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1. UNIT 8 Computer Hardware
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2. Computer hardware
• physical components that make up a computer system.
• CPU
• Motherboards
• RAM
• Storage devices
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3. Mother board and its parts:
• mainboard or system board
• primary circuit board in a computer.
• It serves as the central hub that connects and facilitates
communication between various hardware components.
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4. Components of motherboard:
• CPU with its logic circuitry that processes the instructions from
programs, the operating system and other computer components;
• memory where instructions and data are temporarily stored and
executed;
• storage interface for solid-state or hard disk drive for persistent data
and application storage;
• ROM BIOS providing non-volatile memory that stores firmware, such
as the basic input/output system or BIOS
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5. Contd……
• Northbridge chipset that connects CPU, memory, storage and other
components;
• Southbridge chipset that connects peripheral elements to the
motherboard and connects to the Northbridge;
• cooling fans that maintain a suitable internal operating temperature;
• peripheral connector slots for plugin peripheral cards, such as graphics and
communications adapters;
• connectors for peripheral devices such as USB ports and other connectors
for external devices;
• the backup battery that ensures key system configuration data is
maintained when main power is unavailable; and
• the power connector, connecting to an external power source.
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7. Slots
• the physical connectors on the motherboard where expansion cards
or other devices can be installed.
• These slots provide interfaces for connecting additional hardware
components to the motherboard, thereby expanding the capabilities
of the computer system
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8. Slots on motherboard:
• PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
• RAM Slots
• PCI Express (PCIe)
• M.2 Slots
• Expansion Card Slots
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9. PCI in motherboard
• A PCI slot is a built-in slot on a device that allows for the attachment
of various hardware components such as network cards, modems,
sound cards, disk controllers and other peripherals.
• installing expansion cards onto the motherboard. These expansion
cards can add various functionalities to the computer system, such as
sound cards, network interface cards (NICs), SCSI controllers, and
more. PCI slots provide a standardized interface for connecting
expansion cards and are not compatible with RAM modules.
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11. RAM SLOTS
• DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module) slots
• are used for installing memory modules (RAM) onto the
motherboard.
• RAM modules are essential for providing temporary storage for data
and instructions that the CPU actively uses during operation.
• RAM slots are designed specifically for memory modules and are not
compatible with other types of expansion cards or peripherals.
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12. Daughterboard:
• a daughtercard, mezzanine board, or expansion board
• is a separate circuit board that plugs into or connects to a larger
circuit board
• typically referred to as the main or baseboard.
• Daughterboards are used to expand the functionality of the main
board or to provide additional features.
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13. Expansion slot
• An expansion slot is a socket or connector on a motherboard or
expansion card that allows additional expansion cards to be inserted
or connected to the system.
• These slots provide a standardized interface for expanding the
functionality of a computer system by adding various types of
expansion cards or peripherals.
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14. BIOS
• BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System.
• It is a firmware interface used by computers to initialize hardware
components during the boot process and to provide basic system
configuration settings.
• BIOS is stored on a non-volatile memory chip (usually a ROM or
EEPROM) on the motherboard.
•
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15. SMPS
• Switched-Mode Power Supply.
• It is a type of power supply unit used in computers and other electronic
devices to convert AC (alternating current) power from the electrical outlet
into DC (direct current) power required by the components of the
computer system.
• SMPS units are also commonly referred to as switching power supplies.
• 240V
• Limited power supply for all components
•
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16. SMPS
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17. Functions of SMPS
• Power conversion: - convert the high-voltage AC power from electrical
outlet to low voltage DC(direct current) power required by the computer
components.
• Voltage Regulations: SMPS units include voltage regulation circuitry to
maintain a stable output voltage despite fluctuations in input voltage or
load conditions. This ensures that the computer components receive the
correct and consistent voltage levels necessary for reliable operation.
• Overvoltage protection
• Overcurrent protection
• Short circuit protection
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18. CMOS
• Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor.
• refers to a type of semiconductor technology used in the
construction of integrated circuits, particularly those that require low
power consumption.
• referring to the CMOS battery and the CMOS setup.
•
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19. CMOS battery
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20. Functions of CMOS
• BIOS Settings Storage: The CMOS chip stores the BIOS (Basic
Input/Output System) settings of the computer.
• essential configuration parameters such as the date and time, boot
sequence, hardware settings, and other system preferences.
• These settings are retained even when the computer is powered off
because the CMOS chip is powered by a small battery known as the
CMOS battery.
•
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21. Contd……..
• Real-Time Clock:
• The CMOS chip contains a real-time clock (RTC) that keeps track of
the current date and time.
• This clock continues to run even when the computer is turned off,
thanks to the power provided by the CMOS battery.
• The real-time clock is crucial for various system functions and for
ensuring accurate timekeeping.
•
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22. Contd……………
• Hardware Configuration: Various hardware configuration settings are
stored in the CMOS, including information about the installed CPU
(Central Processing Unit), memory (RAM), storage drives, and other
peripheral devices connected to the computer. These settings help
the system identify and properly configure hardware components
during startup.
•
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23. Microprocessors
• A microprocessor is a central processing unit (CPU) that serves as the
brain of a computer system. It is an integrated circuit (IC) that
contains the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, registers, and
other essential components required for processing data and
executing instructions.
•
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24. Microprocessor
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