The document outlines the fundamentals of Computer Organization and Architecture (COA), detailing its importance in understanding computer systems' structure and operation. It explains key components such as the Central Processing Unit (CPU), main memory, input/output processes, and data management functions, emphasizing the hierarchical nature of modern computer systems. The text also covers distinctions between computer architecture and organization, illustrating how design choices impact performance and functionality.

1. ABOUT ME
 MATTHEW COBBINAH
 0547900989
 matthew.cobbinah@cauc-ghana.edu.gh
 profmatthew.2020@gmail.com

2. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE
(COA)

3. RECOMMENDED BOOK
WILLIAM, STALLINGS. "COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE: DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE." (2010).

4. ASSESSMENT:
 1. Class test = 15mks
 2. Assignment(s)-= 20mks
 3. Attendance-= 5mks
 4. Final Exam= 60mks
 TOTAL (1+2+3+4) = 100mks

5. PART 1
OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

6. WHAT IS COMPUTER DESIGN?
 Computer design means changing the structure or function of
computers in one area to compensate for a performance mismatch
in another area.

7. WHAT IS A COMPUTER SYSTEM?
 A computer system, like any system, consists of an interrelated set
of components.
 The system is best characterized in terms of structure—the way
in which components are interconnected, and function—the
operation of the individual components.

8. WHAT IS COMPUTER ORGANIZATION?
 Computer organization refers to the operational units and their
interconnections that realize the architectural specifications.
 Is the way the hardware components are inter-connected to form a computer
system.
 Examples of Computer Organization Attributes:
 Control signals
 Interfaces between the computer and peripherals
 Memory technology being used

9. WHAT IS COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE?
 Refers to those attributes that have a direct impact on the logical
execution of a program.
 It also refers to those attributes of a system visible to a
programmer
 It is often used interchangeably with Instruction Set
Architecture (ISA).

10. WHAT IS COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE?
 The ISA defines instruction formats, instruction opcodes, registers,
instruction and data memory; the effect of executed instructions on
the registers and memory; and an algorithm for controlling
instruction execution.

11. WHAT IS COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE?
 Examples of Computer Architecture Attributes:
 Instruction set
 Number of bits used to represent various data types (e.g. numbers,
characters)
 I/O mechanisms
 Memory addressing techniques

12. SO WHAT IS COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE?
 COA is a study about the structure and function of computers.
(i.e., the nature and characteristics of modern-day computer systems)
 COA is meant to provide thorough discussion of the fundamentals
of computer organization and architecture and to relate these to
contemporary design issues.

13. SO WHAT IS COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE?...
COA: concerned with the structure and behavior of various
functional modules (hardware & software) of a digital computer and
how they interact to meet users’ requirements.

14. COA
 For example;
 It is an architectural design issue whether a computer will have an add
instruction.
 But it is an organizational design issue whether that instruction will be
implemented by a special add unit
 So, the fact that an add instruction is available is a computer architecture issue,
and how that add instruction is implemented is a computer organization issue.

15. COA
 Many computer manufacturers offer a family of computer models, all with the
same architecture but with differences in organization
 Th effect is that different models in the family will have different price and
performance characteristics.
 So, a particular architecture can span many years and encompass a number of
different computer models, while its organization will be changing with
changing technology

16. PART 2
GENERAL FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS

17. GENERAL FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF DIGITAL
COMPUTERS:
 Computers are complex systems, with over millions of elementary electronic
components
 To describe their complexities, is to recognize their hierarchical nature,
either from a top-down approach or from a bottom-up approach.
 However, the top-down approach is the clearest and most effective
approach.
 A hierarchical system consists of a set of interrelated subsystems, with
each of the subsystems, in turn, hierarchical in structure until we reach some
lowest level of elementary subsystem

18. GENERAL FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF DIGITAL
COMPUTERS:
 The designer need only deal with a particular level of the system at a
time.
 At each level, the designer is concerned with the structure and the
function
 Structure: The way the individual components are interrelated
 Function: The operation of each individual component as part of the
structure

19. BASIC FUNCTION OFTHE COMPUTER SYSTEM
 Computers basically perform four functions
1. Data processing: Data may take a wide variety of forms, and the
range of processing requirements is broad.
2. Data storage: the computer must temporarily store data that are
being worked on at any given moment. (short-term data storage function)
and also a store the date for subsequent retrieval and update (long-term
data storage function).

20. BASIC FUNCTION OFTHE COMPUTER SYSTEM
 Computers basically perform four functions…
3. Data movement: The computer’s operating environment consists of
devices that serve as either sources or destinations of data.
 Input–output (I/O) process: when data is received from or delivered
to a device (peripheral) directly connected to the computer
 Data communications process: when data are moved over longer
distances, to or from a remote device
4. Control: Within the computer, a control unit manages the computer’s
resources and orchestrates the performance of its functional parts in
response to instructions.

21. MAIN STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
 There are four main structural components of a traditional single
processor computer

22. MAIN STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
 Structure
1. Central processing unit (CPU): Controls the operation of the computer and
performs its data processing functions; often simply referred to as processor.
2. Main memory: Stores data.
3. I/O: Moves data between the computer and its external environment.
4. System interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for communication
among CPU, main memory, and I/O.
 A common example of system interconnection is by means of a system bus, consisting of
a number of conducting wires to which all the other components attach.

23. THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
 The CPU is the portion of a computer that fetches and executes instructions.
 The CPU is known as the processor in a system with a single processing unit.
 Processor is a physical piece of silicon containing one or more cores.
 The processor is the computer component that interprets and executes instructions.

24. THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
 Modern computers come with increasing use of multiple processors in a single
computer
 When these processors all reside on a single chip, the term multicore computer is
used
 If a processor contains multiple cores, it is referred to as a multicore processor.
 Each processing unit (consisting of a control unit, ALU, registers, and perhaps cache)
is called a core.
 So a Core is an individual processing unit on a processor chip.
 A core may be equivalent in functionality to a CPU on a single-CPU system

25. THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
 Major Structural Component of the CPU

26. THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
 Major Structural Component of the CPU
1. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs data processing functions.
2. Control unit: Controls CPU operation and hence the computer.
3. Registers: Provides internal storage to the CPU.
4. CPU interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for communication among
the control unit,ALU, and registers.

27. COMPUTER STRUCTURE IN PICTURE

28. T FOR THANKS