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Introduction to dental materials
- 2. INTRODUCTION • The Science of Dental Material • Its importance to our studies • History of Dental Materials • Characteristics of Ideal Dental Materials • Quality Assurance Programs • Identification of Restorations
- 3. THE SCIENCE OF DENTAL MATERIALS: • Development & evaluation of materials • Characteristics of the material • Safety and Health • Effectiveness and Duration
- 4. THE SCIENCE OF DENTAL MATERIALS: “Why are we studying this field? • for the knowledge to make optimal selection of materials • To understand the behavior of the materials, use, handling, manipulation • Safety considerations of the materials • Patient education re. dental restoratives • Recognition of materials – proper tx and care of prosth/restorations (OH, prophys) • Understand the professional literature
- 5. Selection of Dental Materials
- 6. 6 Daignosis or Analysis Requirements Available materials Compare requirements and properties Selection Review
- 7. THE ORAL ENVIRONMENT: • What are the characteristics of the oral cavity that challenge dental materials? • Wet – saliva • Fluctuating pH – acidic/alkaline • Intake of acidic juices or frizzy drinks decrease PH to 2 or alkaline medicaments Or Baking Soda increase pH to 11
- 8. •Masticatory forces – up to 28,000 lb/psi •Gateway to digestive tract (ingestion) Temperature fluctuations: Normal oral temperature is 32 to 37 °C.ingestion of hot fluids increase the temperature to 70 °C and ingestion of cold fluids increase the temperature to 0°C •Living tissue – tooth, oral mucosa, gingival fluids
- 9. CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL MATERIALS: • Biocompatible – • Non-toxic, non-irritating, non-allergenic • Mechanically stable & durable – • Strong, resistant to fracture • Resistant to Corrosion – • Does not deteriorate over time • Dimensionally Stable – • Little change by temperature & solvents
- 10. CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL MATERIALS: • Minimal conduction – • Insulates against thermal/electrical change • Esthetic – • Looks like oral tissue • Easy to manipulate – • Minimal/reasonable effort & time needed • Adheres to tissues – • Retains onto, and seals, tooth structure
- 11. CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL MATERIALS: • Tasteless and Odorless – • Not unpleasant to patient • Cleanable/Repairable – • Easily maintained or fixed • Cost-effective – • Affordability vs. benefits/disadvantag es
- 12. QUALITY ASSURANCE • Food & Drug Administration (FDA) • Ensures safety & efficacy of material/”device” • American Dental Association (ADA) • Council on Scientific Affairs establishes standards and specifications • ADA “seal of acceptance” • Clinical studies when there are no standards • International Standards Organization (ISO)
- 13. 13 Properties are the way the material responds to the environment and external forces. Mechanical properties – response to mechanical forces, strength, etc. Electrical and magnetic properties - response electrical and magnetic fields, conductivity, etc. Thermal properties are related to transmission of heat and heat capacity. Optical properties include to absorption, transmission and scattering of light. Chemical stability in contact with the environment - corrosion resistance. PROPERTIES
- 14. IDENTIFICATION OF RESTORATIONS: • “Dental Restoration” – • Restores function & appearance of oral structure lost by pathology, injury, or is congenitally missing Examples: • Pathology – caries: filling • Injury – broken tooth: crown • Congenitally Missing: prosthetic (i.e. bridge)
- 15. IDENTIFICATION OF RESTORATIONS: • Direct Restoration – • A restoration that is created and placed directly into the prep site of the tooth (i.e. amalgam filling, composite filling) • Indirect Restoration – • A restoration that is created outside of the mouth on a model of the prepped tooth and later fixed into the mouth (i.e. gold crown, denture)
- 17. DIRECT FILLINGS: • Usually made of amalgam (“silver” metal) or composite (acrylic) materials • For caries of various degrees; anterior or posterior teeth Posterior amalgam fillings
- 18. DIRECT FILLINGS: Posterior Composite Filling Anterior Composite Filling
- 19. CROWN: • Indirect restoration to replace missing crown of tooth, or protect remaining crown of tooth • Caries, fractures, teeth with RCT, esthetics • Made of porcelain, metals, or both Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal (PFM) Crown
- 20. BRIDGE: • An indirect restoration; to replace one or more missing teeth • “fixed” – not removable; cemented to existing teeth • Made of porcelain, metals, or both • Abutment – the existing tooth/teeth supporting the bridge • Pontic – the replacement tooth
- 21. BRIDGE: Missing tooth – area to be restored Abutments Pontic
- 22. BRIDGE: Anterior bridge on model Anterior bridge before cementation How many abutment teeth does the patient have?
- 24. INDIRECT RESTORATIONS: • Inlay – • A fabricated restoration made of metal or porcelain that replaces missing tooth structure; does NOT include the restoration of any cusps • Onlay – • A fabricated restoration (as above) that DOES include the restoration of at least one cusp
- 25. INLAYS VS. ONLAYS: Porcelain Inlays Gold Onlay
- 26. VENEERS: • All-porcelain or acrylic facing for tooth • Primarily used for esthetic reasons • Can alter shape & color of existing tooth
- 27. DENTURE: • The removable dental prosthetic used to replace all of the teeth in an arch; patient is edentulous. • Made of acrylic (teeth may be porcelain) • “Partial Denture” – replaces some teeth in the arch; patient is partially edentulous. • Made of acrylic usually with metal substructure and clasps
- 28. DENTURE: Full Upper and Lower Denture
- 29. DENTURE: Removable Partial Denture metal clasp for retention
- 30. PEDIATRIC RESTORATIONS Stainless Steel Crown (SSC): • Prefabricated • Cemented
- 31. PEDIATRIC RESTORATIONS: Space Maintainer: • Holds space where primary tooth was prematurely lost • Stainless steel band/crown with loop • Fabricated outside of the mouth; cemented
Editor's Notes
- The development and evaluation of dental materials: How are these materials going to be used, manipulated? What are the physical properties and characteristics of the materials? Are these safe for the patient and provider? Do they serve the purpose they are to serve? Do they last a long time and continue to hold-up? Dental Materials is the currently fastest changing aspect of dentistry. Dental seminars, journal articles, etc. are bombarded with new, improved techniques, applications of materials, technologies, etc. Many dentists are using very different dental materials than they were 5 - 10 years ago.
- Why are we studying this field? (ask students) for the knowledge to make optimal selection of materials To understand the behavior of the materials, use, handling, manipulation Safety considerations of the materials Patient education re. dental restoratives Recognition of materials – proper tx and care of prosth/restorations (OH, prophys) Understand the professional literature
- What are the characteristics of the oral cavity that challenge dental materials? Wet – saliva Fluctuating pH – acidic/alkaline Masticatory forces – up to 28,000 lb/psi Gateway to digestive tract (ingestion) Temperature fluctuations Living tissue – tooth, oral mucosa, gingival fluids
- Clinical studies are required on dental materials that do not have written and accepted standards to demonstrate their safety and efficacy (producing desired effect).
- In this anterior bridge (PFM), there are 2 missing teeth (#7, 10); there are four remaining “abutment” teeth (#6, 8, 9, 11). These prosthetic pieces that are constructed in commercial dental labs are usually priced per “unit”. This bridge is a 6-unit bridge. If a dental office charges $700 per “unit”; the patient would probably be charged about $4200 for this restoration.
- Note that the posterior left side of the pt’s mouth has also been restored. This is most likely a single bridge that is abutted to the 1st premolar & canine on the right, and goes around the arch to include the molar on the pt’s left.
- Veneers generally are made to cover the facial and incisal edges of anterior teeth. Similar concept as a false fingernail being applied to the surface of a healthy nail. These veneers are applied to tooth numbers #7-10. They are bonded to tooth structure and generally cost the same or more than a PFM crown.
- The lower denture is always “horseshoe” shaped, to allow for the space that the tongue needs. The upper denture is made to cover the palate to allow for a suction to be created to aid with retention.
- (In class, show restorations from tray under Elmo projector)