 assessment tasks: 1) observing slaters to form and test a hypothesis, 2) classifying animals and creating a dichotomous key, and 3) researching a feral species' impact. The unit aims to engage diverse learners through hands-on activities while meeting science curriculum outcomes. Assessment tasks incorporate different learning styles and abilities.
This document provides information for teaching a lesson on life cycles to second grade students. It begins with links to curation tools and notes that the lessons were adapted from the Georgia Department of Education.
It then provides standards and objectives related to investigating life cycles of different organisms. Sample organisms include mammals, birds, amphibians, insects, plants, and fungi. It also addresses how seasonal changes affect trees and other plants.
The document lists additional standards from the American Library Association and provides questions to guide student inquiry. It gives directions for lessons on different life cycles and assessing seasonal changes in trees. Rubrics and assessments are provided to evaluate student understanding.
This lesson plan aims to teach 5th grade students about biomes. Students will be divided into groups to research one of seven biomes and complete a worksheet. They will then participate in a carousel activity where they visit each biome station to take notes. Finally, students will create a final project like a flipchart or brochure demonstrating their understanding of biomes and including key details like location, climate, plants, and animals. The teacher will assess students throughout the lesson and projects to evaluate their comprehension of biomes. Accommodations are provided for different learners such as preferential seating, modified worksheets, and assistance during activities.
This document describes the goals and structure of an online master's program in science education. It aims to help K-8 teachers experience scientific inquiry firsthand, learn to think like scientists, and change how they teach science. The program includes introductory and module courses co-taught by scientists and educators. An example biology exploration course is discussed, highlighting lessons learned about designing online inquiry experiences. It is important for courses to identify central questions, provide opportunities for at-home investigations, and make the scientific process explicit. Data analysis and peer discussion allow students to further evidence gathering and generate theories together. The online environment can enact scientific inquiry, connect to students' lives, and foster discussion through shared differences.
This document provides information about coordinating and conducting a school science fair. It discusses the benefits of science fairs for students, including promoting critical thinking and inquiry-based learning. It outlines the key steps for organizing a science fair, such as establishing a planning committee, setting deadlines, recruiting judges, and ordering prizes. The goal is to make the science fair experience as realistic as possible to encourage student interest in science.
Scientific Method is a process used to build and organize knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the natural world. It involves making observations, asking questions, formulating hypotheses, making predictions, conducting experiments, and analyzing the results. While science is constantly evolving as new discoveries are made, the scientific method helps ensure research is objective, evidence-based, and peer-reviewed.
The scientific method is important because it allows for a systematic process of exploring the natural world to build understanding. By making detailed observations and asking questions, researchers can form hypotheses to explain phenomena. Experiments are then designed to test these hypotheses, either supporting or dis
This document provides an overview of key concepts in science education, including:
1. Definitions of science as a body of knowledge and a process of inquiry.
2. The importance of an inquiry-based approach to science instruction that parallels scientific practice.
3. National standards and frameworks that aim to define what students should know in science, including Science for All Americans and the National Science Education Standards.
4. Current reforms advocating reducing science content standards to allow for more in-depth study of core concepts.
This document outlines the scientific method. It describes science as an organized way to gather and analyze evidence about the natural world through observation, asking questions, making inferences, forming hypotheses, designing controlled experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. It provides examples of how scientists used this method to study marsh grass growth and determine that availability of nitrogen limits growth. Controlled experiments allow scientists to isolate the independent variable being tested from other factors. The scientific method seeks to objectively understand the natural world.
This document provides an overview of analytics for learning and diagnostic assessment. It discusses using data from online learning platforms and virtual environments to assess student learning, including tracking student actions, interactions with peers and tools, and performance on tasks over time. This data can provide detailed insights into student cognition, skills, and knowledge that can inform real-time support and long-term learning.
Grade 1 School Garden Lesson Plan - Leaf Lesson: Leaf Sorting ~ Massachusetts
|=> In this activity students will look closely at leaves to see the many variations in shape, size, margins, venation3
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For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
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Double your School Garden Food Production with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
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Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
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Companion Planting Increases School Garden Food Production by 250 Percent
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
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City Chickens for your Organic Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document provides information for a Primary Science session on materials. It discusses hazards and safety measures, aims of the session including introducing the module and interrogating perceptions of science. It covers scientific enquiry, working scientifically, and different types of material investigations that could be done with students. Examples of curriculum coverage for different year groups related to materials are given, along with potential lesson ideas. An elicitation activity in the form of a subject knowledge quiz on physical and chemical changes is also included. The document aims to prepare teachers for teaching about materials in primary science.
1. The document outlines the general pattern of the scientific method, which includes 7 steps: observation, identifying a problem, gathering information/data, formulating a hypothesis, experimentation, gathering/interpreting results, and drawing a conclusion.
2. It provides examples to illustrate key aspects of the scientific method, such as identifying the independent and dependent variables in an experiment.
3. The document is intended to help students understand and apply the scientific method process in their own research activities and everyday problem solving.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in science education, including:
1. Definitions of science as a body of knowledge and a process for understanding the natural world.
2. The benefits of an inquiry-based approach to science instruction that parallels scientific practice.
3. The importance of developing conceptual understanding in students through engagement with concepts and building conceptual frameworks.
The document discusses different types of open-ended assignments in science education, including investigations and projects. Investigations begin with a question and allow students to plan their own work, while projects are practical investigations carried out individually or in groups. Projects give students more independence and require evaluation of findings and redesigning investigations. Some projects may take a few hours while others take weeks, and can involve laboratory work, fieldwork, or be done at home.
The document discusses the key principles of natural science and how they can be practiced in the classroom. It describes 12 principles: asking questions, developing and using models, planning and carrying out investigations, analyzing and interpreting data, using mathematics and computational thinking, constructing explanations, engaging in argument from evidence, and obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information. For each principle, it provides a definition, an example of how it can be used in a classroom investigation, and the types of activities students engage in to practice that principle of natural science.
The document describes plans for a field trip to an aquarium. It includes objectives for the field trip focused on observing marine life and their habitats, survival, and defense mechanisms. It provides a detailed plan for the field trip, including preliminary planning, materials needed, and a step-by-step process to be followed during the trip. This includes using observation worksheets, a KWL chart, and discussion questions. It suggests reducing details in field trip planning through a flow chart. It also discusses using virtual field trips and compares their ability to replace actual field trips.
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While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
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The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
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The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
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In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
1. INTRODUCTION TO FIELD STUDIES
A Guide for Educators
What are field studies?
Research projects that are conducted outdoors ("in the field"); this may be in the
school yard or at a remote location such as a park or beach. Field studies may be
DESCRIPTIVE (e.g. preparing a list of all of the different types of plants found on campus,
or comparing the types of birds observed at two different locations) or MANIPULATIVE
(where some environmental VARIABLE is altered and the outcomes are measured).
Why conduct field studies?
Students learn best by hands-on opportunities; they are more likely to retain
information and understand its relevance when they actually apply the information. Field
studies can incorporate many different subject areas; for example, a project to map plant
life on campus will include biology, math, geography (in addition to the mapping process,
students may research the plants and determine their native countries), and may also
incorporate English and art. Field studies require students to work cooperatively and
provide first-hand evidence of the need for proper experimental design (repetition,
hypothesis testing, data analysis, etc.).
How do we get started?
The type of project chosen will depend on the age and limitations of the students, as
well as the comfort level of the teacher. It is best to start with a simple project; the
outcomes of the simple project will often suggest follow-up projects.
1. Select a desired outcome.
This may be hypothesis-based, or may simply be a final product. Here are some
examples:
a. Students will work together to produce a vegetation map of the playground.
Outcome: an annotated map and plant species list; extensions may include
video/photo guide to plants on campus, signs to identify plants, development of a
nature trail...
b. Students will make a seasonal study of birds around the school. Outcome:
report including lists of bird species, photos of birds and graphs showing the
seasons during which they are likely to be seen; extensions may include an audio
library of bird songs, fabrication of bird feeders and study of feeding preferences of
certain types of birds, a feather "library", research projects about specific bird
species—nest structure, egg color, etc...
c. Students will monitor water quality in the intracoastal waterway. Outcome:
Report (graphs). Students should learn that environmental conditions can affect
water quality. Students will apply chemistry (and physics) and will see how the
sciences are integrated. This study could be expanded to be a comparison
between locations (e.g. areas with lots of boats vs. "pristine" areas). Studies could
also correlate wildlife abundance with water quality measurements.
2. Determine what needs to happen in order to reach the desired outcome: What are
the steps/activities that will have to occur, and how long will each one take? Will
2. there be cooperation/data sharing with other classes? Is this a one month/year
project or could it continue from year to year?
3. Set time frames for the various activities. Be realistic! Remember that during a
class period you need to allow time for getting to and from the desired location, as
well as time for cleanup (perhaps). Remember that weather may cause
cancellation of planned field days--you may need to be flexible! Also, for coastal
studies, tide state may be critical... Try and plan for more days than you think you
will need so you have "back-up" dates. You may be able to collect some data in the
field and do analysis of other samples later in the classroom. Plotting the agenda
on a calendar will give the students goals to shoot for and will help remind you when
something is approaching that you need to prepare for.
4. Coordinate with other teachers who might be involved. Other teachers may have
resources that you can use, and vice-versa. Components of the science project
could double as an art project, or written research assignment for English class...
5. Paperwork...Parental permission slips might be necessary; at the very least they are
a good idea as you may be asking parents to send the child to school with bug
spray on, or with special clothing... Contracts with the students are recommended--
they let the students know the rules, and outline what will happen if students violate
the rules. You may need to arrange for buses for off-campus travel
6. Other logistics:
Collect resource materials and supplies for the project (guide books, data sheets,
sampling equipment, etc.) Do a preliminary assessment of the field site--look for
poison ivy, black widow spiders, fire ants, etc...not because you can't necessarily do
the study if these things are present, but because you need to at least be able to
warn students of their presence. This may also give you the opportunity to research
some of the species found in the area so you can answer questions raised by the
students! Know your restrictions when it comes to the use of bug spray, sunblock,
etc...
What equipment will I need?
The answer to this depends on the type of study you are planning to do.
Below are some suggestions for the three example studies listed earlier.
Bear in mind that there may be alternate ways of accomplishing the same
goal...
Vegetation map: tape measures (cloth ones are recommended),
compasses, pencils, gridded paper, blank paper, plant guide books. Optional: flagging
tape and stakes to mark off the survey area, plant presses, cameras, quadrats, protractors.
Bird study: binoculars, log book, pencils, bird books. Optional: bird song guide, camera,
weather station (e.g. temp, humidity).
Water quality study: Tape measures, quadrats, secchi disk, water sampling bottle, depth
stick, seine net, dip nets, test kits (nutrients, coliform bacteria), DO meter, pH meter,
refractometer, thermometer, field guides, tide tables, booties/alternate footwear, buckets,
waterproof data sheets, pencils.
3. Important concepts that the students will need to learn (some may be best
accomplished through trial and error...!)
Variance/error--This can be simply demonstrated by passing around a strip of paper and a
ruler and asking students to write down the length of the piece of paper. If you are sneaky,
cut the strip of paper to an "odd" length, e.g. 12.25 mm). Collect all of the measurements
and list them on the board (ideally they will not all be the same!). Have students calculate
the mean, then graph the mean and range as a bar graph with error bars. Also note that if
you do not specify the units to be used, most students will measure using the "inch" side of
the ruler. In science, the metric system should always be used.
Replication--Use the "Too Many Crabs" exercise, but have students only take one 1 cm²
count, then use this to estimate population. Then have them do the 10 replicates and
estimate the population using the mean of the 10 samples. The estimate made using the
mean should be closer to the actual number than the single count estimate.
Random sampling--If students always drop the square from the same spot in the "Too
Many Crabs" exercise, they will find that their estimate is BIASED. In an ideal situation,
there would be some way to randomize the sampling (e.g. by spinning the paper that has
the crabs on it, or by closing one's eyes when dropping the square). In field studies, this is
often done by dividing up the study area into a grid system and using randomly-generated
numbers to pick the spots where the quadrats are placed. This can also be accomplished
using a transect and random numbers. Random numbers can be generated using Excel.
Hypothesis--this is the question that is going to be tested. Some studies that are purely
descriptive may not have an obvious hypothesis, but with a little thought, you should be
able to come up with one. For example, the plant mapping study's hypothesis may be that
there will be no more than 20 plant species in the school yard. In science, the hypothesis
is typically something that you try and prove wrong (because you can disprove something
statistically, whereas you cannot prove something is right by using statistics...)
Justification--this is a concept that students often find difficult to grasp--yet it is one of the
most important parts of a scientific study. The justification explains the importance of
conducting the research—it answers the question, "So what?" or, "Who cares?" The
justification for the plant mapping study might be to produce a plant book for use by other
students, or to provide a baseline for future studies that might show the impact of foot
traffic or other activity on the plants.
Variables--anything that might affect the outcome of an experiment. These are often
environmental factors like temperature, sunlight, salinity, etc. It is important to try and think
of all the variables that might impact your results, then try and CONTROL as many of
those as you can (e.g. if you want to study how temperature affects plant growth, you
should try and give all plants equal light so that differences between plants cannot be
attributed to different light conditions). In the plant mapping study, the school's
landscapers could be considered a variable, and should probably be consulted before
starting the mapping project to be sure that no major re-plantings are going to occur in the
middle of your project!
4. The scientific report
The outline for this will vary somewhat, according to the agency requesting the report (e.g.
the state science fair may have a slightly different outline than the Journal of Experimental
Biology...). A generic outline is given below:
Abstract: Usually has a word count limit (e.g. 500 words, which to students may seem like
a lot!). This should be a concise summary of the experiment and its results. Start with a
description of the problem/reason for doing the experiment. Briefly state what was done
and why, then outline the results and any overall conclusions.
Introduction: Gives a thorough background including why the project was taken on, any
previous similar projects and any research pertaining to the project. Sources for all of the
information given in this section should be provided (by footnotes or citation). The
introduction may include a map of the area (if appropriate).
Materials and methods: This section should outline step by step how the project was done.
Ideally, someone should be able to duplicate the experiment by following the instructions
given here. Diagrams of apparatus/methods should be given where appropriate. The
answers to questions like "When? Where? How? How many?" should be in this section.
Results: This is the data section. All measurements, numbers, graphs, etc should be in
this section, along with a description of the overall findings of the study. Lists of raw
numbers are generally NOT included here (although they may be provided in an
appendix); means, variances and graphs are the types of information that should appear
here. If statistics are done, the statistical tests should be described and the confidence
limits given.
Discussion and Conclusions: This is the section that analyzes the data and draws
conclusions from it. This is also the section where any problems that arose during the
study can be described and any possible impacts of those problems can be laid out. This
is the section of the report where the researcher gives the justification for the study--"the
data proves that..."
References/Literature Cited: The format of this section will vary with the agency or journal.
Pick one style and be consistent (check with the English teacher).
Appendices: This is where students can provide raw data (you may want this, especially if
you plan to do follow-up studies), complete species lists, etc (anything too lengthy to
include in the results section).
Tables and Figures: graphs, maps etc. These can be incorporated into the text, or
provided as separate pages, with legends to explain them.
Document compiled by Maia McGuire, NE Florida Sea Grant
Extension Agent
904-824-4564 or mpmcguire@ifas.ufl.edu.