The document provides an overview of key concepts in database systems including:
1) It defines data, databases, DBMS and typical database system components.
2) It describes different data management approaches including manual, file-based and database approaches.
3) It outlines the functions of a DBMS including data storage, security, and integrity management.
The document provides an introduction to database systems and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses what data, databases, and DBMS are. It then covers different data management approaches including manual, file-based, and database approaches. The advantages of the database approach are presented. Key terms like record, field, and table are defined. Typical database system applications and environments are also summarized.
Overview of Data Base Systems Concepts and ArchitectureRubal Sagwal
Data
Data Hierarchy
Introduction of Database
DBMS
Characteristics of database approach
Advantages of DBMS
Data models
Schemas, Three schema architecture:
-The external level
-The conceptual level and
-The internal level.
Data Independence
Database languages and Interfaces
Roles of Database Administrator
1) Database management systems were created to address issues with storing information in file processing systems, such as data redundancy, difficulty accessing data, data isolation, and integrity and security problems.
2) A DBMS allows for centralized control of data, consistent definitions and storage, reduced data redundancy, data independence from programs and applications, and support for multiple user access.
3) Some key applications of database systems include banking, airlines, universities, manufacturing, online retailers, and telecommunications.
Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment
File organization Term and Concepts
Computer system organizes data in a hierarchy
Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1)
Byte: Group of bits that represents a single character
Field: Group of characters as word(s) or number
Record: Group of related fields
File: Group of records of same type
The document provides an introduction to basic database terminology and concepts. It defines key terms like data, data item, entity, entity set, record, file, key, and information. It then discusses common data organization issues such as data redundancy, inconsistency, difficulty accessing data, isolation, integrity problems, and security issues that databases aim to address. It provides an overview of the difference between file systems and database management systems (DBMS), and how DBMS solutions are better suited to organizing large amounts of structured data for efficient querying and sharing across users.
The document discusses database essentials including database management systems, database applications, the purpose of database systems, data models, database languages, database architecture, and the relational data model. Specifically, it defines what a DBMS is, provides examples of common database applications, describes why databases were developed to address limitations of file processing systems, outlines several data models including the relational model, discusses database languages for defining and manipulating data, presents the client-server architecture of database systems, and explains key concepts of the relational model including tables, tuples, attributes, relations, and domains.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It defines what a database and DBMS are, and explains that a DBMS allows users to define, create, and manipulate databases for applications. It also discusses some key components of a DBMS environment, including software, hardware, data, procedures, and database access languages like SQL. The document compares traditional file-based data storage with DBMS approaches and outlines some benefits DBMS provide like reduced redundancy, improved data integrity and sharing, and increased accessibility.
The document provides an introduction to database systems and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses what data, databases, and DBMS are. It then covers different data management approaches including manual, file-based, and database approaches. The advantages of the database approach are presented. Key terms like record, field, and table are defined. Typical database system applications and environments are also summarized.
Overview of Data Base Systems Concepts and ArchitectureRubal Sagwal
Data
Data Hierarchy
Introduction of Database
DBMS
Characteristics of database approach
Advantages of DBMS
Data models
Schemas, Three schema architecture:
-The external level
-The conceptual level and
-The internal level.
Data Independence
Database languages and Interfaces
Roles of Database Administrator
1) Database management systems were created to address issues with storing information in file processing systems, such as data redundancy, difficulty accessing data, data isolation, and integrity and security problems.
2) A DBMS allows for centralized control of data, consistent definitions and storage, reduced data redundancy, data independence from programs and applications, and support for multiple user access.
3) Some key applications of database systems include banking, airlines, universities, manufacturing, online retailers, and telecommunications.
Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment
File organization Term and Concepts
Computer system organizes data in a hierarchy
Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1)
Byte: Group of bits that represents a single character
Field: Group of characters as word(s) or number
Record: Group of related fields
File: Group of records of same type
The document provides an introduction to basic database terminology and concepts. It defines key terms like data, data item, entity, entity set, record, file, key, and information. It then discusses common data organization issues such as data redundancy, inconsistency, difficulty accessing data, isolation, integrity problems, and security issues that databases aim to address. It provides an overview of the difference between file systems and database management systems (DBMS), and how DBMS solutions are better suited to organizing large amounts of structured data for efficient querying and sharing across users.
The document discusses database essentials including database management systems, database applications, the purpose of database systems, data models, database languages, database architecture, and the relational data model. Specifically, it defines what a DBMS is, provides examples of common database applications, describes why databases were developed to address limitations of file processing systems, outlines several data models including the relational model, discusses database languages for defining and manipulating data, presents the client-server architecture of database systems, and explains key concepts of the relational model including tables, tuples, attributes, relations, and domains.
The document provides an introduction to database management systems (DBMS). It defines what a database and DBMS are, and explains that a DBMS allows users to define, create, and manipulate databases for applications. It also discusses some key components of a DBMS environment, including software, hardware, data, procedures, and database access languages like SQL. The document compares traditional file-based data storage with DBMS approaches and outlines some benefits DBMS provide like reduced redundancy, improved data integrity and sharing, and increased accessibility.
The document discusses key concepts related to databases including data, information, database management systems (DBMS), database design, and entity relationship modeling. It defines data as raw unorganized facts and information as organized, meaningful data. A database is a collection of organized data that can be easily accessed, managed and updated. Effective database design involves conceptual, logical and physical data modeling to structure data and relationships. The entity relationship model uses entities, attributes, and relationships to graphically represent data structures and relationships.
The document provides information about a database course including:
1) An overview of the course content which covers database fundamentals, the relational model, normalization, conceptual modeling, query languages, and advanced SQL topics.
2) Details about the lecturer including their academic background and publications.
3) Assessment details for the course including exams, labs, and project work accounting for 100% of the grade.
1. The document discusses database management systems (DBMS) and provides examples of common database applications like banking, airlines, universities, and more.
2. It then gives examples of university database applications like adding students/courses, registering for classes, assigning grades, and more.
3. Early database applications were built directly on file systems, but DBMS provides advantages like data integrity, security, transaction control, concurrent access, and independence from physical storage.
Database systems are designed to manage large datasets in an organization. A database is a collection of shared information that exists over a long period of time, often many years. A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows for the efficient creation, management, and use of large amounts of persistent and shared data. The database approach emphasizes integration and sharing of data throughout an organization, with minimum duplication and program data independence. This provides benefits like improved data accessibility, reduced redundancy, and maintained data quality and integrity.
Prerequisies of DBMS
Course Objectives of DBMS
Syllabus
What is the meaning of data and database
DBMS
History of DBMS
Different Databases available in Market
Storage areas
Why to Learn DBMS?
Peoples who work with Databases
Applications of DBMS
The document discusses key concepts related to databases including:
1) It defines data as representations of facts, concepts or instructions that are suitable for communication, interpretation or processing.
2) A database is defined as a structured set of non-redundant information organized based on a data model, consisting of files, records and fields.
3) A database management system (DBMS) provides an interface between users and the database, allowing for data definition, manipulation and control.
The document discusses key concepts related to databases including:
- A database is an organized collection of data stored electronically and accessed via a DBMS.
- Data is logically organized into records, tables, and databases for meaningful representation to users.
- Databases offer advantages like reduced data redundancy, improved data integrity, and easier data sharing.
- Database subsystems include the database engine, data definition language, and data administration.
The document then covers database types, uses, issues, and security concepts.
This document provides an introduction to relational database management systems and their components. It discusses the evolution of databases from traditional file processing systems to relational database models. The key components of a database system are described as hardware, software, data, and users. Database management aims to facilitate data sharing across functional units, user levels, and locations through centralized data control and definition. The roles of database administrators are outlined as designing databases, training users, and ensuring security and integrity.
The document discusses databases and database management systems. It provides examples of common database applications like banking, universities, sales, and airlines. It defines what a database is, the role of a database management system, and examples of DBMS software. It also compares the advantages and disadvantages of using a database system versus a traditional file system to store data. Key benefits of a DBMS include supporting complex queries, controlling redundancy and consistency, handling concurrent access from multiple users, and providing security and data recovery.
This document outlines the syllabus for a Database Management Systems course. It includes 5 units that cover database concepts, the relational model, SQL, normalization, transaction management, recovery, and query processing. The objectives are to understand basic database concepts, master SQL, understand relational design principles, and become familiar with transaction processing, storage structures, and query optimization techniques. Key topics include the entity-relationship model, relational algebra, normalization, concurrency control, crash recovery, and query processing and optimization.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS university course materials useful for students ...SakkaravarthiS1
This document provides information about a database management systems (DBMS) course syllabus. It includes the course objectives, which are to understand basic database concepts, master SQL, understand relational database design principles, and become familiar with transaction processing and concurrency control. The syllabus outlines 5 units that will be covered: data models and languages, the relational model and SQL, normalization, transaction management and recovery, and query processing. Required textbooks and references are also listed.
In this PPT, you will learn:
• The difference between data and information
• What a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for
decision making
• The importance of database design
• How modern databases evolved from file systems
• About flaws in file system data management
• The main components of the database system
• The main functions of a database management system (DBMS)
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It defines what a DBMS is and discusses the need for DBMS compared to traditional file systems. Specifically, it notes that a DBMS allows for centralized control of data to reduce redundancy and improve data sharing, integrity, security and access. Examples of popular DBMS are provided, along with different database types based on number of users and data location. Common applications of DBMS are also listed.
Here are the key points about the application and utility of database management systems based on the article:
- Database management systems allow for efficient storage, organization and retrieval of large amounts of data. They help businesses and organizations manage their data in a centralized and structured manner.
- Teaching accounting information systems (AIS) courses effectively requires hands-on experience with database software like Microsoft Access. Simply lecturing from textbooks is not sufficient in today's environment.
- Incorporating database software into the AIS curriculum gives students practical experience building and working with databases. This helps demonstrate real-world applications of concepts like database design, queries, forms and reports.
- Hands-on learning with databases helps reinforce topics covered in A
The document provides an introduction to database management systems. It discusses the key components of a DBMS including data models like the hierarchical, network, relational, and entity-relationship models. It also summarizes some of the advantages of using a DBMS like data independence, efficient data access, data integrity and security, data administration, concurrent access and crash recovery, and reduced application development time. Textbooks and references on the topic are also listed.
helps the DBA in day to day activities
2
Security Administrator: responsible for security policies and implementation
3
Performance Tuner: responsible for tuning the database for better performance
4
Backup and Recovery Administrator: responsible for backup and recovery plans
2. Database Designer
Responsible for conceptual, logical and physical design of the database
Determines the data model, structure and constraints
Defines the schema and metadata
Works closely with the DBA and users
3. Database Programmer
Responsible for implementing the design into
chapter 1-Introduction Fundamentals of database system.pdfMisganawAbeje1
This document provides an introduction to database systems. It defines key concepts like data, databases, database management systems (DBMS), and file systems. It describes the evolution from manual data handling to file-based systems to modern database approaches. The database approach provides benefits like reducing data redundancy, improving data sharing and security. Actors involved with databases like database administrators, designers, and end users are also outlined. Basic database terminology is defined, including entities, attributes, records, files and different database models.
The document discusses different database concepts:
1) A database is a collection of organized data that can be easily retrieved, inserted, and deleted. Database management systems (DBMS) like MySQL and Oracle are software used to manage databases.
2) The two main data models are the relational model, which organizes data into tables and relations, and the object-oriented model, which represents data as objects with properties and methods.
3) DBMS provide advantages like data sharing, backup/recovery, security, and independence between data and applications. However, they also have disadvantages such as higher costs and complexity.
The document discusses solving recurrence relations using iterative methods. It provides examples of using forward and backward iteration to predict solutions to recurrence relations given initial conditions. Recurrence relations can be used to model problems involving compound interest, population growth, algorithms like the Tower of Hanoi puzzle, and counting problems. Explicit formulas for the solutions can be derived and proven using induction.
This document provides an overview of computer programming including:
- What a computer program is and how it provides instructions to computers.
- The main types of programming languages including machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages.
- The typical stages of program development including analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance.
- How algorithms and flowcharts are used to design programs and represent the logic and steps.
- Examples are provided to illustrate algorithms, flowcharts, and programming concepts.
The document discusses key concepts related to databases including data, information, database management systems (DBMS), database design, and entity relationship modeling. It defines data as raw unorganized facts and information as organized, meaningful data. A database is a collection of organized data that can be easily accessed, managed and updated. Effective database design involves conceptual, logical and physical data modeling to structure data and relationships. The entity relationship model uses entities, attributes, and relationships to graphically represent data structures and relationships.
The document provides information about a database course including:
1) An overview of the course content which covers database fundamentals, the relational model, normalization, conceptual modeling, query languages, and advanced SQL topics.
2) Details about the lecturer including their academic background and publications.
3) Assessment details for the course including exams, labs, and project work accounting for 100% of the grade.
1. The document discusses database management systems (DBMS) and provides examples of common database applications like banking, airlines, universities, and more.
2. It then gives examples of university database applications like adding students/courses, registering for classes, assigning grades, and more.
3. Early database applications were built directly on file systems, but DBMS provides advantages like data integrity, security, transaction control, concurrent access, and independence from physical storage.
Database systems are designed to manage large datasets in an organization. A database is a collection of shared information that exists over a long period of time, often many years. A database management system (DBMS) is software that allows for the efficient creation, management, and use of large amounts of persistent and shared data. The database approach emphasizes integration and sharing of data throughout an organization, with minimum duplication and program data independence. This provides benefits like improved data accessibility, reduced redundancy, and maintained data quality and integrity.
Prerequisies of DBMS
Course Objectives of DBMS
Syllabus
What is the meaning of data and database
DBMS
History of DBMS
Different Databases available in Market
Storage areas
Why to Learn DBMS?
Peoples who work with Databases
Applications of DBMS
The document discusses key concepts related to databases including:
1) It defines data as representations of facts, concepts or instructions that are suitable for communication, interpretation or processing.
2) A database is defined as a structured set of non-redundant information organized based on a data model, consisting of files, records and fields.
3) A database management system (DBMS) provides an interface between users and the database, allowing for data definition, manipulation and control.
The document discusses key concepts related to databases including:
- A database is an organized collection of data stored electronically and accessed via a DBMS.
- Data is logically organized into records, tables, and databases for meaningful representation to users.
- Databases offer advantages like reduced data redundancy, improved data integrity, and easier data sharing.
- Database subsystems include the database engine, data definition language, and data administration.
The document then covers database types, uses, issues, and security concepts.
This document provides an introduction to relational database management systems and their components. It discusses the evolution of databases from traditional file processing systems to relational database models. The key components of a database system are described as hardware, software, data, and users. Database management aims to facilitate data sharing across functional units, user levels, and locations through centralized data control and definition. The roles of database administrators are outlined as designing databases, training users, and ensuring security and integrity.
The document discusses databases and database management systems. It provides examples of common database applications like banking, universities, sales, and airlines. It defines what a database is, the role of a database management system, and examples of DBMS software. It also compares the advantages and disadvantages of using a database system versus a traditional file system to store data. Key benefits of a DBMS include supporting complex queries, controlling redundancy and consistency, handling concurrent access from multiple users, and providing security and data recovery.
This document outlines the syllabus for a Database Management Systems course. It includes 5 units that cover database concepts, the relational model, SQL, normalization, transaction management, recovery, and query processing. The objectives are to understand basic database concepts, master SQL, understand relational design principles, and become familiar with transaction processing, storage structures, and query optimization techniques. Key topics include the entity-relationship model, relational algebra, normalization, concurrency control, crash recovery, and query processing and optimization.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS university course materials useful for students ...SakkaravarthiS1
This document provides information about a database management systems (DBMS) course syllabus. It includes the course objectives, which are to understand basic database concepts, master SQL, understand relational database design principles, and become familiar with transaction processing and concurrency control. The syllabus outlines 5 units that will be covered: data models and languages, the relational model and SQL, normalization, transaction management and recovery, and query processing. Required textbooks and references are also listed.
In this PPT, you will learn:
• The difference between data and information
• What a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for
decision making
• The importance of database design
• How modern databases evolved from file systems
• About flaws in file system data management
• The main components of the database system
• The main functions of a database management system (DBMS)
This document provides an overview of database management systems (DBMS). It defines what a DBMS is and discusses the need for DBMS compared to traditional file systems. Specifically, it notes that a DBMS allows for centralized control of data to reduce redundancy and improve data sharing, integrity, security and access. Examples of popular DBMS are provided, along with different database types based on number of users and data location. Common applications of DBMS are also listed.
Here are the key points about the application and utility of database management systems based on the article:
- Database management systems allow for efficient storage, organization and retrieval of large amounts of data. They help businesses and organizations manage their data in a centralized and structured manner.
- Teaching accounting information systems (AIS) courses effectively requires hands-on experience with database software like Microsoft Access. Simply lecturing from textbooks is not sufficient in today's environment.
- Incorporating database software into the AIS curriculum gives students practical experience building and working with databases. This helps demonstrate real-world applications of concepts like database design, queries, forms and reports.
- Hands-on learning with databases helps reinforce topics covered in A
The document provides an introduction to database management systems. It discusses the key components of a DBMS including data models like the hierarchical, network, relational, and entity-relationship models. It also summarizes some of the advantages of using a DBMS like data independence, efficient data access, data integrity and security, data administration, concurrent access and crash recovery, and reduced application development time. Textbooks and references on the topic are also listed.
helps the DBA in day to day activities
2
Security Administrator: responsible for security policies and implementation
3
Performance Tuner: responsible for tuning the database for better performance
4
Backup and Recovery Administrator: responsible for backup and recovery plans
2. Database Designer
Responsible for conceptual, logical and physical design of the database
Determines the data model, structure and constraints
Defines the schema and metadata
Works closely with the DBA and users
3. Database Programmer
Responsible for implementing the design into
chapter 1-Introduction Fundamentals of database system.pdfMisganawAbeje1
This document provides an introduction to database systems. It defines key concepts like data, databases, database management systems (DBMS), and file systems. It describes the evolution from manual data handling to file-based systems to modern database approaches. The database approach provides benefits like reducing data redundancy, improving data sharing and security. Actors involved with databases like database administrators, designers, and end users are also outlined. Basic database terminology is defined, including entities, attributes, records, files and different database models.
The document discusses different database concepts:
1) A database is a collection of organized data that can be easily retrieved, inserted, and deleted. Database management systems (DBMS) like MySQL and Oracle are software used to manage databases.
2) The two main data models are the relational model, which organizes data into tables and relations, and the object-oriented model, which represents data as objects with properties and methods.
3) DBMS provide advantages like data sharing, backup/recovery, security, and independence between data and applications. However, they also have disadvantages such as higher costs and complexity.
The document discusses solving recurrence relations using iterative methods. It provides examples of using forward and backward iteration to predict solutions to recurrence relations given initial conditions. Recurrence relations can be used to model problems involving compound interest, population growth, algorithms like the Tower of Hanoi puzzle, and counting problems. Explicit formulas for the solutions can be derived and proven using induction.
This document provides an overview of computer programming including:
- What a computer program is and how it provides instructions to computers.
- The main types of programming languages including machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages.
- The typical stages of program development including analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance.
- How algorithms and flowcharts are used to design programs and represent the logic and steps.
- Examples are provided to illustrate algorithms, flowcharts, and programming concepts.
The document discusses wireless LAN standards including IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth. IEEE 802.11 defines specifications for wireless LANs covering the physical and data link layers. It describes basic service sets (BSS) that can be ad hoc networks without an access point or infrastructure networks with an access point. Bluetooth is designed to connect different devices in an ad hoc network and its architecture includes layers like the baseband layer and L2CAP.
This document provides an overview of data link control protocols. It discusses various framing, flow control, and error control techniques used at the data link layer, including fixed and variable framing, byte/bit stuffing, automatic repeat request (ARQ), and protocols like stop-and-wait ARQ, go-back-N ARQ, and selective repeat ARQ. It also covers sliding windows, sequence numbers, acknowledgments, and protocols like HDLC. Examples are provided to illustrate how different protocols handle lost or corrupted frames.
This document discusses congestion control and quality of service in computer networks. It begins by defining data traffic and describing different traffic profiles. It then defines congestion as occurring when network load exceeds capacity. It describes congestion control techniques for preventing and removing congestion, including open-loop and closed-loop methods. Examples of congestion control in TCP and Frame Relay are provided. Quality of service is defined in terms of flow characteristics and classes. Techniques for improving quality of service, such as scheduling, traffic shaping, admission control and resource reservation are outlined. Integrated Services and Differentiated Services models for providing quality of service in IP networks are introduced. Finally, quality of service in Frame Relay and ATM networks is briefly
This document discusses various analog transmission techniques for transmitting digital data or analog signals. It covers topics like digital-to-analog conversion including amplitude-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, and phase-shift keying. It also discusses analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like calculating bit rates, carrier frequencies, and bandwidth requirements for different modulation schemes. Figures and diagrams help explain key concepts such as modulation implementations, constellation diagrams, and analog signal bandwidth allocations.
This document provides an outline and overview of pointers in C++. It begins by explaining how variables are stored in memory and the basics of pointers, including what they are, why they are used, and how to declare and initialize pointers. It then covers the pointer operators & and * and their uses for getting addresses and dereferencing pointers. Different types of pointers are described such as null pointers, void pointers, and pointers to pointers. The document concludes by discussing pointers expressions including pointer arithmetic and comparison, pointers with arrays and functions, and dynamic memory allocation using pointers.
Chapter 7 (Part I) - User Defined Datatypes.pdfTamiratDejene1
This chapter discusses user defined data types in C++, specifically structures. It begins with an introduction and outline. Structure basics are then covered, including defining a structure with and without tags, declaring structure variables, initializing structure elements, accessing structure elements, and arrays as structure members. Nested structures are described as a structure within another structure. The chapter concludes by mentioning other user defined data types like typedef, enums, and unions as well as classes and objects. Examples of defining, initializing, and accessing structures are provided throughout.
This document provides an introduction to classes in C++. It discusses that classes are programmer-defined types that are made up of members like variables and functions called methods. Classes have constructors to initialize objects and destructors to clean up objects. The document contrasts classes in C++ with structs in C and discusses syntax differences between C++ and other languages like C# and Java. It provides examples of declaring a class called Point with methods and implementing the class in a .cpp file with definitions of methods and constructors. The document also discusses creating objects of a class on the stack or heap and calling methods on both local objects and objects created with pointers.
This document discusses sequential logic circuits and various types of flip-flops and registers. It begins with an introduction to sequential circuits and their basic components. Several types of flip-flops are described, including SR, D, JK, and T flip-flops. The document also covers registers such as shift registers, including serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, and parallel-in serial-out varieties. Operation of counters both asynchronous and synchronous is also briefly mentioned. The document provides detailed descriptions, truth tables, logic diagrams and examples of each sequential logic component.
This document discusses combinational logic circuits. It begins with an introduction to combinational circuits and their characteristics. It then covers various types of combinational logic circuits including adders, subtractors, encoders, decoders, comparators, and multiplexers. For each circuit type, it provides explanations of how they work and examples of their logic designs and truth tables. The overall purpose is to explain the design and implementation of common combinational logic circuits.
The document discusses Boolean algebra and logic gates. It begins with an introduction to Boolean algebra and how it provides a mathematical framework for digital electronic systems. It then covers topics such as Boolean variables, expressions, logic gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR. It defines Boolean functions and discusses ways of representing functions using truth tables, logic diagrams and algebraic expressions. It also covers concepts like positive and negative logic, postulates and theorems of Boolean algebra, Venn diagrams, canonical and standard forms of logic functions including sum of products and product of sums forms.
1. The document discusses number systems and codes used in digital logic design. It covers topics like analog vs digital, binary, octal, hexadecimal, and other number systems.
2. Conversion between different number bases is explained, including binary to decimal, octal to decimal, and hexadecimal to decimal. Signed number representation in binary is also covered, including sign-bit magnitude, 1's complement, and 2's complement methods.
3. The key benefits of digital systems over analog systems are summarized as smaller size, accuracy, noise immunity, ease of storage and transmission of information, computation speed, and ease of design.
This document provides an introduction to digital logic design. It discusses the evolution of computer hardware from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits. Transistors are used as logical switches that can be in one of two states: 1 or 0. Digital representations use discrete symbols called digits rather than continuous values. The advantages of digital over analog systems include easier design, storage, accuracy and programming. The document also defines key digital concepts like binary digits, logic levels, and digital waveforms. It provides examples of electronic components and electrical units like current, voltage, resistance and power. Finally, it lists individual assignments on logic levels, advantages of digital/analog, and drawing a pulse signal representation.
This document provides an overview of shift registers. It defines what a shift register is and discusses the basics, including that shift registers consist of flip-flops connected in a serial chain to store and transfer binary data. It describes the four main modes of operation for shift registers: serial-in parallel-out (SIPO), serial-in serial-out (SISO), parallel-in serial-out (PISO), and parallel-in parallel-out (PIPO). Diagrams are provided to illustrate examples of each type of shift register. The document concludes by mentioning universal shift registers, which can perform any input-output combination but require additional control inputs.
Digital Logic Design (EEEg4302)
Chapter 7 : Counters
This chapter discusses different types of counters, including asynchronous (ripple) counters and synchronous counters. Asynchronous counters use a ripple effect where one flip-flop triggers the next. Synchronous counters use a common clock signal to trigger all flip-flops simultaneously. The chapter also covers up/down counters, which can count up or down based on control signals, and methods for designing synchronous counters through state diagrams and logic expressions.
This document provides an overview of combinational logic circuits. It defines combinational logic as logic circuits whose outputs are determined solely by the present combination of inputs. The document outlines different types of basic combinational logic circuits like AND-OR, AND-OR-Invert, XOR and XNOR. It also discusses implementing combinational logic using NAND and NOR gates. Additional topics covered include binary adders and subtractors, magnitude comparators, decoders, encoders, multiplexers and demultiplexers.
This document provides an overview of common logic gates. It describes the operation and truth tables of inverters, AND gates, OR gates, NAND gates, NOR gates, exclusive OR gates, and exclusive NOR gates. Applications are given for each gate type, such as using an AND gate in a car seatbelt alarm system and using a NOR gate in an aircraft monitoring system. The document establishes that NAND and NOR gates are universal, meaning they can be combined to perform the functions of other gate types.
This document provides an overview of number systems covered in a digital logic design course. It discusses decimal, binary, hexadecimal, and octal number systems. For binary numbers, it describes conversion between decimal and binary, signed numbers using 1's and 2's complement representation, and arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on signed binary numbers.
Chapter 1_Introduction to digital design (EEEg4302).pdfTamiratDejene1
This document provides an introduction to digital design. It defines digital and analog signals, with digital signals using discrete voltage levels to represent binary digits of 1 and 0, while analog signals have continuously varying voltage levels. Digital signals are more efficient for processing, transmission, storage and reproduction compared to analog signals. Logic levels define the high and low voltage ranges used to represent 1s and 0s. Digital waveforms switch between these logic levels over time. Digital logic design uses binary numbers to perform logic operations like AND, OR and NOT through logic gates to process inputs and outputs for computing and electronics applications.
STATATHON: Unleashing the Power of Statistics in a 48-Hour Knowledge Extravag...sameer shah
"Join us for STATATHON, a dynamic 2-day event dedicated to exploring statistical knowledge and its real-world applications. From theory to practice, participants engage in intensive learning sessions, workshops, and challenges, fostering a deeper understanding of statistical methodologies and their significance in various fields."
The Ipsos - AI - Monitor 2024 Report.pdfSocial Samosa
According to Ipsos AI Monitor's 2024 report, 65% Indians said that products and services using AI have profoundly changed their daily life in the past 3-5 years.
Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headedvikram sood
You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
Analysis insight about a Flyball dog competition team's performanceroli9797
Insight of my analysis about a Flyball dog competition team's last year performance. Find more: https://github.com/rolandnagy-ds/flyball_race_analysis/tree/main
Codeless Generative AI Pipelines
(GenAI with Milvus)
https://ml.dssconf.pl/user.html#!/lecture/DSSML24-041a/rate
Discover the potential of real-time streaming in the context of GenAI as we delve into the intricacies of Apache NiFi and its capabilities. Learn how this tool can significantly simplify the data engineering workflow for GenAI applications, allowing you to focus on the creative aspects rather than the technical complexities. I will guide you through practical examples and use cases, showing the impact of automation on prompt building. From data ingestion to transformation and delivery, witness how Apache NiFi streamlines the entire pipeline, ensuring a smooth and hassle-free experience.
Timothy Spann
https://www.youtube.com/@FLaNK-Stack
https://medium.com/@tspann
https://www.datainmotion.dev/
milvus, unstructured data, vector database, zilliz, cloud, vectors, python, deep learning, generative ai, genai, nifi, kafka, flink, streaming, iot, edge
2. Chapter 1 Outline
• Introduction:
– What is data, database, etc..
– Database characteristics
– What is DBMS
– Typical Database System
• Data Management Approaches:
– Manual Approach
– File Approach
– Database Approach
• DBMS: Functions
• Database System Environments
2
3. Introduction
•What is Data, Database, DBMS?
o Data: data is a collection of raw facts and figures.
• E.g. Class, B, 57, 207, etc. have no particular meaning.
o Information: processed data on which decisions and actions
are based. E.g. The DB class is B57, Room 207
o File is a collection of related data stored in secondary
memory.
o Database: database is a collection of interrelated data.
o DB Application is a program that interacts with the DB at
some point in its execution.
o DBMS: is a software package designed to store and manage
databases.
• E.g. Access, My-SQL, SQL, Oracle etc.
3
4. Record: Collection of related data items, e.g. 1, ABC, 19 are examples the three data
items have no meaning.
Information: But if we organize them in the following way, then they
collectively represent meaningful information.
Table or Relation: Collection of related records.
The columns of this relation are called Fields, Attributes or Domains.
The rows are called Tuples or Records.
4
What is Record, Tuples, Field, Attribute, Domains,
5. Database: Collection of related relations. Consider the following collection
of tables.
Discussion: We now have a collection of 4 tables. They can be called a “related collection”
because we can clearly find out that there are some common attributes existing in a selected
pair of tables. Because of these common attributes we may combine the data of two or more
tables together to find out the complete details of a student. Questions like “Which hostel
does the youngest student live in?” can be answered now.
5
Terms: Record, Tuples, Field, Attribute, Domains,
6. Introduction
•Database Systems Applications
o Sales: For customer, product, and purchase information.
o Accounting: For payments, receipts, account balances, assets and other accounting
information.
o Human resources: For information about employees, salaries, payroll taxes, and
benefits, and for generation of paychecks.
o Manufacturing: For management of the supply chain and for tracking production of
items in factories, inventories of items in warehouses and stores, and orders for items.
o Online retailers: For sales data noted above plus online order tracking,generation of
recommendation lists, and maintenance of online product evaluations.
o Banking: For customer information, accounts, loans, and banking transactions.
o Universities: For student information, course registrations, and grades
o Airlines: For reservations and schedule information. Airlines were among the first to
use databases in a geographically distributed manner.
o Telecommunication: For keeping records of calls made, generating monthly bills,
maintaining balances on prepaid calling cards, and storing information about the
communication networks.
o Activity: Can you call more application areas of database?
6
7. Introduction
•Database Systems
•A database is organized collection of related data of an
organization stored in formatted way which is shared by multiple
users.
•The main feature of data in a database are:
o 1. It must be well organized
o 2. It is related
o 3. It is accessible in a logical order without any difficulty
o 4. It is stored only once
•Example: Suppose the roll no, name, address of a student stored
in a student file. It is collection of related data with an implicit
meaning. Data in the database may be persistent, integrated and
shared.
7
8. Introduction
•Database Systems
•Discussion: Within a company there are different departments, as well as customers, who
each need to see different kinds of data. Each employee in the company will have different
levels of access to the database with their own customized front-end application.
8
Figure: Employee accessing data via DBMS
10. Data Management Approaches
Data Management (keeping your data records)can
be done:
Manual Approach
File-Based Approach
Database Approach
All methods of data handling are in use to
some extent.
10
11. The primitive and traditional way of information handling where
cards and papers are used for the purpose.
Manual Approach:
Write Events and objects on files (paper)
Label and store files in one or more cabinets.
Keep cabinets in safe places for security purpose.
Insertion and retrieval is done by searching first for the right
cabinet then for the right file, then the information.
One could have indexing system to facilitate access to the data.
1. Manual File Handling Systems
11
Requires intensive human labor E.g. How file cabinet is managed
12. This calendar is easy to deal with.
Example Personal Calendar
We might start by building a file with the following
structure:
What Day Time With_whom Where
Lunch 10/24 1pm Abebe Bole
Shop 10/26 9am Ayele Piassa
Dinner 10/26 6PM Elfinesh Café
12
13. Limitations of Manual File Handling
A) Problem of Data Organization
B) Problem of Efficiency
Size of your personal address book is probably less than one hundred entries,
but there are things we'd like to do quickly and efficiently.
E.g. “Give me all appointments on 10/26”
“When am I next meeting Abebe?”
What would happen if you were using a business calendar with hundreds
of thousands of entries?
14
14. Limitations of Manual File Handling …
C) Prone to error
D) Difficult to update, retrieve, integrate
E)You have the data but it is difficult to compile the
information
F) Significant amount of duplication of data
G) Cross referencing is difficult
SOLUTION : TWO computerized approaches
File Based Approach - Decentralized
Database Approach - Centralized
15
17. 2. File-Based Approach
File based systems were an early attempt to computerize the manual filing
system.
This approach is a decentralized computerized data handling method - to
develop a program or a number of programs for each different application.
Since every application defines and manages its own data, the system is
subjected to serious data duplication problem
18
18. Limitations of File-Based systems
Data Redundancy (Duplication of data)
• Same data is held by different programs
• Wasted space (Uncontrolled duplication of data)
Separation and isolation of data
• Each program maintains its own set of data.
• Users of one program may be unaware of potentially useful data
held by other programs.
• Limited data sharing
• Special codes for different queries
Data Inconsistency and confusion
• Eg. Consider an organization
• Personnel Department stores details relating to each member.
• Payroll Department stores salaries of each staff
19
19. Limitations of File-Based systems…
Data Dependence
• File structure is defined in the program code and is
dependent on the application programming language.
• Each application program must have its own processing
routines for reading, inserting, updating and deleting data.
Incompatible file formats (Lack of Data Sharing and
Availability)
• Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot
easily access each others files.
• Eg. personnel writes in C
payroll writes in COBOL
20
20. Limitations of File-Based systems…
Poor Security and Administration: Unauthorized people may access the data.
Anomalies: Three types:
(1) Modification Anomalies: A problem experienced when one or
more data value is modified on one application program but not
one others containing the same data set.
(2) Deletion Anomalies: A problem encountered where one record
set is deleted from one application but remain untouched in other
application programs.
(3) Insertion Anomalies: A problem experienced whenever there is
a new data item to be recorded, and the recording is not made in
all the applications.
21
No Data sharing: one file can not access other files
21. 3. Database Approach
The limitation of the file based can be attributed to two
factors:
Data definition is embedded in the application programs,
rather than being stored separately and independently.
File based approach has no easy way to control over the access and
manipulation of data
To become more effective, a new approach was required by
the name Database Approach.
What emerged were the database and database management
systems.
A single repository of data is maintained
22
22. 3. Database Approach…
A Database is a shared collection of logically related data designed to
meet the information needs of an organization- (Centralized System).
– Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and
relationships of an organization's information.
– System Catalog (Data Dictionary or Metadata) provides
the description of the data to enable program–data
independence.
– The database contains not only the database itself but
also a complete definition or description of the
database.
23
23. 3. Database Approach…
This definition is stored in the system catalog, which
contains information such as the structure of each
file, type and storage format of each data item and
various constraints on the data..
24. DBMS Functions
A DBMS performs several important functions that guarantee the
integrity and consistency of the data in the database.
Most of those functions are transparent to end users, and most
can be achieved only through the use of a DBMS.
25
25. DBMS Functions…
Data Dictionary Management
Data Storage Management
Data Transformation and Presentation
Security Management
Multiuser Access Control
Backup and Recovery Management
Data Integrity Management
Database Access Languages and Application Programming Interfaces
Database Communication Interfaces
26
06/16/22
26. Advantages of Database Systems
Data can be shared: two or more users can access and use same
data instead of storing data in redundant manner for each user
Improved Data Accessibility - By using structured query
languages, the users can easily access data without programming
experience.
Redundancy can be reduced: Isolated data is integrated in
database to decrease the redundant data stored at different
applications
Quality data can be maintained: the different integrity
constraints in the database approach will maintain the quality
leading to better decision making.
Inconsistency can be avoided: controlled data redundancy will
avoid inconsistency of the data in the database to some extent.
27
27. Advantages of Database Systems…
Transaction support can be provided: Basic demands of any
transaction support systems are implanted in a full scale DBMS.
Integrity can be maintained: Data at different applications will be
integrated together with additional constraints to facilitate shared data
resource
Security measures can be enforced: the shared data can be secured
by having different levels of clearance and other data security
mechanisms.
Improved decision support: the database will provide information
useful for decision making
Standards can be enforced: the different ways of using and dealing
with data by different units of the organization can be balanced and
standardized by using database approach.
28
28. Less Labor: Unlike the other data handling methods,
data maintenance will not demand much resource
Centralized information control: Since relevant data in
the organization will be stored at one repository, it can be
controlled and managed at the central level.
Data Independence - Applications insulated from how
data is structured and stored
29
Advantages of Database Systems…
29. Limitations and Risk of DB Approach
Although the database system yields considerable advantages
over previous data management approaches, database
systems do carry significant disadvantages.
1)Increased Costs.
– Database systems require sophisticated hardware and software
and highly skilled personnel.
– The cost of maintaining the hardware, software, and personnel
required to operate and manage a database system can be
substantial.
– Training, licensing, and regulation compliance costs are often
overlooked when database systems are implemented.
30
30. Limitations and Risk of DB Approach…
2) Management Complexity:
– Database systems interface with many different
technologies and have a significant impact on a company’s
resources and culture.
3) Maintaining Currency:
– To maximize the efficiency of the database system, perform
frequent updates and apply the latest patches and security
measures to all components. Because database technology
advances rapidly, personnel training costs tend to be
significant.
4) Vendor Dependence:
– Given the heavy investment in technology and personnel
training, companies might be reluctant/unwilling to change
database vendors.
5) Frequent Upgrade/Replacement Cycles
– DBMS vendors frequently upgrade their products by adding
new functionality. 31
31. Database System Environment
The term database system refers to an organization of
components that define and regulate the collection, storage,
management, and use of data within a database environment.
From a general management point of view, the database system is
composed of the five major parts: hardware, software, people,
procedures, and data.
32
35. 36
Database Development Methodology
• We can not develop a database through judgment. (though possible)
• If we are using judgment, we have to make a lot of trials to
develop a good database.
• What does judgment cost us
– • cost wise – cost may be much higher than the be??
• It might take a lot of time before the database is fully used
–
• To minimize cost, time, and effort,
– • We have to be well planned – to avoid trial and error
• we have to follow a certain set of methodologies when developing a database.
–
36. 37
12
Database Development Lifecycle
(Can not be developed by judgment!!!)
• Database planning
• Requirements collection and analysis
• Define Problems and Constraints
• Database design
• DBMS selection
• Prototyping
• Implementation
• Data conversion and loading
• Testing
• Operational maintenance
37. 38
14
Database Planning
– Analyze the Company Situation
• • What is the organization’s general operating environment, and what is its mission within that environment
• What is the organization’s structure?
• Identifies work to be done; the resources with which to do it; and the money to pay for it all.
• Preliminary assessment (time, budget, etc..)
• Integrated with the overall IS strategy of the organization.
•
–
–
–
Requirements Collection and Analysis
• Designer’s efforts are focused on
– Information needs, Information users.
– Information sources. Information constitution.
• Sources of information for the designer
– Developing and gathering end user data views
– Direct observation of the current system: existing and desired output
– Interface with the systems design group
• The designer must identify the company’s business rules and analyze their impacts.
• Use different fact finding techniques (interview, questionnaire, document analysis)
38. 39
17
Define Problems and Constraints - described in the user’s language
• How does the existing system function?
• What input does the system require?
• What documents and reports does the system generate?
• How is the system output used? By Whom?
• What are the operational relationships among business units?
• What are the limits and constraints imposed on the system?
• Use modeling techniques for formal documentation (Eg. DFD)
Database Design – converting requirement to database
• Major aims
– Identify functions the database will perform
– Represent data and relationships between data that is required by all
major application areas and user groups.
– Provide data model that supports any transactions required on the
data.
– Specify a minimal design that is appropriately structured to achieve
the stated performance requirements for the system such as
response times.
39. 40
21
DBMS Selection
• The selection of an appropriate DBMS to support the database application.
• Undertaken at any time prior to logical design provided sufficient information is
available regarding system requirements.
• Also design the user interface and the application programs using the selected
DBMS
Prototyping: Building a working model of a database application.
• Purpose
– To identify features of a system that work well, or are inadequate
– To suggest improvements or even new features
– To clarify the users’ requirements
– To evaluate the feasibility of a particular system design.
41. 42
25
Implementation
• The physical realization of the database and application designs.
– Use DDL of DBMS to create database schemas and empty database
files.
– Use DDL to create any specified user views .
• Data Conversion and Loading
– Transferring any existing data into the new database and converting
any existing applications to run on the new database.
– Only required when a new database system is replacing an old
system.
– DBMS normally have a utility that loads existing files into the new
database.
– Where applicable, it may be possible to convert and use application
programs from the old system for use by the new system.
42. 43
27
Testing
• The process of executing the application programs with the intent of finding errors
– Use carefully planned test strategies and realistic data.
– Testing cannot show the absence of faults; it can show only that
software faults are present.
– Demonstrates that database and application programs appear to be
working according to requirements.
Operational Maintenance
–
The process of monitoring and maintaining the system following installation.
– • Monitoring the performance of the system.
• If performance falls, may require reorganization of the database.
• Maintaining and upgrading the database application (when required).
• Incorporating new requirements into the database application.
–
–
–
43. 44
Database Planning
Systems Definition
Requirements Collection
and analysis
Database Design
DBMS
Selection
Application
Design
Implementation
Data Conversion and loading
Testing
Evaluation & Maintenance
Prototyping
Life Cycle