Introduction to Computer By Sulav Acharya

Computer Fundamentals &
Applications CACS101
BIT101CO
4/27/2024 Prepared By: Er. Sarita Chhetri

Performance Evaluation
• Class attendance
• Assignment
• Lab Performance
• Class test

Class attendance
Presence percent Score Point
(100-80)% 10
(79-65)% 8
(65-55)% 6
Below (55-50)% 3
Upto 45% 1

Course Contents:
Unit 1: Introduction to Computer (4 Hrs)
• Characteristics and components of computer;
History and generation of computers;
Classification of computer based on purpose,
size and technology; Applications of
Computers - Computer in business and
Industry, Computers in home, Computer in
education and training, Computers in
entertainment, science, medicine and
engineering.

Computer system
• A computer along with additional hardware
and software together is called a computer
system. A computer system primarily
comprises a central processing unit (CPU),
memory, input/output devices and storage
devices. All these components function
together as a single unit to deliver the desired
output.

Characteristics of Computer
• High speed
• Accuracy
• Storage Capacity
• Diligence
• Versatility
• Automatic
• No intelligence

Components of modern computer
system
1. The Central Processing Unit
2. Secondary storage
3. Input devices
4. Output devices

Diagram of Computer System

The Central Processor/Central
Processing Unit(CPU)
The central processing unit consist of
1. Control Unit:-
control unit regulates and integrates the
computer's operations. It selects and retrieves
instructions from the main memory in the
correct sequence and interprets them so that
the other functional elements of the system
can perform their respective operations at the
appropriate time.

Functions of CPU
• The CPU receives the data when the computer
inputs the data through input devices such as a
keyboard or mouse.
• After this, the CPU process these input data by
performing calculations and technical algorithm.
• And then CPU provides the processed data
through output devices such as on the monitor
screen.
• The CPU also stores the process data

Four Phase Process of CPU cycle
A. Primary Components
1. Arithmetic logic unit
2. Control unit
3. Registers

2. The arithmetic-logic Unit:-
The ALU performs simple addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and logic operations,
such as OR and AND. The memory stores the
program's instructions and data.

Classification of computers
• On the basis of working principle
• On the basis of Power and Size
• On the basis of Brand

On the basis of working principle
• Digital Computer
• Analog Computer
• Hybrid Computer

On the basis of Power and Size
• Super Computer
• Mainframe Computer
• Mini computer
• Micro Computer
• Desktop computers/Personal Computers
• Laptops
• Notebook
• Handheld Devices

Super computer
• A supercomputer is an extremely powerful and high-
performance computing machine designed to perform
complex calculations and process vast amounts of data
at unprecedented speeds. Supercomputers are used
for scientific, engineering, and research applications
that require immense computational capabilities. Here
are key features and characteristics of supercomputers:
• National laboratories and research centers
• Weather forecasting

Super Computer

Mainframe computers
• powerful and robust computing machines
designed for high-performance, reliability, and
the processing of large volumes of data.
• They are capable of handling complex and critical
applications for organizations and enterprises.
Mainframes have been a key part of the
computing landscape for several decades.
• Banking and finance, government, airlines
reservation system, retail and supply chain,
telecommunication

Mainframe Computer

Difference Between Supercomputer
and Mainframe Computer
Super Mainframe
The primary function of a supercomputer
is to perform various large computations
of mathematics that might be complex in
nature.
The primary function of a mainframe
computer is the storage of large amounts
of databases in them.
Seymour Cray invented the first successful
Supercomputer back in 1976- known as
the Cray 1.
IBM came up with the first-ever
mainframe computer. It is still the most
popular company that develops these
computers.
These can feasibly perform the execution
of billions of floating-point operations in
just a second.
These can perform simultaneous
execution of millions of instructions at the
same time.

Mini computer
• midrange computers, are a class of computers that fall
between the larger mainframe computers and the
smaller microcomputers (personal computers).
• characterized by their moderate processing power,
storage capacity, and capability to handle a higher level
of computing tasks than microcomputers.
• Multi-User Capability

Micro Computer
• A microcomputer, often simply referred to as a
"micro," is a type of personal computer that is
designed for individual or small-scale use.
• smaller and less powerful than minicomputers and
mainframe computers, and they are distinguished by
their affordability and accessibility.
• The term "microcomputer" has been historically used
to describe early personal computers.
• common to use the terms "personal computer" or "PC"
to refer to these devices.
•

Desktop computers/Personal
Computers
• personal computers (PCs), are stationary
computing devices designed for use at a single
location, such as a desk or a table.
• Unlike laptops or notebooks, desktop
computers are not portable and are intended
to remain in one place.

Laptops
• A laptop, short for "laptop computer," is a portable
personal computer designed for mobile use.
• referred to as notebooks.
• compact, lightweight, and easy to carry, allowing users to
take their computing power with them wherever they go.
• Portability
• Integrated display and keyboard
• Internal components
• Battery power
• connectivity
•

Notebook
 a type of personal computer that is also known as a
laptop.
 A notebook computer is a portable computer
designed for mobility and can be used on the go.
 It typically features a clamshell design with a screen
that folds down over the keyboard. Notebooks come
in various sizes, ranging from ultraportable models
with smaller screens to larger, more powerful
machines suitable for gaming or professional use.

Handheld Devices
• handhelds or mobile devices, are portable
electronic devices designed to be carried in the
hand or pocket.
• typically small, lightweight, and easy to use. Over
the years, advancements in technology have led
to the development of a wide range of handheld
devices with diverse functionalities.
• Smartphones, tablets,E-readers, handheld
gaming consoles, personal digital assistants,
personal media players, digital cameras, GPS
devices

On the basis of Brand
• IBM PC/IBM Compatible Computers
• Apple/Macintosh Computers
You can add more brands from your side.

IBM PC
• refers to a personal computer that is
compatible with the original IBM PC
architecture.
• IBM (International Business Machines
Corporation) introduced the first IBM PC in
1981, and it played a crucial role in shaping
the personal computer industry.

Applications of Computers
• Computers in home
• Computers in education and training
• Computers in entertainment
• Science
• Medicine
• engineering

Introduction to Computer By Sulav Acharya

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