This document introduces key concepts in computer organization and architecture, highlighting the differences between the two. It explains that computer architecture refers to the functional behavior of a computer system while organization pertains to the structural relationships. The document outlines components such as the CPU, main memory, and I/O systems, as well as their interconnections, detailing their roles in data processing, storage, and movement.

1. Computer Organization
and Architecture
Chapter 1
Introduction

2. Architecture & Organization 1
Difference between computer
organization and architecture
•Computer architecture: is a functional
behaviour of computer system
•Architecture describes what the computer
does .
•Computer organization: deals with
structural relationship
•Organization describes how it does it

4. Structure & Function
• Structure is the way in which components
relate to each other
• Function is the operation of individual
components as part of the structure

5. Function
• All computer functions are:
—Data processing
—Data storage
—Data movement
—Control

6. Functional View

7. Operations (a) Data movement

8. Operations (b) Storage

9. Operation (c) Processing from/to storage

10. Operation (d)
Processing from storage to I/O

11. Top Level Structure
• Central processing unit (CPU):
Controls the operation of the computer
and performs its data processing
functions; often simply referred to as
processor.
• Main memory: Stores data.
• I/O: Moves data between the computer
and its external environment.

12. Top Level Structure
• System interconnection: Some
mechanism that provides for
communication among CPU, main
memory, and I/O. A common example of
system interconnection is by means of a
system bus, consisting of a number of
conducting wires to which all the other
components attach.

13. CPU Components
• Control unit: Controls the operation of
the CPU and hence the computer
• Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU):
Performs the computer’s data processing
functions
• Registers: Provides storage internal to
the CPU
• CPU interconnection: Some mechanism
that provides for communication among
the control unit,ALU,and registers

14. Structure - Top Level
Computer
Main
Memory
Input
Output
Systems
Interconnection
Peripherals
Communication
lines
Central
Processing
Unit
Computer

15. Structure - The CPU
Computer Arithmetic
and
Login Unit
Control
Unit
Internal CPU
Interconnection
Registers
CPU
I/O
Memory
System
Bus
CPU

16. Structure - The Control Unit
CPU
Control
Memory
Control Unit
Registers and
Decoders
Sequencing
Login
Control
Unit
ALU
Registers
Internal
Bus
Control Unit

17. •END