The document discusses the topics of computer organization and architecture. It describes the five classic components of a computer as input, output, memory, datapath and control. Memory can be main memory like DRAM or cache memory like SRAM, and secondary storage like disks. The document outlines prerequisites, books, course objectives, and outcomes for learning about computer organization and architecture. It covers topics like instruction sets, computer arithmetic, memory organization, control units, I/O organization, and parallel processing.

1. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE

2. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE

3. THE FIVE CLASSIC COMPONENTS
OF A COMPUTER
Input (mouse, keyboard, …)
Output (display, printer, …)
Memory
 main (DRAM), cache (SRAM)
 secondary (disk,
CD, DVD, …)
Datapath
Control
Input
Processor
Control
Datapath
Output
Memory
1001010010110000
0010100101010001
1111011101100110
1001010010110000
1001010010110000
1001010010110000
Processor
(CPU)

4. PREREQUISITES
1. BASIC CONCEPT IN DIGITAL CIRCUIT.
2. FAMILIRITY WITH PROGRAMMING LANGAUGE.-C, C++
BOOKS
1. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE: DESIGNING FOR
PERFORMANCE BY WILLIAM STALLING.
2. COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE” BY M. MORRIS MANO.

5. COURSE OBJECTIVES
The students will learn,
1. How the computer system works & its basic
principles.
2. Instruction level architecture.
3. Instruction level parallelism and knowledge on
micro programming.
4. Memory organization, I/O organization and
how they are accessed.

6. COURSE OUTCOME
At the end of Course students will be able to
CO1 Describe the fundamental organization of a
computer system.
CO2 Describe various addressing modes, Instruction
types and execution of the instructions.
CO3 Explain representation of Integer and Floating
Point and their arithmetic.
CO4 Explain Memory Organization.
CO5 Explain I/O and Describe the basics of hardwired
and micro-
programmed control of the CPU, pipelined
architecture.

7. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE
CA Methodologies:
CA I : PRESENTATION (Based on Unit 1, Unit 2)
CA II : Quiz(Based on Unit 3, Unit 4)

8. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE
Unit 1-Introduction : Concept of computer organization and architecture, Fundamental unit,
Computer function and interconnection, CPU structure and function. ( Computer Organization
& Architecture-10th addition- William Stalling- Chapter 1 and Chapter 3)
Unit 2-Instruction Sets : Characteristics, Types of operands, Types of operations, Assembly
language, Addressing modes, Instruction format, Types of instruction, Instruction execution,
Machine state and processor status, Structure of program, Introduction to RISC and CISC
architecture. ( Computer Organization & Architecture-10th addition- William Stalling-Chapter
12.1,12.2,12.4,13.1,13.2,13.3,13.4,13.5)
Unit 3-Computer Arithmetic: The arithmetic and logic Unit, Integer representation, Integer
arithmetic, Floating point representation, Floating point arithmetic, Introduction of arithmetic
co-processor. ( Computer Organization & Architecture-10th addition- William Stalling-
Chapter 10)

9. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE
Unit 4-Memory Organization : Internal Memory: Semiconductor main memory, Error
correction, Advanced DRAM organization, Virtual memory systems and cache memory
systems. External Memory: Organization and characteristics of magnetic disk, Magnetic tape,
Optical memory, RAID, Memory controllers. ( Computer Organization & Architecture-10th
addition- William Stalling-Chapter 5 and chapter 6)
Unit 5-Control Unit and Input / Output Organization: Control unit operation: Micro-
operations, Control of the processor, Hardwired implementation, Micro- programmed Control
Unit, Basic concepts, Micro-instruction sequencing, Micro-instruction execution, Applications
of micro-programming. ( Computer Organization & Architecture-10th addition- William
Stalling-Chapter 20 and 21) Input/output Organization: External devices, I/O module,
Programmed I/O, Interrupt driven I/O, Direct memory access, I/O channels and processors,
External interface. ( Computer Organization & Architecture-10th addition- William Stalling-
Chapter 7(7.1 to 7.8) Instruction pipe-lining (Chapter 14.4): Concepts. Parallel processing:
Multiple processor organization, Symmetric multiprocessor, Cache coherence and the MESI
protocol. (Chapter 17(17.1 to 17.3)

10. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE
PREREQUISITES
1. Binary Number System & its arithmetic.
2. Digital Logics.
3. Logic Gates.
4. One bit Memory Cell.

11. 1. NUMBER SYSTEM
Number Systems
a. Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
b. Octal 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
c. Hexa-Decimal 16 0,1,…8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
d. Binary 2 0,1

12. 1. BINARY NUMBER & IT’S ARITHMETIC'S
Binary:-
0 and 1 ( Data, Control word….Everything flowing inside computers
wire and in memory)
Binary Arithmetic:-
a. Addition
b. Subtraction
c. Multiplication
d. Division

13. 1. BINARY NUMBER & IT’S ARITHMETIC'S
Binary representation How to calculate Binary no.
value
2 Bit 3 Bit
Decim
al
Binary Decimal Binary
0 00 0 000
1 01 1 001
2 10 2 010
3 11 3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
8 4 2 1 Value
1 0 1 0 10
0 1 1
1 1 3
0 1 1 1 7
1 1 1 1 15
1 0 0 0 8
0 1 1 0 6

14. 1. BINARY NUMBER & IT’S ARITHMETIC'S
Addition
0 + 0 = 0
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 0 = 1
1 + 1 = 10 (which is 0, carry 1)

15. 1. BINARY NUMBER & IT’S ARITHMETIC'S
Subtraction
0 - 0 = 0
0 - 1 = 1 ( Borrow- 1)
1 - 0 = 1
1 - 1 = 0

16. 1. BINARY NUMBER & IT’S ARITHMETIC'S
Multiplication

17. 1. BINARY NUMBER & IT’S ARITHMETIC'S
Division

18. 2. DIGITAL LOGIC
Actual Electrical Level

19. 3. DIGITAL LOGIC
.
Logic Gates

20. 3. DIGITAL LOGIC
.
Inside Logic Gates

21. 4. ONE BIT MEMORY CELL

22. REGISTER ( 8 BIT)

23. CONCEPT OF COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
AND ARCHITECTURE
The architecture of a computer system can be
considered as a catalogue of tools or attributes that are
visible to the user such as instruction sets, number of
bits used for data, addressing techniques, etc. i.e.
Computer Architecture refers to those attributes of a
system that have a direct impact on the logical
execution of a program.
Examples: The instruction set
The number of bits used to represent various
data types I/O mechanisms

24. CONCEPT OF COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
AND ARCHITECTURE
Organization of a computer system defines the way
system is structured so that all those catalogued tools
can be used. The significant components of Computer
organization are ALU, CPU, memory and memory
organization.
Computer Organization refers to the operational units
and their interconnections that realize the architectural
specifications.
Example:
Control signals

25. CONCEPT OF COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
AND ARCHITECTURE
Lets be clear,
The fact that a multiply instruction is available is a
computer architecture issue. How that multiply is
implemented is a computer organization issue.
• Architecture is those attributes visible to the
programmer such as Instruction set, number of bits
used for data representation, I/O mechanisms,
addressing techniques. e.g. Is there a multiply
instruction?
• Organization is how features are implemented o
Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. e.g. Is

26. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPUTER
ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE
Computer Architecture Computer Organization
Architecture involves Logic
(Instruction sets, Addressing
modes, Data types, Cache
optimization)
Organization involves Physical
Components (Circuit design,
Adders, Signals, Peripherals)
Computer Architecture deals
with high-level design issues.
Computer Organization deals
with low-level design issues.
While designing a computer
system architecture is
considered first.
An organization is done on the
basis of architecture.
Computer Architecture helps
us to understand the
functionalities of a system.
Computer Organization tells us
how exactly all the units in the
system are arranged and
interconnected.

27. FUNDAMENTAL UNITS

28. INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL
COMPONENTS

29. INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL
COMPONENTS

30. INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL
COMPONENTS

31. INTERCONNECTION BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL
COMPONENTS

32. CPU STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
STRUCTURE IS THE WAY IN WHICH COMPONENTS RELATE TO
EACH OTHER
FUNCTION IS THE OPERATION OF INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS
AS PART OF THE STRUCTURE

33. CPU STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION- ALL PROCESSOR

34. CPU STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION- ALL PROCESSOR

35. CPU STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION- ALL PROCESSOR

36. CPU STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION-8085 PROCESSOR

37. MEMORY SEGMENTATION IN 8086 MEMORY

38. CPU STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION-8086 PROCESSOR