What is laser beam hardening (LBH)? Advantages, Disadvantages
Applications, What is laser peening? Difference between laser beam hardening (LBH) and electron beam hardening (EBH)
Improving Mechanical Properties of AL 7075 alloy by Equal Channel Angular Ext...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
What is laser beam hardening (LBH)? Advantages, Disadvantages
Applications, What is laser peening? Difference between laser beam hardening (LBH) and electron beam hardening (EBH)
Improving Mechanical Properties of AL 7075 alloy by Equal Channel Angular Ext...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mechanism of Fracture in Friction Stir Processed Aluminium AlloyDr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium alloys are used for important
applications in reducing the weight of the component and
structure particularly associated with transport, marine,
and aerospace fields. Grain refinement by scandium (Sc)
addition can eliminate the casting defects and increase the
resistance to hot tearing for high strength aluminium alloys.
FSP for cast aluminium alloys have been focused and it has
great advantages including solid state microstructural
evolution, altering mechanical properties by optimizing
process parameters. These parameters are tool rotational
speeds (720, and 1000 rpm), traverse speeds (80, and 70
mm/min), and axial compressive force at 15 kN, etc. The
mechanical properties had been evaluated on FSPed
aluminium alloy with different microstructural conditions.
Fracture properties of aluminium alloys are very important
for industrial applications. Tensile and fracture toughness
properties were correlated to microstructural and
fractographic features of the aluminium alloys need to
explore their essential failure mechanisms.
Experimental Investigations on Tribiological Properties of 6061-T6 Al Alloy b...IJAEMSJORNAL
Microstructure and tribological properties of Al-TiB2 nano surface composite fabricated by Friction Stir Processing (FSP) were evaluated. To vary the percentage of TiB2 three different slot thickness viz. 1mm, 1.5 mm and 2mm were considered. Microstructural evaluations showed a nearly uniform distribution of TiB2 in the aluminium matrix after FSP with the addition of composite powder. Microhardness test results shoes FSW of Al6061-T6 alloy with 2mm groove width has more hardness. tribological properties were evaluated at two different sliding velocities 0.314m/s and 0.48m/s and results shows that at lower loads there is no much difference in wear rate of surface composite made with different slot sizes but with increase in load and sliding velocity wear rate was increased , however, larger slot Al6061-TiB2 Surface composites show better wear resistance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Experimental study on Torsion behavior of Flange beam with GFRPIJSRD
The Study deals with experimental study using glass fiber polymers in civil science. Repairing represents an important aspect of the construction industry and its importance is increasing due to surrounding conditions or geoenvironmental degradations, increased service loads, reduced ability (to hold or do something) due to (old/allowing to get old/getting older), worsening because of poor construction materials and work quality’s and need for seismic-related have demanded the need for repair and rehabilitation of existing structures. Fiber reinforced polymers has been utilized effectively as a part of numerous applications such as low weight, high quality and capacity to last. Numerous past examination chips away at torsion strengthening were centered on strong rectangular RC Beams with distinctive strip designs and diverse sorts of fiber. Distinctive models were produced to torsion test for strengthening of RC beams and effectively utilized for approval of the test works.In the present work test study was done with a specific end goal to have a superior comprehension the conduct of torsion reinforcing of strong RC flanged T-Beam. A RC T-beam is deliberately examined and intended for torsion like a RC rectangular beam; the impact of cement on flange is disregarded by codes. In the present study impact of width in changing so as to oppose torsion is concentrated on flange width of controlled bars. Alternate specification considered is reinforcing and fiber orientations.
Wear and Corrosion Study of Sputtered Zirconium thin films on SS316L for Wind...IJERA Editor
The Aim of this study is to observe the Wear and Corrosion behavior of Zirconium coated 316L stainless steel. After polishing, SS316L was coated with Zirconium employing DC sputtering process (a technique of physical vapor deposition).Structure characterization techniques including Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were utilized to investigate the microstructure and crystallinity of the coating. Salt spray test was performed by spraying Sodium chloride in order to determine corrosion resistance behavior of the coated sample. Pin on disc wear test was performed by hardened and tempered EN31 steel pin in order to determine and compare the Wear resistance behavior of Coated and uncoated samples. The Objective is to recommend the zirconium coated Stainless steel SS316L can be a choice for Off-shore wind mills where the shafts undergo Wear and corrosion problems.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Vibrations and fatigue- vibration interactions of laminated composites.Padmanabhan Krishnan
This slide show describes the vibrations and fatigue vibrations characteristics of laminated composites like glass/epoxy, carbon/epoxy and their hybrids.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
1. Presented By :
INTRODUCTION TO ACCUMULATIVE
ROLL BONDING PROCESS (ARB).
Presented towards ME 631 Course Requirements
1
PREM KUMAR VYDA
TEJAS PATEL
RUPESH PALWADI
ENLIANG WANG
RAVINDER RAVI
5/21/2018
2. PRESENTED BY :
NOVEL ULTRA-HIGH STRAINING PROCESS
FOR BULK
MATERIALS - DEVELOPMENT OF THE
ACCUMULATIVE
ROLL-BONDING (ARB) PROCESS.
Chapter 12
PREM KUMAR VYDA
3. Outline
3
Introduction to ARB Process
Design Application
Experimental Procedure
Results & Discussion
Conclusion
4. Introduction to ARB Process
4
It is Observed that Ultra-fine grain materials
exhibit desirable properties.
High strength at ambient temperatures
High-speed superplastic deformation at elevated
temperatures.
High corrosion resistance.
Commonly accomplished by intense plastic
straining for Industrial Applications.
5. Driving Forces for ARB
5
Special Intense Plastic Straining Processes like Cyclic
Extrusion Compression (CEC) and Torsion Straining
(TS) have drawbacks.
• Requires Large Loads and Expensive Dies.
• Low Productivity, thus limiting economic viability.
• Inappropriate for Practical Applications.
Accumulative Roll Bonding is a severe plastic
deformation process (SPD) introduced for bulk
material manufacturing and high productivity.
6. Design Application
Principle
Rolling bond surfaces
together
Refines microstructure
Improves properties.
Iterative process
Process design steps
Surface treatment
Stacking
Roll bonding (heating)
Cutting
6
Picture Credit : Acta Materialia Volume 47, Issue 2, 15 January
1999, Pages 579-583 Y. Saito
7. The ARB Process
7
1. Both the Strips to be Roll bonded are placed on top of each other after
surface treatment is performed.
2. The Two layers are then rolled , as in a conventional roll-bonding process
3. Now , the two layers are sectioned into two halves along the length.
4. The Sectioned Strips are again surface treated, stacked and roll bonded.
5. The process is repeated numerous times to achieve ultra-fine grain
structure.
6. The Process needs to be performed at elevated temperatures, but below
the recrystallization temperature, as recrystallization cancels out the
accumulated strain.
7. Low Temperatures would lead to insufficient ductility and bonding strength.
8. Treshold deformation decreases with temperature.
9. The process can introduce ultra-high plastic strain without any geometrical
change, if the reduction in thickness is maintained to 50% in every roll
pass.
10. Usually done without lubricant, so as to achieve good roll bonding.
Surface Treatment
Stacking
Heating
Roll Bonding
Cutting
Repeat‘n’times
8. 8
For reduction of 50% in a pass
Thickness after n cycles
t = t0 / 2n
Total reduction after n cycles
rt = 1 – (t / t0 )= 1 – 1 / 2n
Equivalent plastic strain assuming von-mises
condition
Final Reduction for a Sheet of 1mm thickness
nn 80.0)}
2
1
ln(
3
2
{
Thickness Calculations after each
iteration.
Number of Cycles,(n) Final Thickness Achieved Total Reduction Achieved
7 7.8 µm 99.2%
10 1 µm 99.9%
9. Experimental Procedure
9
Three alloys chosen
Al 1100 (commercially pure)
Al 5083 (Al-Mg alloy)
Ti-added interstitial free (IF) steel
Surfaces degreased, brushed
Strips were heated
50 % reduction rolling under dry conditions.
Initial Dimensions of the materials are 1mm (thickness) X 20mm(width) X
300mm (length).
The layered Strips were heated and roll-bonded with 50% reduction rolling
under dry conditions.
10. Experiment Parameters
10
Material Heating Mean Grain
Size (µm)
Roll Diameter
(mm)
Roll speed
(m/min)
Mean Strain
Rate (/s)
Al (1100) 473 K x 5 min 37 225 10 12
Al (5083) 473 K x 5 min 18 310 43 46
IF Steel 773 K x 5 min 27 310 43 46
11. Results
11
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and
Tensile Test Studies were conducted.
Optical Micrographs of ARB Processed IF
(Interstitial Free) Steel were recorded.
Selected Area Diffraction(SAD) Patterns were
recorded for the three specimens.
The Structure is made of Equiaxed grains.
12. Interface in the first cycle is not clearer in quarter of the area.
Results Discussion (TEM Micrographs) – IF Steel12
13. • Interface more clear after 2 Rolling Cycles.
• After 5 cycles, elongated grains and uniform interfaces.
Results Discussion (TEM Micrographs) – IF Steel13
14. Selected Area Diffraction (SAD)
Patterns
Structure is of granular type with
equiaxed grains. (grain size < 500
microns)
These Patterns indicate large
misorientations between individual
grains.
14
15. Results
15
Expected that grain refinement:
Improves mechanical properties related to strength
Decreased % elongation in direction of roll-bonding
The number of cycles required to obtain peak
strength can only be determined experimentally.
Deformation in the rolled sheets is strongly
affected by frictional condition between the rolls
and the metals
16. Results
16
Material # Cycles
Tensile Strength
(MPa)
% Elongation
Al (1100) 0 (Initial) 84 42
Al (1100) 8 304 8
Al-Mg (5083) 0 (Initial) 319 25
Al-Mg (5083) 7 551 6
IF Steel 0 (Initial) 274 57
IF Steel 5 751 6
17. Chapter 1 - Conclusion
17
Practical industrial use for high strength
structural applications.
Advances rolling technology by application to
a specific materials processing method.
Industries most impacted: construction,
marine, aerospace, automotive
18. PRESENTED BY :
Role of shear strain in ultra grain refinement
by
accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) process.
Chapter - 218
PREM KUMAR VYDA
19. Introduction
19
Evident that ARB is capable of producing ultra-fine grain structures with high
strengths in steel and Aluminum.
Severe Plastic Deformation forms clear ultrafine grains with more equilibrium grain
boundaries.
The detailed mechanism of grain subdivision and role of deformation conditions is
not yet established.
During ARB Process, half of the surface regions move to the center during each
pass and the procedure is repeated.
Complicated distribution of surface regions and higher strain introduced.
Study tries to establish a relationship between shear strain distribution and ultragrain
refinement in ARB Processed Pure Aluminium (1100).
20. Experimental Procedure
20
Aluminium alloy chosen
Al (JIS-1100) (commercially pure)
Initial Dimensions of the materials are 1mm (thickness) X 20mm(width) X 250mm
(length).
50 % reduction per cycle under dry conditions. (No Lubrication Provided).
8 Cycles were performed.
Cylindrical Pin (Al 1100) 2mm (Dia) X 1mm (Height) was embedded.
After the first cycle, the flection of the pin was observed with optical microscopy.
21. Fig. 1. Optical microstructures showing the flection of the embedded pin in the 1100
aluminum sheet ARB processed by one cycle at ambient temperature without lubricant.
Observed on a longitudinal section. (ND- Normal Direction , Rd – Rolling Direction)
Results21
22. Results Discussion22
Shear Strains measured are plotted in dots.
Curve Fitting is done on the plotted data.
Plotted data follows parabolic distribution.
4 cycle ARB Processed Al Sheet is filled with Pancake Shaped Ultra-Fine Grains with High-Angle Grain
Boundaries(>15º).
Grain Thickness Varies depending on thickness location.
23. Chapter 2 - Conclusion
23
The ARBed Aluminum Alloys with Ultra-fine
grains showed 3.7 times larger strength than the
corresponding starting material.
ARBed Al-Mg Alloy with sub micrometer
(<1µm) grains showed low temperature super-
plasticity at 473K. (Half the melting
temperature of starting alloy).
24. PRESENTED BY :
Enhanced strength and ductility in Ultra-
Fine Grained (UFG) Aluminum produced by
ARB
Chapter 324
TEJAS PATEL
25. Material preparation
25
The Aluminum sheets taken
for ARB are of 99.5 % purity
The Dimensions of the
Sheets are 250 mm (length)
X 20 mm (width) X1 mm
(thickness)
Heated at 580⁰ C
(recrystallization) for 1 hour
26. Experimental procedure
26
50% of thickness reduction per roll pass.
This process is repeated and number of
passes N are varied.
The specimens are put under tensile test
using Instron 4505.
The strain rate was varied from 1× 10⁻⁵
s⁻1 to 5× 10⁻ᶾ s⁻1.
27. Observations
The grain size was determined
to be 540 nm in the rolling
direction and 320 nm in the
normal direction which falls in
the region of ultrafine grains.
27
Fig. 1 : TEM micrograph of UFG Al after 8 ARB cycles
28. Fig. 2 : Evolution of Vickers hardness and ultimate tensile strength (UTS)
with reference to number of ARB passes.28
29. Fig. 3 True stress vs true strain for UFG Al at different number of ARB
passes and for comparison cold-rolled Al with strain rate 1×10⁻⁴ s⁻129
30. Fig. 4 True stress vs true strain for UFG Al with 5 ARB passes tested at
different strain rate varying from 1×10⁻⁵ to 5×10⁻3 s⁻ 130
31. Take away points from the
experiment
31
Increase in UTS by a factor of 3 compared to
recrystallized reference material.
Increase in UTS by a factor of 1.8 compared to
cold rolled material.
Increase in elongation to failure by a factor of 2
compared to cold rolled material.
33. Metal foams
33
A metal foam is a cellular
structure consisting of a
solid metal with gas-filled
pores comprising a large
portion of the volume.
The advantages of metal
foams over conventional
polymer include their high
melting point and high
toughness.
Fig. 1 : Metal foam
34. Fig.2 : (a) Schematic illustration of
the manufacturing process of a sheet
through ARB process (b) : Prediction
of gradual distribution of added
blowing agent particles
34
35. Observations
35
Fig.3 : Optical (left) and SEM (right)
micrographs of the aluminum
preform sheet after (a) the first, (b)
third and (c) sixth cycles of ARB
36. Chapter 4 - Conclusion
36
Using two Al 1050 aluminum strips and TiH2
powder as blowing agent, the preform aluminum
sheet was manufactured through six cycles of
the ARB process. Foaming tests were carried
out under various temperature profiles and the
effects of foaming conditions were revealed.
Closed-cell aluminum foams with about 40%
porosity were successfully produced through the
ARB process.
38. Introduction
38
Basic ARB process discussed in previous slides.
The Influence of ARB on the Mechanical
Properties of IF Steel are studied, as steel is the
most useful structural element.
Studied at 773 K temperature with 50% reduction
in each roll pass.
Degree of bonding and grain size achieved
depend on the number of rolling passes.
39. Experimental Procedure
39
Same as ARB Process mentioned in the previous
slides.
Blue Brittleness of Steel during rolling at warm
temperatures can be avoided due to scarce
presence of carbon atoms.
Fully annealed IF Steel Sheets with
1mm(thickness), 20mm(width) and 300mm
(length) were provided for ARB process.
40. Experimental Procedure – contd.
40
7 ARB cycles were carried out for the
specimen.
Tensile tests at ambient temperature were
carried out using an instron-type machine.
41. • Tensile strength increased with increasing strain. Reached 870 Mpa from 280
MPa after 7 cycles.
Fig 1. Mechanical properties at ambient temperature of the IF
steel after various cycles of ARB at 773 K.41
42. Figure 2. TEM microstructures and corresponding SAD patterns of the IF steel after
various cycles of ARB at 773 K. (a) After 1 cycle (50% reduction, true strain of 0.8).
(b) 3 cycles (87.5% reduction, true strain of 2.4). (c) 6 cycles (98.4% reduction, true
strain of 4.8). (d) 7 cycles (99.2% reduction, true strain of 5.6).
SAD Patterns and TEM Microstructures42
43. Conclusions
43
In addition to aluminum alloys, ultra-fine grained
bulk steel (interstitial free (IF) steel) whose mean
grain size is less than 1 micron was successfully
produced by Accumulative Roll-Bonding (ARB)
process.
The ultra-fine grained IF-steel with mean grain
size of 420 nm showed very large tensile strength
of 870 MPa.
3.1 times larger than that of the starting material.
44. PRESENTED BY :
Effective parameters and microstructure
homogeneity in ARB
Chapter 644
RUPESH PALWADI
45. CONTENTS
45
Bond length parameter
Peeling test
Parameters influencing roll bonding
Microstructure homogeneity
46. Bond length
46
Length from *bonding point to the exit point.
Relative bond length (l/L)
l – bonding length
L – Horizontal projection of roll-contact
strip length.
*point after which the layers deform with a constant thickness ratio (t1(x)/t2(x)).
48. Peeling Test
48
Materials
Al 1050, Al 1100
St12, St37 ( low carbon steels )
aluminum 1050/steel/aluminum 1050, aluminum 1050/aluminum
1100/aluminum 1050 strips are used.
49. Peeling Test
Average peel strength
was calculated by dividing
average load by bond
width.
Tests were carried out at
a crosshead speed of
20 mm/min.
49
51. Peeling Test
m1 = fstrip and rolls
m2 = fclad layer and base
metal
tst = Thickness of steel
sheet
tal = Thickness of
Aluminium sheet
W = Width of the sheet
Ro = Radius of the roll
51
53. Composite reduction
53
Relative bond length and average
peel strength increases with increase
in composite reduction.
Increase in total composite
reduction moves the created inter-
layer bonding point towards the roll
entrance . This shift can be
interpreted in terms of the critical
deformation required for a cold bond
establishment.
Therefore, it can be stated that the
creation of inter-layer bonding point
originates from existence of the
critical strain [39]
54. Rolling speed
54
It shows that increasing of rolling speed causes
a bit higher amounts of mean contact pressure on
interfaces.
the reason for the small variations of the
mean contact pressure versus total
reduction in different rolling speeds is that
the coefficient of the strain rate sensitivity
for the most of the metals is very small
at ambient temperatures.
The promotion of the rolling speed
decreases the exertion time of the
mean contact pressure on
inter-layer interfaces.
55. Rolling speed
In a constant total
reduction,
the mean bond strength
decreases with increasing the
rolling speed. Moreover,
threshold
Deformation is increased
from
11% for rolling speed of
42.5rpm to
12% for 65.5rpm and
13.5% for 92.5 rpm. 55
56. Internal layer thickness
56
In a constant total reduction, mean
contact pressure increased with
decreasing the thickness of internal
steel layer despite the falling of rolling
force . This is attributed
to decrease in strip-roll contact length
dominates the effect of decrease in
rolling force and results in increasing
of mean contact pressure.
Two thicknesses of 1 and 1.5mm were
Applied to St12 internal layer. As it can be
seen, in a constant total reduction,
decreasing the Internal layer thickness
caused the increasing of relative bonding
length.
57. Internal layer thickness
Threshold deformation for
l1050/St12/Al1050 tri-layer strip
decreases from 11% for samples
with internal layer thickness of
1.5mm to 10% for those with
1mm
internal layer thickness.
57
58. Internal layer yield strength
Al1050/Al1100/Al1050,
Al1050/St37/Al1050 and
Al1050/St12/Al1050 in a
constant thickness
reduction, the internal
layer with higher yield
strength increases the
Mean contact pressure on
layers’ interface.
58
59. It shows that
decreasing of the yield
strength
of the internal layer in a
constant composite
reduction and the same
external layer led to
an increased relative
bonding length.
59
60. Internal layer yield strength
It decreases the
threshold deformation
from14.5% for
internal layer of St37
to
10% for internal layer
of St12 and 9% for
Al1100.
60
61. Microstructure homogeneity
SPD of 4.8 strain through
ARB
Materials: Commercial
purity aluminum (AA1100),
oxide free high conductivity
(OFHC) copper, 36% Ni
austenitic steel and ultra
low-carbon interstitial free
(IF) steel (ferritic steel).
Field-emission type
scanning electron
microscope (FE-SEM/EBSP)
pattern analysis
61
64. Microstructure homogeneity
64
dl = Length of elongated UFGs , dt = Thickness of elongated UFGs
Micro structure at subsurface more equiaxed compared to quarter thickness
and centre.
70. Composite material
● made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different
physical or chemical properties
● when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the
individual components
Composite
Particle-reinforced Fibre-reinforced Structural
MMC: Al/Ti , AlSiC
72. AlSiC Composite
SiC
250+ crystal forms
Abrasive, Ceramic ,Wafer
10mm
Aluminum
AlSiC composite:
Low density
High thermal conductivity
Adjustable thermal expansion
AlSiC-9 (66 Vol. % SiC)
AlSiC-10 (55 Vol.% SiC)
AlSiC-12 (37 Vol.% SiC)
(5 Vol.% SiC)
73. Fabrication process ARB vs RRB
+AnnealingRRB:
AlSiC RRB:
Al strip: Al alloy 1050, 200x30x0.5mm
SiC particle: 5um, 5 Vol.%
Annealing: 623K for 1 hour
66% reduction at 1st and 2nd rolling
50% reduction of the last 6 rollings
Al Ti ARB:
Al foil: thickness 250 um
Ti foil: thickness 50 um
Total stack: 4mm,
50% reduction per 1 rolling
Strain rate: 30s−1
74. SEM images after different ARB cycles
a) Layers are uniform and coherent
b) non-uniform and shear bands
c,d, e) Fragmented Ti layers, multiple necking,
shear bands
f) Dispersed mixture of Ti and Al, uniformly
distributed
Ti/Al : Microstructure
75. TEM images within Al layers after different ARB cycles
a) homogeneous lamellar structure
b,c) Both equiaxed grains and Lamellar structure
d) almost filled with equiaxed grains
Ti/Al : Microstructure
76. TEM images of Ti after different ARB cycles
a ) Most of the layers contained lamellar structure elongated parallel
to the RD
b,c) Both equiaxed grains and Lamellar structure
d) almost filled with equiaxed grains
Ti/Al : Microstructure
77. Ti/Al : Stress-Strain Curves
Stress-Strain curves for different ARB
cycles
1) Significant increase in the yield stress
and ultimate tensile strength
2) Elongations decreased rapidly
78. Variation of microhardness after different ARB
cycles
1) As cycles increase, both hardness tend to
increase
2) both Curves converged
Ti/Al : Microhardness
79. Ti/Al : Strength comparison
Strength from testing vs strength from
mixture rule
1) Fit well after 5 cycles and reach peak at 12
cycles
2) Variation between 3 and 5, due to shear
bands
80. 1)Significant increase in the yield and tensile stress
1)Strain-hardening effects led to: Multiple necking, homogeneous distribution
1)Critical factors: large applied shear strain, high strain rate, reversing rolling
direction, low thermal conductivity
Ti/Al : Summary
81. 1) SiC particles decreased the peeling force
2) More than 60% deformation is needed to create acceptable bond
With SiC
40%
50%
60%
70%
73%
Without SiC
30%
40%
50%
60%
66
%
Al/SiC : Peel Test
82. 1st Cycle 2nd Cycle 5th Cycle 7th Cycle
Optical micrographs in various cycles.
1) Layer structure to composite
1) Concentrated SiC to uniform distributed Sic
Al/SiC : Microstructure
83. 1st Cycle 3rd Cycle 4th Cycle 7th Cycle
SEM micrographs after various cycles
1) SiC clusters were broken
1) Porosities were closed
1) Uniform distribution of SiC
Al/SiC : Microstructure
84. Stress-Strain Curves in various cycles
Tensile strength increased by increasing the RRB
cycle
1) Bonding strength increased
1) Porosities omitted
1) SiC dispersed more uniformly
Al/SiC : Stress-Strain Curves
85. Critical factors influencing the mechanical properties:
1) SiC particles 2) number of rolling cycles
Al/SiC : Strength comparison
Stress-Strain curve comparison
(7 cycles RRB & NO RRB)
Tensile strength comparison
86. Al/SiC : Summary
1) Bonding strength increased by increasing the plastic deformation
1) Porosities omitted and SiC particles uniformly distributed after 7 RRB
cycles
1) Tensile strength reached maximum value of 123Mpa after 7 cycles
87. PRESENTED BY :
Microstructure evolution and nano grain
formation during shear localization of
Titanium.
Chapter 887
Ravinder Ravi
88. Contents
88
Introduction
Experimental procedures
SEM investigations of the shear localization at different rolling reductions
TEM quantification of the microstructure refinement within shear bands at different rolling reductions
TEM study of the microstructure refinement within shear bands at different rolling reductions
Conclusion
89. Introduction
89
Highly localised deformation develops in a majority of metallic materials.
The shear bands experience high strain and stress rate and the shear localisation is considered
adiabatic.
Several detailed investigations were conducted using the combination of various techniques like
electron backscattering diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM) which described the evolution of well-recovered microstructures within shear
bands which were formed during rolling.
Apart from dislocation slip processes, mechanical twinning plays an important role.
The activation of deformation twinning results in progressive grain refinement owing to the
intersection of twins and the formation of secondary and tertiary twins.
90. Experimental Procedures:
90
A commercial titanium plate with a fully recrystallized microstructure and a mean grain size of 60
µm was used. It was rolled at a strain rate of 3s-1 from 12 to 2 mm in thickness with a reduction of
16.7% per pass.
The von Mises equivalent strains corresponding to different rolling reductions were calculated.
The microstructures both from outside and within the shear localization areas were investigated
using TEM and SEM techniques. The observation sections were perpendicular to the transverse
direction(TD) of the rolled plate.
While performing the TEM investigation thin foils were prepared, in which firstly a slice of the
rolled specimen was cut perpendicular to the TD and one side of the slice was metallographically
polished and etched to reveal the shear band location marking the location with a light scratch .
Slice was grinded from the opposite side to a sheet of 100µm thick. A disc 3mm diameter punched
out ensuring the rolling direction was marked on the disc rim and then the disc was grounded to
50µm in thickness and finally subjected to low-energy ion milling to perforation.
91. SEM investigations of the shear localization at different
rolling reductions
91
Fig1: SEM micrographs of shear
bands developed at different
rolling reductions: a) 33% b) 50%
c) 67% and d) 83%. *ND- Normal
direction and RD- Rolling
direction.
92. Fig 2: Deformation twinning within deformed grains at
33% rolling reduction
S- like
appearance
Deformation twinning
92
Micro-regions with localized shear were first initiated close to the edge of the rolled plate at a rolling reduction of 33% (Fig 1a). The
flow lines in these micro-regions were extensively stretched and curved in S-like appearance. Deformation twinning frequently occurred
within the surrounding elongated grains, as shown in Fig. 2.
93. TEM quantification of the microstructure refinement within
shear bands at different rolling reductions.
93
Microstructures
obtained after 33%
rolling reduction
contained sheared
micro grains which
were significant from
other surrounding
matrix (Fig 3a).
Fig 3: TEM micrographs
obtained after 33%
rolling reduction
Bright field image of a
sheared micro grain
marked B and the matrix.
Inset showing Selected
area diffraction (SAD)
and RD indicates rolling
direction
High-magnification
bright field.
At 33% rolling reduction
94. At 50% rolling reduction
94
Fig 4: TEM micrographs
obtained after 50%
rolling reduction. (a)
Bright field image of
region containing
localized microscopic
shear band delineated by
the dashed lines. (b) Dark
field image of shear
band. (c) sub grain size
distribution for
microscopic shear band
(inset shows dl / dt ratio).
(d) Distribution of angles
between sub grain axis
and RD.
After 50 % rolling
reduction, a localized
shear band clearly
distinguished from the
surrounding matrix.
95. At 67% rolling reduction
95
Fig 5: TEM
micrographs obtained
after 67% rolling
reductions. (a) Bright
field image of region
containing localized
microscopic shear band
delineated by the
dashed lines. (b) Dark
field image of shear
band. (d) sub grain size
distribution for
microscopic shear band
(inset shows dl / dt
ratios). (d) Distribution
of angles between sub
grain elongation axis
and RD.
96. At 83% rolling reduction
96
Fig 6: TEM micrographs
obtained after 67%
rolling reductions. (a)
Bright field image of
region containing
localized microscopic
shear band delineated by
the dashed lines. (b)
Dark field image of nano
sized sub grains present
in the shear band market
in the centre in a. (d) sub
grain size distribution for
microscopic shear band
(inset shows dl / dt
ratios). (d) Distribution
of angles between sub
grain elongation axis and
RD.
97. TEM study of the microstructure refinement within
shear bands at different rolling reductions.
97
Fig 7: TEM analysis of
mechanical twin formed in
the area separating a sheared
micro grain and the matrix at
33% rolling reduction.(a)
Bright field image of twins
composing T1 , T2 and T3
embedded in matrix M. (b),
(c), (d), (e), (f) SAD patterns
obtained from M T1 , T2 and
T3 respectively.
** ( Zhu et al., Stanford N,
Carlson U, Barnett MR.
Metall Mater Trans
A2008;39A:934. )
Looking at fig 7 we can see
that three segments T1 , T2
and T3 were present in the
twin lamellae.
98. Fig 8: (a) TEM bright-field micrograph of the thin lath structure formed after 83% rolling
reduction (b) Schematic representation of the lamella longitudinal process enhanced by
shear bulging of its boundary. ** (Xue Q, Gray III GT. Metall Mater Trans A
2006;37:2447
98
Fig 8a reveals an array of
parallel elongated laths
largely separated by
high-angle boundaries,
presumably originating
from the matrix/twin
lamellae, containing
some low-angle
longitudinal dislocation
walls in the process of
formation at 83% rolling
reduction (marked by
arrows).
99. TEM bright field-image of long laths breaking down into sub grains through formation of
transverse dislocation boundaries after 67% rolling reduction in a localized microscopic
shear band. (b) Dark field image (c) Gradual transverse breakdown process
99
TEM bright
field-image
• Bamboo node
dislocations
TEM bright
field-image
• Large angle
boundaries separating
elongated sub grains
with increasing shear
strain
100. Fig 10: TEM bright field image of thin lath structure at boundary of localized
microscopic shear band after 67% rolling reduction containing area 2
connected to the parent lath 1.
100
TEM
observations in
fig 10 reveal the
progressive
change of
elongated lath
segments into fine
elliptical, facetted
sub grains which
are found in the
interior of the
microscopic shear
band and in the
exterior as well.
101. Schematic representation of the suggested mechanism of the microstructure evolution within the shear band
interior with increasing strain: (a) Formation of the mechanical twin/matrix lamellae. (b) Longitudinal splitting
of the lamellae to form thin laths. (c) Transverse breakdown of the laths to form elongated sub grains. (d)
Further breakdown and rotation of the sub grains to form equiaxed nano scale (sub)grains. The grey level is
proportional to the local shear strain.
101
Twin Lamellae Thin Lath
structure
Elongated sub
grains
Roughly equiaxed
nano sized sub
grains
102. Conclusion
102
Sheared micro-regions are first initiated at low strains, and further shear localization with increasing strain leads
to the formation of distinct microscopic shear bands, inclined to the RD at 40º, containing a mix of thin lath
structures and elongated sub grains.
The microscopic shear bands gradually grow and finally merge to form a macroscopic shear band containing thin
lath structures in the boundary regions, fine elongated sub grains in the outer areas and roughly
equiaxed(sub)grains with a mean size of 70 nm in the centre region.
The early stage of shear localization involves the formation and multiplication of mechanical twins, giving rise to
the twin/matrix lamellar structure aligned along the shear direction.
The twin/matrix lamellae subsequently undergo gradual splitting into thin laths through the formation of
longitudinal dislocation walls as well as progressive transverse breakdown via the formation of transverse
dislocation boundaries, which gives rise to the fine elongated sub grains.
The continuing thermally assisted lath breakdown, in conjunction with lateral sliding and lattice rotations,
ultimately leads to the formation of a mix of roughly equiaxed, nano sized (sub)grains and grains in the
macroscopic shear band centre at large strains.
The gradual microstructure fragmentation process within the shear localization areas might be described within
the Risø framework of deformation microstructure evolution by slip pr
103. References
103
Dengke Yang, Pavel Cizek, Peter Hodgson, Cui’e Wen, “Ultrafine equiaxed-grain
Ti/Al composite produced by accumulative roll bonding”, Scripta Materialia 62 (2010)
321-324
M. Alizadeh, M.H. Paydar, “Fabrication of Al/SiCP composite strips by repeated roll
bonding (RRB) process”, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 477(2009)811-816. B.L. Li et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 423 (2006) 331–342
H.D. Manesh, H.Sh. Shahabi / Journal of Alloys and Compounds 476 (2009) 292–
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pp. 315–321.
G.Y. Tzou, M.N. Huang, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 140 (2003) 622–627.
104. References
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G.Y. Tzou, A.K. Tieu, M.N. Huang, C.Y. Lin, E.Y. Wu, J. Mater. Process.
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598–603.
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105. References
105
K. Kitazono *, E. Sato, K. Kuribayashi, “Novel manufacturing process of closed-cell
aluminum foam by accumulative roll-bonding”
N. Tsuji,* Y. Saito, H. Utsunomiya and S. Tanigawa, “ULTRA-FINE GRAINED BULK
STEEL PRODUCED BY ACCUMULATIVE ROLL-BONDING (ARB) PROCESS”.
N. Tsuji,* Y. Saito, H. Utsunomiya, T. Sakai and R.G. Hong, “Ultrafine grained bulk
aluminum produced by accumulative roll bonding ARB process 1998 Scripta Materialia”.
S.H. Lee, Y. Saito, N. Tsuji, H. Utsunomiya, T. Sakai, “Role of shear strain in ultragrain
refinement by accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) process” Scripta Materialia 46 (2002) 281–
285.
Y. Saito, H. Utsunomiya, N. Tsuji and T. Sakai , “Novel ultra-high straining process for bulk
materials development of the accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) process” Acta mater. Vol.
47, No. 2, pp. 579-583, 1999.
“Accumulative Roll Bonding of Pure Copper and IF Steel” , International Journal of Metals
Volume 2014 (2014), Article ID 179723, 9 pages , http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/179723 ,
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijmet/2014/179723/
What Is ARB ? Why is it Important?
These materials, known as super metals
They have been produced by various uncommon techniques
such as rapid solidi®cation, vapor deposition, mech-
anical alloying, cryogenic metalforming and intense
plastic straining.
Drawbacks of Intense Plastic Straining Process.
Severe Plastic Deformation is Intense Plastic Straining under high imposed pressure.
Firstly, forming machines
with large load capacities and expensive dies are
indispensable for these processes. Secondly, the pro-
ductivity is relatively low and the amount of ma-
terials produced is very limited. These processes are
thought to be inappropriate for practical appli-
cation, especially for large-sized structural materials
such as sheets.
The interfaces of the two strips are surface-
treated in advance in order to enhance bond
strength, if required.
The process should be conducted at elevated tempera-
ture below recrystallization temperature because
recrystallization cancels out the accumulated strain.
Low temperature would result in insucient duct-
ility and bond strength.
The interface between two strips was
degreased by acetone and scratch-brushed. A 304
stainless-wire bevel brush driven by a hand grinder
was used for this purpose. Two strips were layered
to set brushed surfaces in contact and ®xed to each
other closely. For this purpose, four holes, which
had been drilled in the vicinity of the four corners
of strips were bound ®rmly by wires as shown in
Fig. 2(a).
The layered strips were heated in a box-type elec-
tric furnace before roll-bonding.
What is Interstitial Free Steel (IF) Steel.
There exists a minimum
limit of reduction in thickness, i.e. threshold defor-
mation to attain sucient bonding. It is well known
that the threshold deformation decreases with tem-
Perature.
However, excessively high
total reduction, i.e. repetition times, sometimes
resulted in edge cracks or center fracture as shown
in Figs 2(b) and (c). It may be due to tensile stress
caused by lateral spreading near the edges. The lat-
eral spreading cannot be neglected when the aspect
ratio (width/thickness) is less than 10 [6]. In order
to avoid propagation of edge cracks in following
cycles, both edges of the roll-bonded strip were
trimmed by shearing. The leading and trailing ends
of strips were cropped. These edge cracks may not
occur in the case of industrial materials with high
aspect ratio.
The heating and other conditions are
listed in Table 1. Well-bonded bulk materials were
successfully obtained. However, excessively high
total reduction, i.e. repetition times, sometimes
resulted in edge cracks or center fracture as shown
in Figs 2(b) and (c). It may be due to tensile stress
caused by lateral spreading near the edges. The lat-
eral spreading cannot be neglected when the aspect
ratio (width/thickness) is less than 10 [6]. In order
to avoid propagation of edge cracks in following
cycles, both edges of the roll-bonded strip were
trimmed by shearing. The leading and trailing ends
of strips were cropped. These edge cracks may not
occur in the case of industrial materials with high
aspect ratio.
Optical micrographs of ARB processed IF steel
are shown in Fig. 3. In the case of two-cycle pro-
cessed material [Fig. 3(c)], the interface introduced
in the second cycle is seen clearly. It is dicult to
®nd the interfaces of the ®rst pass at a quarter of
the thickness. This meant that the subsequent roll-
ing suciently improves the bonding of interfaces
introduced in a previous cycle. The severely sheared
structure can be observed just below the surface.
After ®ve cycles, the whole thickness is covered by
very thin and elongated grains and it is very di-
cult to observe individual grains as shown in
Fig. 3(d). Figure 4 shows TEM micrographs of sev-
eral-cycle ARB processed materials. The associated
selected area di€raction (SAD) patterns taken from
the center of the ®eld by use of an aperture (1.8 mm
in diameter) are also shown in the ®gure. The struc-
ture is of a granular type with equiaxed grains. The
grain sizes are less than 0.5 mm. The SAD patterns
have numerous re¯ections along circles. Such pat-
terns indicate that large misorientations exist
between individual grains. Therefore, it is clear that
Table 1. Roll-bonding conditions
Material Heating Roll diameter (mm) Roll speed (m/min) Mean strain rate (/s)
Al (1100) 473 K5 min 255 10 12
Al±Mg (5083) 473 K5 min 310 43 46
IF steel 773 K10 min 310 43 46
Fig. 3. Longitudinal cross section of initial and ARB processed IF steel strips.
SAITO et al.: ACCUMULATIVE ROLL-BONDING 581
an ultra-®ne (sub-micron) grain structure with large
misorientations, i.e. polycrystal, was formed.
Mechanical properties of initial and ARB pro-
cessed materials are compared in Table 2. In the
case of aluminum 1100, the tensile strength of com-
mercially available full-hardened material (temper
grade H18) is0165 MPa [7]. The tensile strength of
the ARB processed 1100 (eight cycles) is 1.8 times
higher than that of the 1100-H18. The ARB pro-
cessed 5183 and IF steel also showed extremely
high strength, however, the elongation decreased
from 8 to 5%. On the other hand, the material still
shows sucient ductility, despite the fact that the
materials were highly strained.
It is well-known that under high friction
conditions,e.g.,hot-ro lling, the metals deform
inhomogeneously through thickness because
large amount of redundant shear strain is introduced
in the surface regions
The process should be conducted at elevated tempera-
ture below recrystallization temperature because
recrystallization cancels out the accumulated strain.
Low temperature would result in insucient duct-
ility and bond strength.
The interface between two strips was
degreased by acetone and scratch-brushed. A 304
stainless-wire bevel brush driven by a hand grinder
was used for this purpose. Two strips were layered
to set brushed surfaces in contact and ®xed to each
other closely. For this purpose, four holes, which
had been drilled in the vicinity of the four corners
of strips were bound ®rmly by wires as shown in
Fig. 2(a).
The layered strips were heated in a box-type elec-
tric furnace before roll-bonding.
What is Interstitial Free Steel (IF) Steel.
There exists a minimum
limit of reduction in thickness, i.e. threshold defor-
mation to attain sucient bonding. It is well known
that the threshold deformation decreases with tem-
Perature.
However, excessively high
total reduction, i.e. repetition times, sometimes
resulted in edge cracks or center fracture as shown
in Figs 2(b) and (c). It may be due to tensile stress
caused by lateral spreading near the edges. The lat-
eral spreading cannot be neglected when the aspect
ratio (width/thickness) is less than 10 [6]. In order
to avoid propagation of edge cracks in following
cycles, both edges of the roll-bonded strip were
trimmed by shearing. The leading and trailing ends
of strips were cropped. These edge cracks may not
occur in the case of industrial materials with high
aspect ratio.
K. Kitazono *, E. Sato, K. Kuribayashi, “Novel manufacturing process of closed-cell aluminum foam by accumulative roll-bonding”
Vickers hardness VH268>267>188>88
HAB fraction is much smaller in OFHC-Cu compared to other three because recovery and recrystallization took place in cu during ARB process.