This document provides an overview of international business. It begins by defining international business as any business operations that cross national borders, including trade, investment, and value-addition activities across countries. It then discusses the objectives of international business such as expanding sales, acquiring resources, and diversifying risk. Modes of international business include exports/imports, foreign direct investment, and strategic alliances. The document also covers the importance of international business for national economies, exporting firms, and maintaining political/economic relations. It identifies challenges such as navigating foreign laws, currency fluctuations, and cultural differences. Finally, it discusses the concepts of liberalization and privatization as drivers of international business.
- International marketing is concerned with planning and conducting transactions across international borders to satisfy objectives of individuals and organizations. It faces challenges like environmental adaptation, ethnocentrism, and cultural differences.
- Developing global awareness through cultural understanding and diverse leadership helps address issues like reluctance to foreign investment in some countries.
- Companies progress through stages of international marketing involvement from no foreign activity to global operations. Their strategic orientation also evolves from domestic to globally integrated. Successful international marketers require cross-disciplinary skills.
The document discusses corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the bottom of the pyramid (BoP) model. It summarizes the 2009 WBCSD responsible business report which covered global perspectives on sustainable development, international CSR trends, the UN Global Compact, government CSR actions, and supply chain responsibility. It also discusses debates around the feasibility of the BoP model which focuses on profits from the large population at the bottom of the economic pyramid.
1. Production and operations management involves managing the processes that convert inputs such as materials, labor, and capital equipment into finished goods and services. This includes planning production, controlling resources, and improving efficiency.
2. Firms must decide on production processes, facility locations, and layout designs. They consider factors like labor, transportation costs, taxes, and resource availability. Inventory management and supplier relations are also critical to coordinate resources.
3. Emerging technologies like robotics, 3D printing, and automation are transforming manufacturing. They allow for flexible, customized production but also risk job losses. Quality management techniques and lean principles help optimize operations.
Unit-1-lecture-1(Introduction, Nature and Scope of International business)Dr.B.B. Tiwari
International business refers to buying and selling goods or services across national borders. There are several reasons for and forms of engaging in international business. Reasons include exploring growth opportunities, reducing costs, and accessing new technologies or capital. Major forms include exporting, licensing, franchising, contract manufacturing, joint ventures, strategic alliances, and foreign direct investment through foreign subsidiaries. While international business provides benefits like large economies of scale, it also presents challenges such as differing cultures, currencies, laws and regulations between countries.
This document provides an overview of international business, including definitions, features, external factors impacting expansion, types of orientation approaches, market entry strategies, the roles of international agencies, and multi-national corporations. It defines international business as goods and services exchanged between countries and business functions expanded globally. It also outlines factors like socio-cultural influences, various market entry strategies such as direct exporting, licensing and franchising, and the roles of organizations like the WTO, IMF, World Bank in facilitating international trade.
International Business (BBA MBA) advantages & disadvantages of international busine, approaches of international business, entry strategy, imf, international business (bba mba) entry policy, international organization, nature & scope & feature of international business, need for international business, reasons for recent growth in international busines, what is international business ?university of solapur
Introduction to International BusinessAshwin Kumar
Introduction to International Business is a comprehensive study of the various aspects of International Business. This presentation will provide better insights into the definition, nature, scope, characteristics, approaches, reasons, advantages and disadvantages.
This presentation provides an overview of international business. It defines international business as transactions carried out across national borders to satisfy objectives of individuals and organizations. It discusses the nature, scope, features, importance, and approaches (ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, geocentric) of international business. The presentation also covers motivations for and needs of international business, adapting to customer needs, problems, entry strategies, advantages and disadvantages, and reasons for recent growth in international business. Finally, it discusses some international organizations like WTO, IMF, World Bank, and economic communities.
- International marketing is concerned with planning and conducting transactions across international borders to satisfy objectives of individuals and organizations. It faces challenges like environmental adaptation, ethnocentrism, and cultural differences.
- Developing global awareness through cultural understanding and diverse leadership helps address issues like reluctance to foreign investment in some countries.
- Companies progress through stages of international marketing involvement from no foreign activity to global operations. Their strategic orientation also evolves from domestic to globally integrated. Successful international marketers require cross-disciplinary skills.
The document discusses corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the bottom of the pyramid (BoP) model. It summarizes the 2009 WBCSD responsible business report which covered global perspectives on sustainable development, international CSR trends, the UN Global Compact, government CSR actions, and supply chain responsibility. It also discusses debates around the feasibility of the BoP model which focuses on profits from the large population at the bottom of the economic pyramid.
1. Production and operations management involves managing the processes that convert inputs such as materials, labor, and capital equipment into finished goods and services. This includes planning production, controlling resources, and improving efficiency.
2. Firms must decide on production processes, facility locations, and layout designs. They consider factors like labor, transportation costs, taxes, and resource availability. Inventory management and supplier relations are also critical to coordinate resources.
3. Emerging technologies like robotics, 3D printing, and automation are transforming manufacturing. They allow for flexible, customized production but also risk job losses. Quality management techniques and lean principles help optimize operations.
Unit-1-lecture-1(Introduction, Nature and Scope of International business)Dr.B.B. Tiwari
International business refers to buying and selling goods or services across national borders. There are several reasons for and forms of engaging in international business. Reasons include exploring growth opportunities, reducing costs, and accessing new technologies or capital. Major forms include exporting, licensing, franchising, contract manufacturing, joint ventures, strategic alliances, and foreign direct investment through foreign subsidiaries. While international business provides benefits like large economies of scale, it also presents challenges such as differing cultures, currencies, laws and regulations between countries.
This document provides an overview of international business, including definitions, features, external factors impacting expansion, types of orientation approaches, market entry strategies, the roles of international agencies, and multi-national corporations. It defines international business as goods and services exchanged between countries and business functions expanded globally. It also outlines factors like socio-cultural influences, various market entry strategies such as direct exporting, licensing and franchising, and the roles of organizations like the WTO, IMF, World Bank in facilitating international trade.
International Business (BBA MBA) advantages & disadvantages of international busine, approaches of international business, entry strategy, imf, international business (bba mba) entry policy, international organization, nature & scope & feature of international business, need for international business, reasons for recent growth in international busines, what is international business ?university of solapur
Introduction to International BusinessAshwin Kumar
Introduction to International Business is a comprehensive study of the various aspects of International Business. This presentation will provide better insights into the definition, nature, scope, characteristics, approaches, reasons, advantages and disadvantages.
This presentation provides an overview of international business. It defines international business as transactions carried out across national borders to satisfy objectives of individuals and organizations. It discusses the nature, scope, features, importance, and approaches (ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, geocentric) of international business. The presentation also covers motivations for and needs of international business, adapting to customer needs, problems, entry strategies, advantages and disadvantages, and reasons for recent growth in international business. Finally, it discusses some international organizations like WTO, IMF, World Bank, and economic communities.
International business; competitive advantages; evolution; nature of international business; reasons and stages of internationalisation; approaches and theories of international business; comparative cost advantage and problems of international business.
EPRG Characteristics -international-businessDinker Vaid
Ethocentric, Geocentric, Polycentric, regiocentric Approach.
(EPRG)
International Business. How to see these parameters to diversify the companies and products and policies.
The Characteristics, HRM practices, culture, Policies etc.
This document provides information about an international business textbook. It includes the preface, which thanks various people for their contributions. It also outlines the scope and importance of international business, including how it differs from domestic business. Specifically, it notes that international business involves cross-border trade, the exchange of goods and services between countries, and can include exports, imports and foreign direct investment. Domestic business only operates within one country.
The document discusses four approaches to international business: ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, and geocentric. The ethnocentric approach relies on exporting domestic products overseas without adaptation. The polycentric approach treats each foreign market uniquely and establishes local subsidiaries. The regiocentric approach views regions as unified markets and implements strategies at a regional level. Finally, the geocentric approach views the entire world as a single market and uses standardized global marketing strategies.
International business involves the exchange of products and services across national borders. Companies pursue international expansion to increase profits, take advantage of product life cycles, and achieve economies of scale, or to respond to competitive pressures and saturated domestic markets. When considering international expansion, companies must gauge demand abroad, adapt products to foreign customer needs, and determine their entry strategy into foreign markets such as exporting, licensing, franchising, foreign direct investment, or establishing a foreign subsidiary. Barriers to international business include cultural, legal, political, and economic barriers like tariffs and trade restrictions.
The document discusses four orientations - or levels of involvement - that firms can take when entering international business:
1. Ethnocentric orientation views foreign markets as an extension of the domestic market. Management and operations are controlled from the home country. This approach has minimal risk but also limited potential.
2. Polycentric orientation establishes independent foreign subsidiaries that adapt to local conditions. Each market is viewed as distinct. This increases commitment but allows for better adaptation.
3. Regiocentric orientation groups countries into regions and coordinates strategy at a regional level. This provides improved control while considering regional differences.
4. Geocentric orientation treats the entire world as a single market. A uniform global strategy is developed
International Business nature and scopeNishant Pahad
This document discusses key topics in international business management including:
1. The nature and scope of international business management, which involves managing business between nations that may have geographical or political boundaries.
2. The various environmental factors companies must consider when conducting international business such as political, legal, economic, cultural, competitive and infrastructure challenges in domestic and overseas markets.
3. The different modes that companies can use to enter international markets, ranging from contractual arrangements like licensing and franchising to investment options like wholly owned foreign subsidiaries and joint ventures. Key factors that influence the selection of an entry mode are also outlined.
This document discusses various aspects of international business. It begins by defining business and international business. It then discusses the key drivers of internationalization including profit advantages, competition, and access to resources and technology. The document outlines the stages of internationalization from domestic to multinational to global companies. It also discusses the different orientations companies can take including ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, and geocentric. Finally, it discusses factors that have increased globalization like regional trade agreements, declining trade barriers, and increased foreign direct investment.
The document provides an overview of international marketing. It defines international marketing as business activities that direct the flow of goods and services to consumers in more than one country. Key points made include:
- International marketing operations are more complex than domestic operations due to dealing with multiple countries and cultures.
- International marketing involves both controllable factors like product and price as well as uncontrollable factors like cultural and economic forces.
- Companies enter international markets through various modes including franchising, licensing, direct manufacturing, management contracts, and exporting.
The EPRG framework outlines four orientations that firms can take when conducting foreign marketing: ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, and geocentric. An ethnocentric orientation involves planning overseas operations from the home country with little adaptation. A polycentric approach treats each country as separate and develops local strategies. Regiocentric orientation formulates strategies on a regional rather than individual country basis. A geocentric orientation takes a truly global approach through coordinated international facilities and staff. In practice, most firms begin with an ethnocentric approach due to low risk and investment requirements.
International business mumbai university solved paper 2008shrund
This document provides information about an international business exam from Mumbai University in 2008. It includes sample exam questions and answers about topics like globalization, reasons for entering international business, and foreign exchange risks and trade barriers.
The first question is about defining globalization and how global organizations emerge to enjoy global leadership. The second question asks why companies enter international business when domestic opportunities exist. The third question requires short notes on foreign exchange risks and trade barriers. Sample answers are provided that discuss topics like stages of becoming a global organization, reasons for internationalization, and types of foreign exchange and trade barriers.
The document discusses the EPRG framework for international marketing orientation. It describes the four orientations as:
1. Ethnocentric - Home country orientation where the domestic market is seen as superior and foreign markets use the same strategy.
2. Polycentric - Host country orientation where each national market is viewed as distinct and requires localized strategies.
3. Regiocentric - A regional orientation where markets are grouped by regions that have similar characteristics and strategies are standardized within regions but adapted between regions.
4. Geocentric - A world orientation where the entire world is viewed as a single market and strategies are standardized globally.
The document provides an overview of strategic concepts including definitions of strategy, creating value, capturing value, and reasons for going international. It then discusses location choice as part of strategy and broad categories of strategies such as exporting, multidomestic, global, branching, and outsourcing. Specific issues related to costs such as labor costs, communication costs, border costs, and economies of scale are also examined in determining optimal location strategies.
Global marketing - international marketing definedRECONNECT
This is the lecture of course "Global Marketing"
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The document discusses international business management orientations and models. It describes Perlmutter's EPRG model, which classifies management orientations as ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, or geocentric. It also discusses the nature and scope of the EPRG approach, sectors with potential for international business in India, and modes of entry into foreign markets like exporting, joint ventures, outsourcing, and foreign direct investment. Finally, it covers topics like international strategic alliances, mergers and acquisitions, and provides an example of Sun Pharmaceuticals acquiring Ranbaxy.
This document provides an overview of the course "International Marketing". It introduces the key concepts that will be covered across 7 modules. The course aims to develop skills for identifying, analyzing, and solving problems in international marketing theory and practice. The modules will cover topics such as the social and cultural environment of global markets, global advertising, marketing channels and distribution, marketing information systems, segmentation, targeting, positioning, and e-marketing in an international context. The document provides a brief outline of the contents that will be included in each module.
The document discusses international marketing and the EPRG model. It begins by defining international marketing as applying marketing principles across national boundaries. It then explains the EPRG model, which describes four orientations companies can take in international markets: ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, and geocentric. The ethnocentric orientation views foreign markets as secondary and uses the same strategies as the domestic market. The polycentric orientation treats each foreign market separately. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations develop regional or global strategies, respectively. The document provides examples of companies using different orientations in international markets.
CONCEPT OF EXPORT MARKETING (FOREIGN TRADE)shafer khan
International trade involves the transfer of goods and services across international borders. Export marketing refers to marketing activities involved in distributing goods and services to overseas markets. It provides several benefits including generating foreign exchange, strengthening international relations, and helping balance a country's payments. Developing an export marketing plan requires establishing objectives, researching export markets, analyzing products, and setting competitive prices that account for additional international costs. Export marketing faces challenges such as trade barriers, global competition, and high product standards imposed by importing countries.
The document discusses different aspects of international business. It begins by defining international business as all commercial transactions that occur between two or more countries, including sales, investments, and transportation. It then explains the four main types of international business: 1) exporting, 2) licensing, 3) franchising, and 4) foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI refers to building new facilities in another country and can take the form of joint ventures or wholly-owned subsidiaries. The document provides details on each of the four types of international business.
International business; competitive advantages; evolution; nature of international business; reasons and stages of internationalisation; approaches and theories of international business; comparative cost advantage and problems of international business.
EPRG Characteristics -international-businessDinker Vaid
Ethocentric, Geocentric, Polycentric, regiocentric Approach.
(EPRG)
International Business. How to see these parameters to diversify the companies and products and policies.
The Characteristics, HRM practices, culture, Policies etc.
This document provides information about an international business textbook. It includes the preface, which thanks various people for their contributions. It also outlines the scope and importance of international business, including how it differs from domestic business. Specifically, it notes that international business involves cross-border trade, the exchange of goods and services between countries, and can include exports, imports and foreign direct investment. Domestic business only operates within one country.
The document discusses four approaches to international business: ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, and geocentric. The ethnocentric approach relies on exporting domestic products overseas without adaptation. The polycentric approach treats each foreign market uniquely and establishes local subsidiaries. The regiocentric approach views regions as unified markets and implements strategies at a regional level. Finally, the geocentric approach views the entire world as a single market and uses standardized global marketing strategies.
International business involves the exchange of products and services across national borders. Companies pursue international expansion to increase profits, take advantage of product life cycles, and achieve economies of scale, or to respond to competitive pressures and saturated domestic markets. When considering international expansion, companies must gauge demand abroad, adapt products to foreign customer needs, and determine their entry strategy into foreign markets such as exporting, licensing, franchising, foreign direct investment, or establishing a foreign subsidiary. Barriers to international business include cultural, legal, political, and economic barriers like tariffs and trade restrictions.
The document discusses four orientations - or levels of involvement - that firms can take when entering international business:
1. Ethnocentric orientation views foreign markets as an extension of the domestic market. Management and operations are controlled from the home country. This approach has minimal risk but also limited potential.
2. Polycentric orientation establishes independent foreign subsidiaries that adapt to local conditions. Each market is viewed as distinct. This increases commitment but allows for better adaptation.
3. Regiocentric orientation groups countries into regions and coordinates strategy at a regional level. This provides improved control while considering regional differences.
4. Geocentric orientation treats the entire world as a single market. A uniform global strategy is developed
International Business nature and scopeNishant Pahad
This document discusses key topics in international business management including:
1. The nature and scope of international business management, which involves managing business between nations that may have geographical or political boundaries.
2. The various environmental factors companies must consider when conducting international business such as political, legal, economic, cultural, competitive and infrastructure challenges in domestic and overseas markets.
3. The different modes that companies can use to enter international markets, ranging from contractual arrangements like licensing and franchising to investment options like wholly owned foreign subsidiaries and joint ventures. Key factors that influence the selection of an entry mode are also outlined.
This document discusses various aspects of international business. It begins by defining business and international business. It then discusses the key drivers of internationalization including profit advantages, competition, and access to resources and technology. The document outlines the stages of internationalization from domestic to multinational to global companies. It also discusses the different orientations companies can take including ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, and geocentric. Finally, it discusses factors that have increased globalization like regional trade agreements, declining trade barriers, and increased foreign direct investment.
The document provides an overview of international marketing. It defines international marketing as business activities that direct the flow of goods and services to consumers in more than one country. Key points made include:
- International marketing operations are more complex than domestic operations due to dealing with multiple countries and cultures.
- International marketing involves both controllable factors like product and price as well as uncontrollable factors like cultural and economic forces.
- Companies enter international markets through various modes including franchising, licensing, direct manufacturing, management contracts, and exporting.
The EPRG framework outlines four orientations that firms can take when conducting foreign marketing: ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, and geocentric. An ethnocentric orientation involves planning overseas operations from the home country with little adaptation. A polycentric approach treats each country as separate and develops local strategies. Regiocentric orientation formulates strategies on a regional rather than individual country basis. A geocentric orientation takes a truly global approach through coordinated international facilities and staff. In practice, most firms begin with an ethnocentric approach due to low risk and investment requirements.
International business mumbai university solved paper 2008shrund
This document provides information about an international business exam from Mumbai University in 2008. It includes sample exam questions and answers about topics like globalization, reasons for entering international business, and foreign exchange risks and trade barriers.
The first question is about defining globalization and how global organizations emerge to enjoy global leadership. The second question asks why companies enter international business when domestic opportunities exist. The third question requires short notes on foreign exchange risks and trade barriers. Sample answers are provided that discuss topics like stages of becoming a global organization, reasons for internationalization, and types of foreign exchange and trade barriers.
The document discusses the EPRG framework for international marketing orientation. It describes the four orientations as:
1. Ethnocentric - Home country orientation where the domestic market is seen as superior and foreign markets use the same strategy.
2. Polycentric - Host country orientation where each national market is viewed as distinct and requires localized strategies.
3. Regiocentric - A regional orientation where markets are grouped by regions that have similar characteristics and strategies are standardized within regions but adapted between regions.
4. Geocentric - A world orientation where the entire world is viewed as a single market and strategies are standardized globally.
The document provides an overview of strategic concepts including definitions of strategy, creating value, capturing value, and reasons for going international. It then discusses location choice as part of strategy and broad categories of strategies such as exporting, multidomestic, global, branching, and outsourcing. Specific issues related to costs such as labor costs, communication costs, border costs, and economies of scale are also examined in determining optimal location strategies.
Global marketing - international marketing definedRECONNECT
This is the lecture of course "Global Marketing"
This slideshare network of RECONNECT will provide all the presentation related to case studies, project presentations, educational, motivational slides & much more.
Follow Reconnect on slide share.
Official fb page: facebook.com/reconnectt
Official fb group: facebook.com/groups/reconnecting.tech/
Rights are reserved for this presentation. Please inbox 1st to get permission to use this
The document discusses international business management orientations and models. It describes Perlmutter's EPRG model, which classifies management orientations as ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, or geocentric. It also discusses the nature and scope of the EPRG approach, sectors with potential for international business in India, and modes of entry into foreign markets like exporting, joint ventures, outsourcing, and foreign direct investment. Finally, it covers topics like international strategic alliances, mergers and acquisitions, and provides an example of Sun Pharmaceuticals acquiring Ranbaxy.
This document provides an overview of the course "International Marketing". It introduces the key concepts that will be covered across 7 modules. The course aims to develop skills for identifying, analyzing, and solving problems in international marketing theory and practice. The modules will cover topics such as the social and cultural environment of global markets, global advertising, marketing channels and distribution, marketing information systems, segmentation, targeting, positioning, and e-marketing in an international context. The document provides a brief outline of the contents that will be included in each module.
The document discusses international marketing and the EPRG model. It begins by defining international marketing as applying marketing principles across national boundaries. It then explains the EPRG model, which describes four orientations companies can take in international markets: ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, and geocentric. The ethnocentric orientation views foreign markets as secondary and uses the same strategies as the domestic market. The polycentric orientation treats each foreign market separately. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations develop regional or global strategies, respectively. The document provides examples of companies using different orientations in international markets.
CONCEPT OF EXPORT MARKETING (FOREIGN TRADE)shafer khan
International trade involves the transfer of goods and services across international borders. Export marketing refers to marketing activities involved in distributing goods and services to overseas markets. It provides several benefits including generating foreign exchange, strengthening international relations, and helping balance a country's payments. Developing an export marketing plan requires establishing objectives, researching export markets, analyzing products, and setting competitive prices that account for additional international costs. Export marketing faces challenges such as trade barriers, global competition, and high product standards imposed by importing countries.
The document discusses different aspects of international business. It begins by defining international business as all commercial transactions that occur between two or more countries, including sales, investments, and transportation. It then explains the four main types of international business: 1) exporting, 2) licensing, 3) franchising, and 4) foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI refers to building new facilities in another country and can take the form of joint ventures or wholly-owned subsidiaries. The document provides details on each of the four types of international business.
Charles Hills defines globalization as "The shift towards a more integrated and interdependent world economy". Globalization has two main components - the globalization of markets and the globalization of production.
According to International Monetary Fund, globalization means "the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services and of international capital flows and also through the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology. Interdependency and integration of individual countries of the world is also called as globalization”.
This document provides an introduction to international business. It defines international business as trade and investment activities conducted across national borders. Firms internationalize through activities like exporting, importing, and foreign direct investment. The document also discusses the key participants in international business, common reasons why firms pursue international expansion, and some of the main risks involved. Studying international business can provide firms with competitive advantages like access to new markets and resources.
This document discusses various global production, marketing, financial and human resource management strategies for businesses. It covers four main location strategies for global production networks: centralized global production, regional production, regional specialization, and vertical transnational integration. It also discusses global supply chain issues and management. Other topics include scale of operations, sources of funding, exchange rate risk management, strategic orientation approaches, selecting and roles of expatriate managers, international training and development, and make-or-buy decisions.
International Business and importance in detail to understand the conceptkittustudy7
International business refers to trade across borders and includes contractual agreements, products, and processes from different countries. Apple Inc. is provided as an example of a successful international business. Apple designs, develops, and sells electronics, software, and online services worldwide. It opened its first international branch in Tokyo in 2003 after saturating the American market. Expanding internationally allows businesses to increase revenue and brand awareness, minimize reliance on a single market, collaborate with skilled individuals from other countries, and gain a first-mover advantage over competitors.
International business strategies are necessary for companies to compete globally. There are two main types of international strategies - global strategies which standardize operations worldwide, and international strategies which allow local subsidiaries more independence. Companies go international to expand customer base, reduce seasonal impacts, and lower costs. Globalization has increased opportunities for international collaboration but also presents challenges around coordination and responding to local conditions that companies must address in their strategies.
International strategies and value of international strategiesmoqudasakram206
In this presentation you will know about what are international strategies and what is the value of international strategies.How companies gain competitive advantage by implementing international strategies.
The document discusses international trade and its benefits, including lower costs, access to unavailable goods, economies of scale, and variety. It also discusses India's exports of petroleum, precious stones, pharmaceuticals, and defense goods. International business strategies include international, multi-domestic, global, and transnational approaches. A global information system can collect demographic and consumer data on a global scale to assist companies in developing products for international markets.
This document discusses the different types of participants involved in international business transactions. It identifies three main types: 1) The focal firm, such as multinational enterprises and small-medium enterprises, that initiate transactions. 2) Distribution channel intermediaries like agents and online marketplaces that provide logistics and marketing services. 3) Facilitators like banks, lawyers, and consultants that offer specialized expertise to support cross-border deals. It provides examples and characteristics of each type of participant.
This document provides an overview of international business and trade. It discusses the objectives and meaning of international business courses. The key types of international business are export/import trade, foreign direct investment, licensing, franchising, and management contracts. Franchising and licensing are described in more detail. The document also covers the need for and drivers of internationalization, as well as the differences between international and domestic business. It discusses various approaches to international business such as ethnocentric, polycentric, and regiocentric approaches. Globalization and its impacts are also summarized.
A multinational corporation operates in multiple countries and controls production, marketing, and other facilities across borders. They aim to expand business beyond their home country and take advantage of lower labor costs abroad. Key features include large assets and turnover, centralized control from the head office, use of advanced technology, professional global management, and aggressive international marketing. While MNCs can boost investment, jobs, and technology transfer to host countries, they may also undermine national autonomy, acquire monopolies, drain resources, and avoid taxes through transfer pricing between subsidiaries.
Introduction international trade and globalization Sujan Oli
International business involves commercial transactions that occur between two or more countries. It includes exports and imports of goods, services, technology, capital, and managerial knowledge. Companies that conduct international business, known as multinational corporations, have several options for doing business abroad, such as exporting, licensing, joint ventures, foreign direct investment through branches or subsidiaries, and providing services. International business integrates the economies of many countries and allows companies to take advantage of resources and markets globally. However, it also faces challenges such as restrictions, competition, and sensitivity to changes in political and economic conditions.
What are Global Businesses
What is the global Business project
International company structure
Foreign laws and regulations
International accounting
cost calculations with global pricing strategy
Universal payment methods
HP pursues a diversification strategy operating in multiple industries globally. It has a wide range of computing and printing products. While it has strong brand recognition and innovative products, it faces threats from competitors' pricing and technology. To mitigate risks, HP expands retail stores, pursues joint ventures, and develops easy-to-use products for retirees. It also works to improve technology and compatibility. Overall, HP's diversification strategy provides opportunities for growth but also comes with challenges in managing risks from competitors and changes in different markets and industries.
KMB -302: Unit- 3 Lecture -1 (International Marketing: Nature and Significance)Dr.B.B. Tiwari
International marketing involves marketing goods and services across national borders. It refers to strategies, processes, and implementation of marketing activities in global markets. International marketing requires special management skills to deal with at least two sets of uncontrollable variables from different countries. It also faces risks such as political and cultural challenges. Common methods for international marketing include establishing foreign branches, licensing arrangements, franchising, joint ventures, using foreign agents or distributors, strategic alliances, and providing consultancy or turnkey contract services. International marketing is important to expand markets, boost brand reputation, connect businesses globally, open doors to future opportunities, and fulfill economic needs through trade while promoting cultural exchange between countries.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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introduction: international business
1. UNIT 1: INTERNATIONAL
BUSINESS
• CONCEPT, OBJECTIVE, IMPORTANCE ,
CHALLENGES
• CONCEPT OF LIBERALIZATION AND
PRIVATIZATION
• DRIVERS OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
2. WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS?
• Any business that involves operations in more
than one country can be called an
international business. International business
is related to the trade and investment
operations done by entities across national
borders.
3. • Firms may assemble, acquire, produce, market, and
perform other value-addition-operations on
international scale and scope.
• Companies and countries may exchange different
types of physical and intellectual assets. These
assets can be products, services, capital,
technology, knowledge, or labor.
4. 4
What is International Business?
International Business is all business
transactions that involve two or more
countries
International Business comprises a
large and growing portion of the world’s
total business.
International Business usually takes
place within a more diverse external
environment.
5. OBJECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
• First-mover Advantage
• Opportunity for Growth
• Small Local Markets
• Increase of Customers
• To acquire resources;
6. 6
OBJECTIVE OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
1. To Expand Sales: companie’s sales are dependent on two factors: the
consumers’ interest in their product or services and the consumers’
ability and willingness to buy them.
2. Acquire Resources: Raw Materials, products, services, technology, and
information
3. Diversify Sources of Sales and Supplies
4. Minimize Competitive Risk: companies move internationally for defensive
reasons. Profits from one market can be used to expand operations in
other markets.
7. 7
Modes of International Business...
1. Merchandise Exports and Imports: visibles
and invisibles
2. Services Exports and Imports: Some form
of service exports and imports are:
• Tourism and Transportation: Bangladesh Parjotan
Corporation etc
• Performance of Services: Fees Taker- Banking,
insurance, engineering, management services etc.
• Use of Assets: licensing agreements; royalties;
franchising
8. 8
MODES OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS...
03. Investments:
a. Foreign Direct Investment: gives the investor
a controlling Interest in a foreign company. It
gives access to:
• foreign markets
• foreign resources
• higher profits than exporting
• partial ownership
b. Portfolio Investment: stock in a company or loans
to a company or country in the form of bonds, bills, or
notes that the investor purchases.
c. Strategic Alliances
d. MNCs, MNEs, TNCs, Global Company
9. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS IMPORTANCE
# 1. NATIONAL ECONOMY:
• to meet raw material need of industries.
• For rapid economic growth.
• For profitable use of natural resources.
• To face competition successfully-better quality goods production
having lower or moderate prices. To improve the image of the
producer as well as of the country in the minds of foreign customers.
• Increase in employment opportunities.
• To increase national income.
• Increase in standard of living of the people.
10. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS IMPORTANCE # 3. IMPORTANCE
FROM OTHER POINTS OF VIEW:
• International Collaboration: Developed countries fix their import quotas for
different countries and for different commodities.
• International Business Brings Various Countries Closer: Government and
non-government business representatives visit other countries from time to
time. The local representatives and other related persons came into contact
with foreign representatives and come to know their habits and customs.
• Helps in Maintaining Good Political Relations: Various countries having
different political ideologies import or export their products. To conclude it is
now undisputable that export business contributes to the national economy,
individual exporting firms and maintains international, economic cultural and
political relations among various countries. Countries have come closer on
account of international business.
11. INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS IMPORTANCE
# 2. IMPORTANCE TO EXPORTING FIRM:
• Insufficiency of Domestic Demand: If the domestic
demand for the product is not sufficient to consume the
production, the firm may take a decision to enter the
foreign market. In this way he can equalize the production
and demand.
• To Utilise Installed Capacity: If the installed capacity of
the firm is much more than the level of demand of the
product in the domestic market, it can enter the
international market and utilise its un-utilised installed
capacity. In this way it can export the surplus production.
12. • Relative Profitability: The export business is more
attractive for its higher rate of profitability. The higher
profitability rate also gives extra strength to the firm.
• Less Business Risk: A diversified export business helps the
exporting firm in mitigating the risk of sharp fluctuations
in the business activity of the firm.
• Increased Productivity: Due to certain social and
technological developments the industrial production has
increased to a great extent. The production will be higher
at cheaper rate. The surplus production can be exported.
13. • Technological Improvements: Technological
improvements also attract the business firm to
enter foreign markets. It introduces new products
with latest technological improvements and faces
the competition successfully in the international
markets.
• Product Obsolescence: If a product becomes
obsolete in domestic market it may be in demand in
International markets.
14. CHALLENGES OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
1. International company structure
2. Foreign laws and regulations
3. International accounting
4. Cost calculation and global pricing strategy
5. Universal payment methods
6. Currency rates
7. Choosing the right global shipment methods
8. Communication difficulties and cultural differences
9. Political risks
10.Supply chain complexity and risks of labor exploitation
11.Worldwide environmental issues
15. 1. INTERNATIONAL COMPANY STRUCTURE
• If the aim is to be competitive globally, the first
consideration is the structure of the organization
and the location of the teams in place that’s up for
the challenge
• For instance, will your company be run from one
central headquarters? Or will you have offices and
representatives “on the ground” in key markets
abroad?
16. • Example:
• • Coca-Cola offers one example of effective
multinational business structure. The company is
organized into continental groups, each overseen by
a President. The central Presidents manage
Presidents of smaller, country-based or regional
sub-divisions. Despite its diverse global presence,
the Coca-Cola brand and product is controlled
centrally and consistent around the world
17. 2. FOREIGN LAWS AND REGULATIONS
• From tax implications to trading laws, navigating
legal requirements is a central function for any
successful international business.
• A good rule of thumb is to beware of engaging in
any questionable activities, which might be legal
but could have future reputational repercussions.
18. • Example:
• Employment and labor requirements differ by
country. For instance, European countries stipulate
that a minimum of 14 weeks maternity leave be
offered to employees, while on the other hand,
there is no such requirement for U.S. employers
19. 3. INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING
• Different tax systems, rates, and compliance requirements
can make the accounting function of a multinational
organization significantly challenging.
• Accounting can present a challenge to multinational
businesses who may be liable for corporation tax abroad.
• Accounting strategy is key to maximizing revenue, and the
location where your business is registered can impact tax
liability
• A focus on tax efficiency is often the aim of international
accounting efforts.
20. • Example:
• In the European Union, companies may benefit from the
• Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base proposal,
whereby companies with operations around the EU can
limit tax liability to one corporate center.
• Since Tax Consolidation is a feature of several
multinationals decision to be head-quartered in Dublin, as
Ireland is known for it’s “business friendly” corporate tax
policy.
• Well known companies with operational headquarters in
the republic of Ireland include Google, Facebook and Intel.
21. 4. COST CALCULATION AND GLOBAL PRICING
STRATEGY
• One must consider costs to remain competitive,
while still ensuring profit
• Researching the price of direct, local-market
competitors can give a benchmark.
• Pricing may also come down to how one choose to
position their brand
•
22. • Example:
• Swedish furniture giant Ikea, known in Europe for
its low- cost value, struggled initially in China due to
local competitor costs of labor and production
being much cheaper
• By relocating production for the Chinese market
and using more locally sourced materials, the
company was able to successfully cut prices to
better reflect its brand and boosts sales among
target consumers
23. 5. UNIVERSAL PAYMENT METHODS
• The proliferation of international e-commerce websites
has made selling goods overseas easier and more
affordable for businesses and consumers.
• However, payment methods that are commonly accepted
in home market might be unavailable abroad.
• Determining acceptable payment methods and ensuring
secure processing must be a central consideration for
businesses who seeks to trade internationally.
24. • Accepting well-known global payment
methods through companies like World pay, as
well as accepting local payment methods, such
as JCB in Asia or Yandex Monkey in Russia, can
be a good option for large international
business.
• Accepting wire transfers. PayPal payments,
and Bit coin, are other possibilities
25. 6. CURRENCY RATES
• One of the most challenging international business
problems to navigate.
• One way to protect against fluctuations in currency is to
pay suppliers and production costs in the same currency
as the one we’re selling in.
• Another option for mitigating the risk of unpredictable
currency rates can be setting up a forward contract and
agreeing a price in advance for future sales
26. • Example:
• Henry from Washington D.C has returned from his trip to
Europe. He has 81€ that he want to exchange back to US-
Dollars. He goes back in to a bank in Washington
• Since at the time being the exchange rate of Euro is
137.51. he gets $ 111.38
27. 7. CHOOSING THE RIGHT GLOBAL SHIPMENT METHODS
• The choice of shipping method can be a major influence on the
revenue and may be a limiting factor to the products that one can
variably sell overseas
• Other considerations include customs fees, the need and cost of
storage, and local methods of distribution
• There are also country-specific regulations and shipping
requirements to take into account
• For a quick check of costs and compliance, UPS international has
created an online tool called Trade Ability to help businesses and
individuals manage the movement of good overseas
28. 8. COMMUNICATION DIFFICULTIES AND CULTURAL
DIFFERENCES
• Good communication is at the heart of the effective
international business
• Effective communication with colleagues, clients
and customers abroad is essential for success
29. • Non-verbal communication can make or break business
deals too
• Being aware of acceptable business etiquette abroad, and
how things like religious and cultural traditions will help to
navigate better potential communication problems in
international business
30.
31.
32. 9. POLITICAL RISKS
• An obvious risk for international business is political
uncertainty and instability
• Before considering expansion into a new or
unknown market, a risk assessment of the
economic and political landscape is critical
• Issues like ill-defined or unstable policies and
corrupt practices can be hugely problematic in
emerging markets
33. • Companies like Facebook are banned in China,
partially in preference for national social networks
and also due to government regulation over
internet content
34. 10.SUPPLY CHAIN COMPLEXITY AND RISKS OF LABOR
EXPLOITATION
• Managing suppliers and supply chains can also be a
tricky process
• Recent Research revealed that 77% of businesses believe
that modern slavery exists at some point in their supply
chains.
35. 11. WORLDWIDE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
• Sustainability is high on the agenda of many major global
corporations
• Key considerations like how your production methods
might impact the local environment through waste and
pollution
• With a number of brands such as Dell, Renault and MUD
jeans leading a shift towards the circular economy, there is
an opportunity and demand for changing production
methods and consumer behavior to establish more
sustainable future for the environment and society as a
whole
36. LIBERALIZATION
• Liberalization refers to relaxation of government
restrictions usually in areas of social and economic
policies.
• Progressive elimination of government control over
economic activities is known as “liberalization”.
• Liberalization of the means to free it from controls
imposed by the government.
37. • Liberalization refers to freedom to business
enterprises from excessive government control and
they are given freedom to make their own decisions
regarding production, consumption, pricing,
marketing, borrowing, lending & investments.
• Liberalization according to John Black is a program
of changes in the direction of moving towards a free
market economy
38. • The major elements of Liberalisation in India includes the
followings :
1. De-licencing of industries :-
The Industrial Policy 1991 abolished (cancelled), licencing
for most industries which helped Indian companies to
concentrate on productive activities.
The 6 industries that required licencing are alcohol,
cigarattes, industrial explosives, defence product, drugs &
pharmaceuticals, hazardous chemicals, etc.
•
39. • 2. Liberalisation of foreign investment :-
The necessity to obtain approval for foreign
investment from various government authority
often caused delayed. At present FDI is 100 % in
certain sectors such as infrastructure, exports,
hotels, tourism, etc. The Liberalisation of FDI has
resulted in certain benefits such as increased in
inflow of foreign capital, Development of skills of
Indian personnels due to foreign MNCs training
transfer of technology by foreign partners to Indian
firms.
40. • 3. Liberalization of foreign technology imports :-
The liberalized import of foreign technology led to
technological improvement in Indian industries.
This helped in getting automatic permission for
foreign technology imports and no permission was
required for hiring foreign technicians & foreign
technology testing.
41. • 4. Liberalisation of industrial location :-
The Industrial Policy 1991 stated that, there is no
need to obtain approval from central government
for industrial location. This enabled the Indian firms
to set up industries at a right location of their
choice without much interference from
government authority.
42. • 5. Liberal taxation :-
The government of India has introduced liberal
reduction in taxation rates on direct tax & indirect
tax, customs, excise, service which has greatly
benefited the firms operating in
43. • Advantages of Liberalisation :-
1. Increase in foreign investment.
2. Increase in efficiency of domestic firms.
3. Rise in the rate of economic growth.
4. Control of price.
44. • Disadvantages of Liberalisation :-
1. Increase in unemployment.
2. Loss to domestic unit.
3. Increased dependence on foreign nation.
4. Unbalanced development of sectors.
45. • based on the assumption that market forces could
guide the economy in a more effective manner than
government control. Examples of one of other
undeveloped countries like Korea, Thailand,
Singapore, etc. that had achieved rapid economic
development as a result of liberalization were kept
in consideration.
46. PRIVATIZATION
• Privatization is most of the time associated with improved
efficiency due to the profit incentive. Private companies
will ensure they improve their operational efficiency in
order to reduce their costs and improve on profits.
• It reduces government intervention and their role will be
confined to produce only those which have high public
utility thus reduces their budget constraints
47. • World bank(1988):-is broadly defined as increased
private sector participation in the management and
ownership of activities and assets controlled and
owned by the government.
• privatization implies the policy meant to give the
greater role to the market mechanism and lessen
the government intervention in the economy
• The prime purpose of privatization is to make
industries competitive by transforming public sector
ownership and control to the private sector.
48. PRIVATIZATION IN NEPALESE ECONOMY
• With the formation of the first elected government in
1991 under the prime minister ship of G.P. Koirala in 1991,
privatization policy got encouraged in different forms
• three PEs i.e. “Bhrikuti Paper Mills”, “Harisiddhi Brick and
Tile Factory” and “Bansbari Leather and Shoe Factory”
were sold to private individuals
49. • The objectives of the phase wise program of privatization were
reducing financial and administrative burden of government,
improving operational efficiency and involving the participation of
general public and the private sector in the management of public
enterprises.
• privatization encourages industrialization, it also provides/
generates employment opportunities in private sectors
50. THE TWO ELEMENTS OF PRIVATISATION ARE AS FOLLOWS :
• 1. Dereservation of public sectors :-
The dereservation of public sectors has enabled the entry of private
sectors in those industries which were reserve only for public sectors.
This has led to improve customers service & efficiency of the firms. At
present, 3 industries has reserved for public sector are Railways,
Automatic energy, & Specified minerals.
• 2. Dis-investment of Public sector :-
Dis-investment is a process of selling government equity in PSUs (Public
Sector Undertaking) to private parties. The disinvestment is undertaken
to achieve good customers service, overcome political interference,
overcome corruption in PSUs, improve efficiency of PSUs.
51. MERITS OF PRIVATIZATION
• Increase in efficiency
• Professional management
• Increase in competition
• In line with international trends
• Reduction in economic burden of government
• Increase in industrial growth
• Increase in foreign investment
• Encourage to new innovation.
52. • L = Removing the restrictions for better economic
development.
• P= shift control to private sector for better services.
• G= Allowing foreign trade & investment.
53. DRIVERS OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
• A. Globalization of Markets
• B. Globalization of Production:
• C. Falling Barriers to Trade and Investment
• D. Technological Innovation:
54. A. GLOBALIZATION OF MARKETS
• It refers to the merging of national markets into one
huge global marketplace. Now selling
internationally is easier due to falling barriers to
cross-border trade.
• A company doesn’t have to be the size of these
multinational giants to facilitate and benefit from
the globalization of markets. It is important to offer
a standard product to the worldwide.
55. • But very significant differences still exist between
national markets like consumer tastes, preferences,
legal regulations, cultural systems.
• These differences require that marketing strategies
in order to match the conditions in a country. To
illustrate, Wal-Mart may still need to vary their
product from country depending on local tastes and
preferences.
56. B. GLOBALIZATION OF PRODUCTION:
• It refers to the sourcing of goods and services
from locations around the world to take
advantage of national differences in the cost
and quality of factors of production.
• The idea is to compete more effectively
offering a product with good quality and
low cost.
•
57. • For example, Nike is considered one of the leading
marketers of athletic shoes and apparel on the
world. The company has some overseas factories
where has achieved a super production with low
cost. Unfortunately Nike has been a target of
protest and persistent accusations that its products
are made in sweatshops with poor working
conditions. The company has signaled a
commitment to improving working conditions, but
in spite of the fact, the attacks continue
58. C. FALLING BARRIERS TO TRADE AND INVESTMENT
• The falling of barriers to international trade enables firms
to view the world as their market.
• The lowering of barrier to trade and investments also
allows firms to base production at the optimal location for
that activity.
• Thus, a firm might design a product in one country,
produce a component parts in two other countries,
assemble the product in another country and then export
the finished product around the world.
59. • The lowering of trade barriers has facilitated the
globalization of production. The evidence also suggests
that foreign direct investment is playing an increasing role
in the global economy
60. D. TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION:
• Technological changes have achieved advances in
communication, information processing, and
transportation technology, including the Internet
and the World Wide Web (www)