Statically Checked Physical Dimensions for Haskell
Slides for a talk at the Boston Haskell meetup about dimensional, a Haskell library for statically-checked computing with physical quantities.
COM1407: Type Casting, Command Line Arguments and Defining Constants Hemantha Kulathilake
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Define type cast and type promotion in C programming language.
Define command line arguments in C Programming language.
Declare constants according to the C programming.
Apply math.h header file for problem solving.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
The document discusses C-strings and the standard string class in C++. It covers:
- C-strings can represent strings using character arrays terminated with a null character. They are declared as "char name[size]";
- Functions like strcpy, strcat, and strcmp can manipulate and compare C-strings. getline can read a whole line into a C-string.
- atoi, atol, atof can convert C-strings to integers, long integers and doubles for numeric processing.
- The standard string class provides an alternative to C-strings that allows strings to be treated as basic data types.
The document discusses C-strings and the C++ string class. It covers declaring and initializing C-strings, common functions like strcpy and strcmp, and reading/writing C-strings. It then introduces the standard string class, how to assign and concatenate string objects, and input/output functions like getline that work with strings.
This document discusses strings in C++. It defines a string as a sequence of characters and provides examples of single character constants like 'h' and string constants like "hello". It describes two ways to declare strings in C++ - using a C-style character array or the standard string class. It also demonstrates different ways to initialize and copy strings, including using string constants, character constants, the length operator, and user input. Finally, it lists some common string functions like strcpy(), strcat(), strlen(), and strcmp().
This document discusses strings in C++. It begins by explaining that strings are stored as character arrays terminated by a null character. It then covers declaring and initializing strings, accessing characters within strings, inputting and outputting strings using cin, gets(), and getline(), and comparing and copying strings. The document also discusses two-dimensional character arrays for storing arrays of strings. It provides examples of initializing, inputting, and displaying 2D string arrays.
The document discusses different types of arrays in C including one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multi-dimensional arrays. It explains how to declare, initialize, and access array elements. Examples are provided to demonstrate array operations like addition, multiplication, and passing arrays to functions. The use of arrays to store strings and various string handling functions are also covered.
The document discusses strings in C programming language. It provides details about:
- Strings are arrays of characters terminated by a null character '\0'.
- Common functions to declare, initialize, print and manipulate strings like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp() etc.
- Important points about receiving and processing multi-word strings using scanf(), gets() and puts().
- Implementation of some string handling functions like xstrlen(), xstrcpy() to demonstrate their working.
APassengerKnockOnDelayModelForTimetableOptimisation_beamerPeter Sels
The document presents a model for optimizing passenger travel time in train timetabling by accounting for knock-on delays. It develops a stochastic goal function to minimize expected passenger transfer time considering primary delays and knock-on effects. Graph-based approaches are used to derive knock-on time and linearize it for optimization. Results show the optimized schedule reduces expected passenger time by 2.44% compared to the original planned schedule.
COM1407: Type Casting, Command Line Arguments and Defining Constants Hemantha Kulathilake
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Define type cast and type promotion in C programming language.
Define command line arguments in C Programming language.
Declare constants according to the C programming.
Apply math.h header file for problem solving.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
The document discusses C-strings and the standard string class in C++. It covers:
- C-strings can represent strings using character arrays terminated with a null character. They are declared as "char name[size]";
- Functions like strcpy, strcat, and strcmp can manipulate and compare C-strings. getline can read a whole line into a C-string.
- atoi, atol, atof can convert C-strings to integers, long integers and doubles for numeric processing.
- The standard string class provides an alternative to C-strings that allows strings to be treated as basic data types.
The document discusses C-strings and the C++ string class. It covers declaring and initializing C-strings, common functions like strcpy and strcmp, and reading/writing C-strings. It then introduces the standard string class, how to assign and concatenate string objects, and input/output functions like getline that work with strings.
This document discusses strings in C++. It defines a string as a sequence of characters and provides examples of single character constants like 'h' and string constants like "hello". It describes two ways to declare strings in C++ - using a C-style character array or the standard string class. It also demonstrates different ways to initialize and copy strings, including using string constants, character constants, the length operator, and user input. Finally, it lists some common string functions like strcpy(), strcat(), strlen(), and strcmp().
This document discusses strings in C++. It begins by explaining that strings are stored as character arrays terminated by a null character. It then covers declaring and initializing strings, accessing characters within strings, inputting and outputting strings using cin, gets(), and getline(), and comparing and copying strings. The document also discusses two-dimensional character arrays for storing arrays of strings. It provides examples of initializing, inputting, and displaying 2D string arrays.
The document discusses different types of arrays in C including one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multi-dimensional arrays. It explains how to declare, initialize, and access array elements. Examples are provided to demonstrate array operations like addition, multiplication, and passing arrays to functions. The use of arrays to store strings and various string handling functions are also covered.
The document discusses strings in C programming language. It provides details about:
- Strings are arrays of characters terminated by a null character '\0'.
- Common functions to declare, initialize, print and manipulate strings like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp() etc.
- Important points about receiving and processing multi-word strings using scanf(), gets() and puts().
- Implementation of some string handling functions like xstrlen(), xstrcpy() to demonstrate their working.
APassengerKnockOnDelayModelForTimetableOptimisation_beamerPeter Sels
The document presents a model for optimizing passenger travel time in train timetabling by accounting for knock-on delays. It develops a stochastic goal function to minimize expected passenger transfer time considering primary delays and knock-on effects. Graph-based approaches are used to derive knock-on time and linearize it for optimization. Results show the optimized schedule reduces expected passenger time by 2.44% compared to the original planned schedule.
The first lecture of the ACM Aleppo CPC training. The local contest of ICPC. This lecture will help you get started in programming contests word with the lower bound techniques. The lectures focus on the C++ programming language and the STL library to solve programming problems.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines a function as a block of code that performs a task. Functions make code more modular and reusable. There are two types of functions: predefined/library functions and user-defined functions. User-defined functions allow programmers to create their own functions. Functions help reduce code length and make programs easier to design, understand and debug. Parameters and return values allow functions to accept input and return output. Pointers and recursion are also discussed.
This document discusses handling of character strings in C programming. It covers declaring and initializing string variables as character arrays, reading strings from the terminal using scanf() and gets(), writing strings to the screen using printf() and puts(), performing arithmetic operations and comparisons on characters, concatenating strings, and commonly used string handling functions like strcpy(), strcat(), and strcmp().
This document provides an overview of string handling in C programming. It discusses how strings are represented as character arrays and terminated with a null character. It describes declaring, initializing, and manipulating strings through built-in string functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcmp(), strcat(), strlwr(), and strrev(). Examples are given to illustrate how each string function works and how to use them to process strings as complete entities.
The second lecture of the ACM Aleppo CPC training. The local contest of ICPC. This lecture will help you get started in programming contests word with the lower bound techniques. The lectures focus on the C++ programming language and the STL library to solve programming problems.
This document provides an introduction to strings in C programming. It discusses that strings are arrays of characters terminated by a null character. It explains how to declare and initialize strings, and provides examples of simple string programs. It also lists common string functions like strlen(), strcpy(), and strcat(), and provides examples of using each function. The document is intended as a presentation on strings for C programming.
The document discusses strings in C and C++. It explains that strings are not a built-in data type in C/C++ and describes C-style strings as character arrays terminated by a null character. It also discusses C++ string classes like std::string. The document provides examples of using C-style strings and C++ strings. It describes common string functions in C++ for manipulating and comparing strings.
A string in C is an array of characters that ends with a null character '\0'. Strings are stored in memory as arrays of characters with the null character added to the end. Common string operations in C include declaring and initializing strings, reading strings from users, and built-in string handling functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), and strcmp().
The document discusses C programming structures and unions. It explains that structures allow grouping of logically related data of different types, and allocates memory for each member contiguously. Unions similarly group data, but allocate space for the largest member only. The summary describes how structures can be defined, initialized, assigned between variables, used in arrays and nested within each other. It also discusses passing structures to functions, functions returning structures, and differences between structures and unions in memory allocation. Finally, applications of structures in database management and other areas are presented.
1. A string is a one-dimensional array of characters terminated by a null character. Strings can be initialized during compilation or at runtime.
2. Common string functions like scanf(), gets(), getchar() are used to input strings while printf(), puts(), putchar() are used to output strings.
3. Library functions like strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp(), strlen() allow manipulation of strings like copying, concatenation, comparison and finding length.
This document provides an overview of string manipulation in C++. It discusses C-style strings and introduces C++ strings as objects of the string class. It describes various string constructors, functions for comparison, concatenation, insertion, extraction and other operations. Examples are given to demonstrate the use of functions like length(), capacity(), empty(), at(), find(), assign(), begin() and end(). The document is intended as a lecture on object-oriented string handling in C++.
This document discusses strings in C programming. It explains that a string in C is an array of characters that ends with a null character. Common string functions like strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp() are presented for copying, concatenating, and comparing strings. The document also discusses declaring and initializing string variables, storing strings in memory, input/output of strings, and justification of strings using printf(). Library functions for manipulating strings from the string.h header file are described.
A string is a data type used in programming, such as an integer and floating point unit, but is used to represent text rather than numbers. It is comprised of a set of characters that can also contain spaces and numbers. For example, the word "hamburger" and the phrase "I ate 3 hamburgers" are both strings.
Strings are arrays of characters that are null-terminated. They can be manipulated using functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), and strcmp(). The document discusses initializing and reading strings, passing strings to functions, and using string handling functions to perform operations like copying, concatenating, comparing, and reversing strings. It also describes arrays of strings, which are 2D character arrays used to store multiple strings. Examples are provided to demonstrate reading and sorting arrays of strings.
The document discusses strings in C++. It defines strings, describes how to declare and manipulate string objects using the string class in C++, and lists common string operations like concatenation, comparison, extracting substrings, searching/finding patterns, and inserting/replacing/deleting substrings. It also discusses how to work with C-style strings using functions in the <strings.h> library and character functions in <ctype.h>.
C Programming/Strings. A string in C is merely an array of characters. The length of a string is determined by a terminating null character: '-' . So, a string with the contents, say, "abc" has four characters: 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , and the terminating null character.
This document provides information about strings in C++. It defines a string as a collection of characters within double quotes. Strings are stored as character arrays terminated by a null character. The document discusses declaring and initializing strings, inputting strings from the user, and functions for manipulating strings like strcat(), strcmp(), and memcpy(). It also covers arrays of strings and comparing, concatenating, copying and other operations on strings.
This document provides information about an Introduction to Business module offered at Taylor's University. The 4-credit, 18-week module is designed to give students an understanding of basic business concepts including different types of businesses and how internal and external factors affect operations. Students will learn about the goals, functions, and social responsibilities of businesses. Assessment involves formative assessments like discussions and summative assessments like exams. The module uses student-centered learning approaches like group work and presentations.
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de heridas causadas por armas blancas y de fuego. Explica las características de heridas punzantes, cortantes y punzo-cortantes producidas por instrumentos como cuchillos, navajas y machetes. También describe las lesiones causadas por proyectiles de armas de fuego, incluyendo elementos indicadores como el orificio de entrada y salida, y el trayecto intraorgánico del proyectil. Finalmente, aborda quemaduras térmicas y eléctricas, así como traumas laborales
The first lecture of the ACM Aleppo CPC training. The local contest of ICPC. This lecture will help you get started in programming contests word with the lower bound techniques. The lectures focus on the C++ programming language and the STL library to solve programming problems.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines a function as a block of code that performs a task. Functions make code more modular and reusable. There are two types of functions: predefined/library functions and user-defined functions. User-defined functions allow programmers to create their own functions. Functions help reduce code length and make programs easier to design, understand and debug. Parameters and return values allow functions to accept input and return output. Pointers and recursion are also discussed.
This document discusses handling of character strings in C programming. It covers declaring and initializing string variables as character arrays, reading strings from the terminal using scanf() and gets(), writing strings to the screen using printf() and puts(), performing arithmetic operations and comparisons on characters, concatenating strings, and commonly used string handling functions like strcpy(), strcat(), and strcmp().
This document provides an overview of string handling in C programming. It discusses how strings are represented as character arrays and terminated with a null character. It describes declaring, initializing, and manipulating strings through built-in string functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcmp(), strcat(), strlwr(), and strrev(). Examples are given to illustrate how each string function works and how to use them to process strings as complete entities.
The second lecture of the ACM Aleppo CPC training. The local contest of ICPC. This lecture will help you get started in programming contests word with the lower bound techniques. The lectures focus on the C++ programming language and the STL library to solve programming problems.
This document provides an introduction to strings in C programming. It discusses that strings are arrays of characters terminated by a null character. It explains how to declare and initialize strings, and provides examples of simple string programs. It also lists common string functions like strlen(), strcpy(), and strcat(), and provides examples of using each function. The document is intended as a presentation on strings for C programming.
The document discusses strings in C and C++. It explains that strings are not a built-in data type in C/C++ and describes C-style strings as character arrays terminated by a null character. It also discusses C++ string classes like std::string. The document provides examples of using C-style strings and C++ strings. It describes common string functions in C++ for manipulating and comparing strings.
A string in C is an array of characters that ends with a null character '\0'. Strings are stored in memory as arrays of characters with the null character added to the end. Common string operations in C include declaring and initializing strings, reading strings from users, and built-in string handling functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), and strcmp().
The document discusses C programming structures and unions. It explains that structures allow grouping of logically related data of different types, and allocates memory for each member contiguously. Unions similarly group data, but allocate space for the largest member only. The summary describes how structures can be defined, initialized, assigned between variables, used in arrays and nested within each other. It also discusses passing structures to functions, functions returning structures, and differences between structures and unions in memory allocation. Finally, applications of structures in database management and other areas are presented.
1. A string is a one-dimensional array of characters terminated by a null character. Strings can be initialized during compilation or at runtime.
2. Common string functions like scanf(), gets(), getchar() are used to input strings while printf(), puts(), putchar() are used to output strings.
3. Library functions like strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp(), strlen() allow manipulation of strings like copying, concatenation, comparison and finding length.
This document provides an overview of string manipulation in C++. It discusses C-style strings and introduces C++ strings as objects of the string class. It describes various string constructors, functions for comparison, concatenation, insertion, extraction and other operations. Examples are given to demonstrate the use of functions like length(), capacity(), empty(), at(), find(), assign(), begin() and end(). The document is intended as a lecture on object-oriented string handling in C++.
This document discusses strings in C programming. It explains that a string in C is an array of characters that ends with a null character. Common string functions like strcpy(), strcat(), strcmp() are presented for copying, concatenating, and comparing strings. The document also discusses declaring and initializing string variables, storing strings in memory, input/output of strings, and justification of strings using printf(). Library functions for manipulating strings from the string.h header file are described.
A string is a data type used in programming, such as an integer and floating point unit, but is used to represent text rather than numbers. It is comprised of a set of characters that can also contain spaces and numbers. For example, the word "hamburger" and the phrase "I ate 3 hamburgers" are both strings.
Strings are arrays of characters that are null-terminated. They can be manipulated using functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), and strcmp(). The document discusses initializing and reading strings, passing strings to functions, and using string handling functions to perform operations like copying, concatenating, comparing, and reversing strings. It also describes arrays of strings, which are 2D character arrays used to store multiple strings. Examples are provided to demonstrate reading and sorting arrays of strings.
The document discusses strings in C++. It defines strings, describes how to declare and manipulate string objects using the string class in C++, and lists common string operations like concatenation, comparison, extracting substrings, searching/finding patterns, and inserting/replacing/deleting substrings. It also discusses how to work with C-style strings using functions in the <strings.h> library and character functions in <ctype.h>.
C Programming/Strings. A string in C is merely an array of characters. The length of a string is determined by a terminating null character: '-' . So, a string with the contents, say, "abc" has four characters: 'a' , 'b' , 'c' , and the terminating null character.
This document provides information about strings in C++. It defines a string as a collection of characters within double quotes. Strings are stored as character arrays terminated by a null character. The document discusses declaring and initializing strings, inputting strings from the user, and functions for manipulating strings like strcat(), strcmp(), and memcpy(). It also covers arrays of strings and comparing, concatenating, copying and other operations on strings.
This document provides information about an Introduction to Business module offered at Taylor's University. The 4-credit, 18-week module is designed to give students an understanding of basic business concepts including different types of businesses and how internal and external factors affect operations. Students will learn about the goals, functions, and social responsibilities of businesses. Assessment involves formative assessments like discussions and summative assessments like exams. The module uses student-centered learning approaches like group work and presentations.
Este documento describe diferentes tipos de heridas causadas por armas blancas y de fuego. Explica las características de heridas punzantes, cortantes y punzo-cortantes producidas por instrumentos como cuchillos, navajas y machetes. También describe las lesiones causadas por proyectiles de armas de fuego, incluyendo elementos indicadores como el orificio de entrada y salida, y el trayecto intraorgánico del proyectil. Finalmente, aborda quemaduras térmicas y eléctricas, así como traumas laborales
This letter supports Mateus Lins Claudino's application for an unpaid internship, co-op, observership or practicum from May to August 2015. It confirms that the organization will not need to provide visa sponsorship, work authorization, or health insurance for Mateus as he is participating in the Brazil Scientific Mobility Program administered by the Institute of International Education. IIE will handle providing Mateus with work authorization and ensuring he remains in legal compliance to complete the academic training opportunity.
The Future is Here - San Antonio--world class innovation since 1745
WHAT IS STEM? STEM is CORE4 transforming existing situations to preferred situation.
This media is an visual arts and oratory exposition celebrating Core4, STEM—science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The production is a public service to the City and it’s future leaders delivered as a visual and oratory presented to 1800 Middle School boys from the Alamo City, November 18, 2015.
All copyrights and imagery are owned by 3rd parties, garnered from open source media on the Internet for this artistic oratory production.
By Jim Brazell, Ventureramp.com
This document provides a lesson on learning from our beginnings. It includes several tasks to help students understand the value of knowing how things came to be from our ancestors' perspectives. The first task involves having students fill out a K-W-L chart about the word "genesis". The second task asks students to create a graphic organizer using the letters in "BEGINNINGS". The last task involves practicing the correct use of pronouns that agree with their antecedents in sentences.
The document provides an overview of using social media for small businesses. It discusses the importance of listening to customers on various social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Yelp. It also provides best practices for engaging on each platform, such as responding to comments quickly, posting regularly and showing your brand's personality. The document emphasizes the commitment of time and resources needed to successfully harness social media.
This document discusses multisource feedback (MSF) and its use in physician assessment and revalidation. It provides evidence from various studies that MSF can reliably and validly assess physician competencies. However, it also notes limitations in terms of its ability to consistently change physician behavior and the high costs associated with MSF programs. Overall, the document presents both sides of the debate around using MSF as an essential component of physician revalidation.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Spotting an responding to institutional voids presentationAmi Thomas
This document discusses strategies for companies entering emerging markets. It notes that emerging markets have "institutional voids" like missing market intermediaries. Companies must evaluate these voids in four areas: product markets, labor markets, capital markets, and macro context. They can then develop adaptive strategies, like KFC hiring local managers in China. While Google intended to change China's censorship, the political system remained rigid. Overall, companies must understand local conditions, adapt strategies accordingly, and respond flexibly to institutional voids in emerging markets.
1) The document proposes using semantic filtering of Twitter data to improve tracking and prediction of influenza-like illnesses compared to existing keyword-based methods.
2) A two-step filtering approach is used - first filtering tweets for syndrome-related keywords, then further filtering based on semantic criteria like negation, emoticons, hashtags etc.
3) Evaluation shows the semantic filtering approach improves correlation with CDC influenza surveillance data compared to state-of-the-art keyword filtering methods, with the best method achieving a 98.46% correlation.
SEO is the process of optimizing a website to increase its visibility and ranking on search engines. This involves the use of relevant keywords, link building, and adjusting content and metadata for both desktop and mobile users. Social media optimization (SMO) is also important and involves engaging audiences on various social networks to increase brand awareness and drive traffic to the website. Both SEO and SMO require understanding user search behavior and trends to optimize for relevant keywords and topics.
This document discusses a water purifier product from Kent. It begins by outlining the global issue of lack of access to safe drinking water. It then discusses the health issues caused by unsafe water and the need for water purification. The document provides details on the types of impurities in water and features of a good purifier. It describes Kent's purifier technology which uses a 4-step RO and UV process to remove impurities. Performance data shows high removal rates of contaminants. The document discusses the benefits of Kent's purifier and provides technical specifications and cost.
Romeo and Juliet fall in love at a Capulet party that Romeo attends with his friends in disguise. They are married in secret by Friar Lawrence. However, Romeo is banished after killing Juliet's cousin Tybalt in a duel. In an attempt to reunite with Romeo, Juliet takes a potion to fake her death, but the message doesn't reach Romeo and he commits suicide upon finding Juliet apparently dead. Juliet then kills herself upon learning of Romeo's death, ending the feud between the Montagues and Capulets.
1. This document provides numerical problems related to electric potential, electric potential energy, and capacitance. It includes 55 problems covering topics like calculating potential due to point charges, work done in electric fields, potential energy of charge configurations, capacitance of parallel plate and other capacitors, and energy stored in capacitors.
2. Many problems involve calculating electric potential, electric field intensity, or capacitance given charges and distances between charges or capacitor plate separations. Other problems calculate work done, potential energy, or energy stored in capacitors.
3. The problems cover basic concepts in electrostatics and capacitance and provide practice calculating various quantities using the fundamental equations for these topics.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. Regular exercise can improve cardiovascular health, reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, enhance mood, and boost brain health. Staying physically active for at least 30 minutes each day is recommended for significant health improvements.
http://www.prepositionchecker.com/ Don't you thaink that doing grammar and punctuation mistakes is awful? According to statistics people tend to make a lot of mistakes when it comes to preposition usage, check this guide out to avoid awkward moments!
Functional programming is getting a lot of attention because it eases many of the difficulties faced in object-oriented programming (OOP) such as testability, maintainability, scalability, and concurrency. Swift has a lot of functional programming features that can be easily used, but most of Objective-C and Swift programmers are not familiar with these concepts.
This talk aims to introduce some of the core concepts of functional programming with Swift such as:
• Importance of Immutability
• First-class, Higher-order and Pure functions
• Closures
• Generics and Associated Type Protocols
• Functors, Applicative Functors and Monads
• Enumerations and Pattern Matching
• Optionals
The Swift Compiler and Standard LibrarySantosh Rajan
The document discusses the Swift compiler, standard library, and key language features. It provides an overview of the Swift compiler's location and how to compile and run Swift programs from the command line. It also summarizes the main types, protocols, operators and global functions that are included in Swift's standard library.
The document discusses the Number class in Java. It provides methods for converting between primitive numeric types like int and their corresponding wrapper classes like Integer. The Number class is an abstract class that all wrapper classes like Integer extend. It contains methods for common operations on numbers like comparison, conversion to primitive types, parsing strings, and mathematical operations. The document lists and describes over 20 methods in the Number class.
Patterns and practices for real-world event-driven microservices by Rachel Re...Codemotion Dubai
At Jet.com, we've based our architecture around cloud-based event-driven microservices, and over the last several months, have schooled ourselves on what works and what doesn't. This session will walk you through the lessons we have learned on our way to developing our platform.
Patterns and practices for real-world event-driven microservicesRachel Reese
Jet.com is an e-commerce startup competing with Amazon. We're heavy users of F#, and have based our architecture around Azure-based event-driven functional microservices. Over the last several months, we've schooled ourselves on what works and what doesn't for F# and microservices. This session will walk you through the lessons we have learned on our way to developing our platform.
This document provides information about the C# programming language. It discusses that C# is an object-oriented language that can be used to build a variety of applications like Windows and web. Visual C# .NET is Microsoft's integrated development environment (IDE) for building C# applications and is part of the Visual Studio suite. The document also covers C# language fundamentals like variables, data types, operators, and conditional statements.
The document discusses various computational concepts including expressions, selection, iteration, functions, and vectors. It explains that expressions are made up of operators and operands and discusses common operators. Selection uses if/else statements to choose between alternatives. Iteration is covered using a while loop example to calculate and print squares from 0 to 99. Functions allow naming and specifying sub-computations. Vectors are introduced to hold sequences of values for more realistic computations.
This document discusses functions in C programming. It defines what a function is and explains why we use functions. There are two types of functions - predefined and user-defined. User-defined functions have elements like function declaration, definition, and call. Functions can pass parameters by value or reference. The document also discusses recursion, library functions, and provides examples of calculating sine series using functions.
There are two ways to initialize a structure:
1. Initialize structure members individually when declaring structure variables:
struct point {
int x;
int y;
} p1 = {1, 2};
2. Initialize an anonymous structure and assign it to a variable:
struct point p2 = {3, 4};
Structures allow grouping of related data types together under one name. They are useful for representing records, objects, and other data aggregates. Structures can contain nested structures as members. Arrays of structures are also possible. Structures provide data abstraction by allowing access to their members using dot operator.
Functions in C can be defined by the user or come from standard libraries. User-defined functions must be declared with a name, return type, and parameters. Functions are called by passing actual arguments which are assigned to formal parameters. Arguments can be passed by value, where copies are used, or by reference, where the function accesses the original variables. Recursion is when a function calls itself, reducing the problem size each time until a base case is reached.
Functions in C allow programmers to package blocks of code that perform tasks. Functions make code reusable and easier to understand by separating code into modular units. A function has a name, list of arguments it takes, and code that is executed when the function is called. Functions can communicate between each other via parameters passed by value or by reference. Parameters passed by value are copied, so changes inside the function don't affect the original variable, while parameters passed by reference allow the function to modify the original variable. Functions can also call themselves recursively.
Deep Dive Into Swift - Presented at Coffee@DBG
In the previous month, Coffe@DBG Covered the basics of Swift, Apple's new programming language. This session introduces some of handpicked interesting features of Swift.
Oh Crap, I Forgot (Or Never Learned) C! [CodeMash 2010]Chris Adamson
The document provides an overview of the C programming language. It begins by explaining that Objective-C extends standard ANSI C with object-oriented capabilities. It then discusses why C remains important today due to its use in libraries, operating systems, and as the base for many other popular languages. The document proceeds to cover basic C concepts like variables, data types, functions, flow control, pointers, memory allocation, and I/O parameters. It emphasizes that C provides high performance with a minimal footprint while abstracting away the CPU and memory.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines what a function is and explains why functions are used to avoid duplicating code and make programs easier to design, understand and maintain. It describes the different types of functions like pre-defined and user-defined functions. It also covers function prototypes, parameters, return values, recursion, library functions and pointers.
The document provides an introduction to functional programming with F#. It discusses configuring the environment, the basics of the F# language, and building a text adventure game. Some key points covered include: the differences between functional and object-oriented programming; defining values, functions, and types in F#; pattern matching; working with lists, sequences, and other data structures; and applying concepts like mapping, filtering, and piping to collections. The document concludes by proposing a final exercise to build a text adventure game using the functional programming concepts discussed.
Introducing Kotlin — JVM-based language made by JetBrains. Kotlin takes aim at the age and perceived uncoolness of the Java with fresh and popular language features. It can do anything the Java language can do and more, but often with a more concise and pleasant syntax.
TypeScript is a superset of JavaScript that primarily adds support for static types, classes, and interfaces to the language without imposing constraints on JavaScript code. It is primarily used to enable catching errors earlier and providing better tooling support. Some key benefits of TypeScript include managing modules and namespaces, scoping variables, and adding type safety to JavaScript code. TypeScript code is compiled to plain JavaScript, so any valid JavaScript code is also valid TypeScript code.
Everything You Need to Know About X-Sign: The eSign Functionality of XfilesPr...XfilesPro
Wondering how X-Sign gained popularity in a quick time span? This eSign functionality of XfilesPro DocuPrime has many advancements to offer for Salesforce users. Explore them now!
Malibou Pitch Deck For Its €3M Seed Roundsjcobrien
French start-up Malibou raised a €3 million Seed Round to develop its payroll and human resources
management platform for VSEs and SMEs. The financing round was led by investors Breega, Y Combinator, and FCVC.
Top 9 Trends in Cybersecurity for 2024.pptxdevvsandy
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Because different businesses have different requirements, ERP system functionalities can vary. Among the various ERP systems available, Odoo ERP is considered one of the best in the ERp market with more than 12 million global users today.
Odoo is an open-source ERP system initially designed for small to medium-sized businesses but now suitable for a wide range of companies. Odoo offers a scalable and configurable point-of-sale management solution and allows you to create customised modules for specific industries. Odoo is gaining more popularity because it is built in a way that allows easy customisation, has a user-friendly interface, and is affordable. Here, you will cover the main differences and get to know why Odoo is gaining attention despite the many other ERP systems available in the market.
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4. Why Check Dimensions?
The usual reasons:
Mars Climate Orbiter
Gimli Glider (Air Canada Flight 143)
Both incidents involved more than just software, but you get the
idea.
5. Why Check Dimensions?
Types as Documentation
Type system requires source code documentation of units
where raw numeric values enter/leave the program
8. What Goodies Do We Have?
Types Reflect Dimensions, Not Units
Type-Level and Term-Level Dimensions
Strongly Kinded
9. What Goodies Do We Have?
Dimensional Arithmetic
Convenient Quantity Synonyms
type DLength = 'Dim 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 (morally)
type Length a = Quantity DLength a
type Capacitance a = ...
Pretty Printing
Choose display units with showIn
Show instance defaults to SI base units
Exact Conversion Factors Using exact-pi
10. What Goodies Do We Have?
Ultra-Minimal Dependencies
No Need for TH or Solver Plugins
Even to define new units
11. What Don’t We Have?
Custom dimensions or polymorphism over basis
12. What Don’t We Have?
Custom dimensions or polymorphism over basis
No frogs / square mile
13. What Don’t We Have?
Custom dimensions or polymorphism over basis
No frogs / square mile
You have to live with our decision not to encode angle as a
dimension, although doing so is potentially useful from an
engineering perspective
14. What Don’t We Have?
Custom dimensions or polymorphism over basis
No frogs / square mile
You have to live with our decision not to encode angle as a
dimension, although doing so is potentially useful from an
engineering perspective
CGS ESU units are treated as equivalents in SI basis
15. What Don’t We Have?
Torsors
No absolute temperatures, absolute times, etc.
See dimensional-dk-experimental
16. What Don’t We Have?
A Functor instance
Intentionally omitted, since it can be used to break
scale-invariance
17. What Don’t We Have?
A solid benchmark suite
Appropriate INLINE, SPECIALIZE, and RULES pragmas arising
from same
18. What Don’t We Have?
A type solver plugin, like Adam Gundry’s
It’s very useful for code that is heavily polymorphic in dimension.
For example, our attempts to build a usable dimensionally-typed
linear algebra library have been hampered by error messages of the
form:
Couldn't match type `((x / iv) / u) * u'
with `((x / iv) / x) * x'
I’m working on developing this, but could use some help.
21. Getting Started
Here’s an example word problem from the readme file:
A car travels at 60 kilometers per hour for one mile, at 50 kph for
one mile, at 40 kph for one mile, and at 30 kph for one mile.
How many minutes does the journey take?
What is the average speed of the car?
How many seconds does the journey take, rounded up to the
next whole second?
22. Readme Example Continued
{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}
module ReadmeExample where
import Numeric.Units.Dimensional.Prelude
import Numeric.Units.Dimensional.NonSI (mile)
23. Readme Example Continued
{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}
module ReadmeExample where
import Numeric.Units.Dimensional.Prelude
import Numeric.Units.Dimensional.NonSI (mile)
leg :: Length Double
leg = 1 *~ mile
24. Readme Example Continued
{-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}
module ReadmeExample where
import Numeric.Units.Dimensional.Prelude
import Numeric.Units.Dimensional.NonSI (mile)
leg :: Length Double
leg = 1 *~ mile
speeds :: [Velocity Double]
speeds = [60, 50, 40, 30] *~~ (kilo meter / hour)
33. exact-pi
data ExactPi = Exact Integer Rational
| Approximate (forall a.Floating a => a)
approximateValue :: Floating a => ExactPi -> a
Provides an exact representation of rational multiples of integer
powers of pi
34. exact-pi
data ExactPi = Exact Integer Rational
| Approximate (forall a.Floating a => a)
approximateValue :: Floating a => ExactPi -> a
Provides an exact representation of rational multiples of integer
powers of pi
Provides Num, Fractional, Floating instances which fall
back to Approximate where necessary
35. exact-pi
data ExactPi = Exact Integer Rational
| Approximate (forall a.Floating a => a)
approximateValue :: Floating a => ExactPi -> a
Provides an exact representation of rational multiples of integer
powers of pi
Provides Num, Fractional, Floating instances which fall
back to Approximate where necessary
Non-zero such numbers form a group under multiplication
36. exact-pi
data ExactPi = Exact Integer Rational
| Approximate (forall a.Floating a => a)
approximateValue :: Floating a => ExactPi -> a
Provides an exact representation of rational multiples of integer
powers of pi
Provides Num, Fractional, Floating instances which fall
back to Approximate where necessary
Non-zero such numbers form a group under multiplication
All exactly defined units we have encountered in practice have
an exact representation
37. exact-pi
data ExactPi = Exact Integer Rational
| Approximate (forall a.Floating a => a)
approximateValue :: Floating a => ExactPi -> a
Provides an exact representation of rational multiples of integer
powers of pi
Provides Num, Fractional, Floating instances which fall
back to Approximate where necessary
Non-zero such numbers form a group under multiplication
All exactly defined units we have encountered in practice have
an exact representation
Universal type of Approximate defers computations with pi,
+, etc. until after the desired result type has been selected.
38. igrf and atmos
We have dimensionally typed wrappers around some libraries that
provide physical information, for example
igrf, which implements the International Geomagnetic
Reference Field
atmos, which implements the 1976 International Standard
Atmosphere
41. Forthcoming Version 1.1
Improved support for dynamic quantities
Improvements to unit names that are necessary for proper
parsing
42. Forthcoming Version 1.1
Improved support for dynamic quantities
Improvements to unit names that are necessary for proper
parsing
Fixed-point quantities (details on next slide)
43. Forthcoming Version 1.1
Improved support for dynamic quantities
Improvements to unit names that are necessary for proper
parsing
Fixed-point quantities (details on next slide)
User manual
45. Forthcoming Fixed-Point Support
data Variant = DQuantity
| DUnit Metricality
type Quantity = Dimensional DQuantity
becomes
data Variant = DQuantity ExactPi -- scale factor
| DUnit Metricality
type SQuantity s = Dimensional (DQuantity s)
type Quantity = SQuantity One
46. Forthcoming Fixed-Point Support
import qualified GHC.TypeLits as N
import qualified Data.ExactPi.TypeLevel as E
-- A dimensionless number with n fractional bits,
-- using a representation of type a.
type Q n a = SQuantity (E.One E./
(E.ExactNatural (2 N.^ n))) DOne a
47. Forthcoming Fixed-Point Support
import qualified GHC.TypeLits as N
import qualified Data.ExactPi.TypeLevel as E
-- A dimensionless number with n fractional bits,
-- using a representation of type a.
type Q n a = SQuantity (E.One E./
(E.ExactNatural (2 N.^ n))) DOne a
-- A single-turn angle represented as
-- a signed 16-bit integer.
type Angle16 = SQuantity (E.Pi E./
(E.ExactNatural (2 N.^ 15)))
DPlaneAngle Int16
48. Forthcoming Fixed-Point Support
import qualified GHC.TypeLits as N
import qualified Data.ExactPi.TypeLevel as E
-- A dimensionless number with n fractional bits,
-- using a representation of type a.
type Q n a = SQuantity (E.One E./
(E.ExactNatural (2 N.^ n))) DOne a
-- A single-turn angle represented as
-- a signed 16-bit integer.
type Angle16 = SQuantity (E.Pi E./
(E.ExactNatural (2 N.^ 15)))
DPlaneAngle Int16
fast_sin :: Angle16 -> Q 15 Int16
49. Forthcoming Fixed-Point Support
import qualified GHC.TypeLits as N
import qualified Data.ExactPi.TypeLevel as E
-- A dimensionless number with n fractional bits,
-- using a representation of type a.
type Q n a = SQuantity (E.One E./
(E.ExactNatural (2 N.^ n))) DOne a
-- A single-turn angle represented as
-- a signed 16-bit integer.
type Angle16 = SQuantity (E.Pi E./
(E.ExactNatural (2 N.^ 15)))
DPlaneAngle Int16
fast_sin :: Angle16 -> Q 15 Int16
With Template Haskell we can do even better tricks.
50. Forthcoming Fixed-Point Support
data VehicleState = VehicleState {
lat :: Angle32,
lon :: Angle32,
altitutde :: [exact| mm ] Int32,
vnorth :: [exact| cm / s ] Int16,
veast :: [exact| cm / s ] Int16,
vdown :: [exact| cm / s ] Int16,
elapsedTime :: [exact| ms ] Word32,
pressure :: [exact| 0.1 Pa ] Word32
}
The only holdup here is some remaining work on the parser.
51. Fixed-Point Arithmetic
(+), (-) :: (Num a) => SQuantity s d a
-> SQuantity s d a
-> SQuantity s d a
abs, negate :: (Num a) => SQuantity s d a
-> SQuantity s d a
epsilon :: (Integral a) => SQuantity s d a
_0 :: Num a => SQuantity s d a
pi :: (Integral a, E.KnownExactPi s) => SQuantity s DOne a
53. Fixed-Point Arithmetic
(*~) :: (RealFrac a, Integral b, E.MinCtxt s a)
=> a -> Unit m d a -> SQuantity s d b
rescale :: (Integral a, Integral b,
E.KnownExactPi s1, E.KnownExactPi s2)
=> SQuantity s1 d a -> SQuantity s2 d b
54. Fixed-Point Arithmetic
(*~) :: (RealFrac a, Integral b, E.MinCtxt s a)
=> a -> Unit m d a -> SQuantity s d b
rescale :: (Integral a, Integral b,
E.KnownExactPi s1, E.KnownExactPi s2)
=> SQuantity s1 d a -> SQuantity s2 d b
rescaleVia :: (Integral a, Integral c,
RealFrac b, Floating b,
E.KnownExactPi s1, E.KnownExactPi s2)
=> Proxy b
-> SQuantity s1 d a -> SQuantity s2 d c
55. Linear Algebra
An n * m matrix doesn’t have n * m independent choices of
dimension, it only has n + m - 1. You can multiply A and B only
when the relationship between the dimensions of the columns of A is
the inverse of the relationship between the dimensions of the rows
of B.
We have a library that models this, but it isn’t particularly useful
without the typechecker plugin because only monomorphic uses of it
are checked.
If we can fix it up it will be very useful for control engineering
problems.
56. Contributing
Suggestions and pull requests are welcome.
Issue tracker and source repository are at:
https://github.com/bjornbm/dimensional