This document discusses DNA replication and the semi-conservative model. It explains that during DNA replication, the two strands of DNA separate and each serves as a template for a new partner strand. This results in two new DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand of DNA. The process is illustrated with an example of DNA replication.
DNA replication begins at origins of replication where the double helix unwinds. DNA helicase unwinds and unzips the DNA strands. DNA polymerase III then reads the strands in a 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes new strands in a 5' to 3' direction, matching the base pairs. DNA polymerase I changes any RNA primers to DNA at Okazaki fragments. This process produces two identical copies of the original DNA.
Anthony Gill on Lessons learnt for pathologists from the International Cancer...Cirdan
Dr Gill heads in the Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Research Group at the University of Sydney and is the anatomical pathologist for the Australian Pancreatic Genome Initiative (APGI), part of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) effort to sequence human cancers. In this presentation at the Cirdan Pathology Horizons conference 2015, he presents the key results, the challenges and failures of this project and what it will mean in routine clinical care.
1. Variation in the genome of the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici facilitates rapid evolution through mechanisms like gaining virulence mutations, chromosomal rearrangements that result in gene loss or gain, and transposable element activity providing a source of evolutionary novelty.
2. Analysis of multiple Z. tritici genomes revealed a large flexible pan-genome with a small conserved core and many lineage-specific genes, facilitating adaptation to different wheat cultivars and environments. Recent losses of core genes were enriched for secreted effectors.
3. Signatures of recent strong positive selection were detected in pathogen populations, indicating adaptive evolution in response to pressures like new resistant wheat cultivars.
This document discusses experiments probing the structure and function of the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the gurken mRNA in Drosophila oogenesis. It finds that the gurken 5' UTR contains an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) that allows for cap-independent translation, similarly to other essential eukaryotic mRNAs. Using luciferase reporter assays and SHAPE structure mapping, the study identifies two stem-loop structures in the gurken 5' UTR that are important for its translational efficiency, particularly under nutrient stress. Future work aims to investigate whether the polypyrimidine tract binding protein homolog Hephaestus regulates gurken translation.
This document discusses using stochastic models to understand principles of gene regulation from regulatory DNA architecture. It summarizes that regulating promoters downstream of irreversible assembly steps reduces molecular noise compared to regulating initiation rates. Distributed binding sites across enhancers also helps reduce expression noise. The document proposes relating complex biochemical architectures of promoters and enhancers to their transcriptional properties using finite Markov chain approaches.
This document provides an overview of protein synthesis. It describes how DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus, then transported to the cytoplasm where it is translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. Transcription involves RNA polymerase copying the DNA template into mRNA. Translation involves mRNA binding to ribosomes, where transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codon sequence to synthesize a protein.
This document outlines a project studying the assembly of viral capsids through site-directed mutagenesis and direct evolution. It provides background on the structure and genome of bacteriophage T7, which assembles its icosahedral capsid through both in vivo and in vitro mechanisms. Recent results included designing mutations to the major and minor capsid proteins to alter capsid size, comparing genome and protein sequences, and performing initial experiments like spot tests and titering on wildtype and mutant T7 that showed viability differences. Plans for continuing the project in spring include determining phage concentrations, applying direct evolution with chemicals, performing site-directed mutagenesis, and cloning phage genes into plasmids.
This document discusses the impact of removing exact duplicate reads from RNA-seq data on differential expression analysis results. The author conducted an experiment comparing differential expression analysis with and without duplicate removal on RNA-seq data from guppy brains. With duplicate removal, the total read count was lower but the top genes and p-values changed proportionally, suggesting duplicates were mainly PCR artifacts. The author concludes duplicate removal can change results quantitatively but not qualitatively, and future work could develop methods to eliminate PCR from sequencing.
DNA replication begins at origins of replication where the double helix unwinds. DNA helicase unwinds and unzips the DNA strands. DNA polymerase III then reads the strands in a 3' to 5' direction and synthesizes new strands in a 5' to 3' direction, matching the base pairs. DNA polymerase I changes any RNA primers to DNA at Okazaki fragments. This process produces two identical copies of the original DNA.
Anthony Gill on Lessons learnt for pathologists from the International Cancer...Cirdan
Dr Gill heads in the Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Research Group at the University of Sydney and is the anatomical pathologist for the Australian Pancreatic Genome Initiative (APGI), part of the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) effort to sequence human cancers. In this presentation at the Cirdan Pathology Horizons conference 2015, he presents the key results, the challenges and failures of this project and what it will mean in routine clinical care.
1. Variation in the genome of the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici facilitates rapid evolution through mechanisms like gaining virulence mutations, chromosomal rearrangements that result in gene loss or gain, and transposable element activity providing a source of evolutionary novelty.
2. Analysis of multiple Z. tritici genomes revealed a large flexible pan-genome with a small conserved core and many lineage-specific genes, facilitating adaptation to different wheat cultivars and environments. Recent losses of core genes were enriched for secreted effectors.
3. Signatures of recent strong positive selection were detected in pathogen populations, indicating adaptive evolution in response to pressures like new resistant wheat cultivars.
This document discusses experiments probing the structure and function of the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the gurken mRNA in Drosophila oogenesis. It finds that the gurken 5' UTR contains an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) that allows for cap-independent translation, similarly to other essential eukaryotic mRNAs. Using luciferase reporter assays and SHAPE structure mapping, the study identifies two stem-loop structures in the gurken 5' UTR that are important for its translational efficiency, particularly under nutrient stress. Future work aims to investigate whether the polypyrimidine tract binding protein homolog Hephaestus regulates gurken translation.
This document discusses using stochastic models to understand principles of gene regulation from regulatory DNA architecture. It summarizes that regulating promoters downstream of irreversible assembly steps reduces molecular noise compared to regulating initiation rates. Distributed binding sites across enhancers also helps reduce expression noise. The document proposes relating complex biochemical architectures of promoters and enhancers to their transcriptional properties using finite Markov chain approaches.
This document provides an overview of protein synthesis. It describes how DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus, then transported to the cytoplasm where it is translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. Transcription involves RNA polymerase copying the DNA template into mRNA. Translation involves mRNA binding to ribosomes, where transfer RNA (tRNA) delivers amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codon sequence to synthesize a protein.
This document outlines a project studying the assembly of viral capsids through site-directed mutagenesis and direct evolution. It provides background on the structure and genome of bacteriophage T7, which assembles its icosahedral capsid through both in vivo and in vitro mechanisms. Recent results included designing mutations to the major and minor capsid proteins to alter capsid size, comparing genome and protein sequences, and performing initial experiments like spot tests and titering on wildtype and mutant T7 that showed viability differences. Plans for continuing the project in spring include determining phage concentrations, applying direct evolution with chemicals, performing site-directed mutagenesis, and cloning phage genes into plasmids.
This document discusses the impact of removing exact duplicate reads from RNA-seq data on differential expression analysis results. The author conducted an experiment comparing differential expression analysis with and without duplicate removal on RNA-seq data from guppy brains. With duplicate removal, the total read count was lower but the top genes and p-values changed proportionally, suggesting duplicates were mainly PCR artifacts. The author concludes duplicate removal can change results quantitatively but not qualitatively, and future work could develop methods to eliminate PCR from sequencing.
This document provides practice problems for students to test their understanding of DNA base pairing. It includes a quick review of DNA structure, the four nitrogen bases, and which bases bond together. Students are given three original DNA strands and instructed to write down the complementary copied strands based on the rule that A pairs with T and C pairs with G.
Lead Online Training is an IT training provider that specializes in providing online training courses on technologies like Hadoop, Java, Oracle, and SAP. It offers virtual classroom training as a convenient and effective alternative to on-site training. The company provides training on topics such as custom software development, data warehousing concepts, and Abinitio, covering the architecture, components, ports, files, partitioning, sorting, transforming, working with databases, and more. Lead Online Training aims to teach students and help them pursue careers in IT.
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids and consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides play important roles as the monomers of nucleic acids DNA and RNA, as well as energy carriers like ATP and cofactors like NAD. Nucleic acids such as DNA contain the genetic information to direct protein synthesis and RNAs carry out important cellular functions such as protein translation. The structures of nucleotides and nucleic acids allow for specific base-pairing interactions that are crucial for information storage and transfer.
Ab initio protein structure prediction uses computational methods to predict a protein's 3D structure from its amino acid sequence. It relies on conformational searching to generate structure decoys and selecting native-like models. The key factors for success are an accurate energy function, efficient search methods like molecular dynamics or genetic algorithms, and effective selection of models close to the native structure. Model selection approaches include energy evaluations, compatibility scores, clustering of similar decoys, and identifying the lowest energy conformations.
Homology modeling is a technique used to predict the 3D structure of a protein based on the alignment of its amino acid sequence to known protein structures. It relies on the observation that structure is more conserved than sequence during evolution. The key steps in homology modeling include: 1) identifying a template structure through sequence alignment tools like BLAST, 2) correcting any errors in the initial alignment, 3) generating the protein backbone based on the template structure, 4) modeling any loops or missing regions, 5) adding side chains, 6) optimizing the model structure energetically, and 7) validating that the final model matches the template structure and has correct stereochemistry. Homology modeling is useful for applications like structure-based drug design
The document discusses the evidence that led scientists to determine that DNA is the genetic material of living organisms. It describes key experiments including Griffith's experiment with pneumonia bacteria strains that showed cell debris could transform one strain into another, and Hershey and Chase's experiment using bacteriophage that demonstrated viral DNA, not proteins, enters host cells to direct new virus production. The document also reviews various lines of evidence that supported DNA as the carrier of hereditary information, such as its location in cell nuclei and ability to accurately replicate.
protein structure prediction methods. homology modelling, fold recognition, threading, ab initio methods. in short and easy form slides. after one time read you can easily understand methods for protein structure prediction.
The document discusses protein structure prediction. It begins by reviewing protein structure, including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. It then describes the building blocks of proteins, amino acids, and how their properties allow formation of regular secondary structures like alpha helices and beta sheets. The document outlines different types of secondary structure and how their patterns of hydrogen bonding influence 3D structure. It concludes by describing six classes of protein structure defined by their arrangements of alpha helices and beta sheets.
protein sturcture prediction and molecular modellingDileep Paruchuru
This document discusses molecular modeling and protein structure prediction. It begins by introducing molecular modeling as a combination of computational chemistry and computer graphics that allows scientists to generate and present molecular data. It then discusses the two main computational methods for molecular modeling - molecular mechanics and quantum mechanics. The document goes on to discuss molecular mechanics in more detail and its applications. It also discusses protein structure and function, the challenges of protein structure prediction, and the goals of protein structure prediction.
The genetic material of a cell refers to materials like DNA, RNA, and proteins that play a fundamental role in determining cell structure and heredity. Early experiments suggested DNA, RNA, or proteins could be the genetic material. However, later experiments provided strong evidence that DNA is the primary genetic material:
1. Frederick Griffith's experiments in 1928 with pneumococcus bacteria showed that genetic information could be transferred between bacteria.
2. In 1944, Avery, Macleod, and McCarty proved that the transforming principle in pneumococcus was DNA, not RNA or proteins.
3. In 1952, Hershey and Chase's experiment with bacteriophage T2 virus showed that only DNA entered bacterial cells
1. DNA is made up of deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine).
2. The bases pair up through hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs (adenine with thymine, cytosine with guanine).
3. The paired bases and sugar-phosphate backbone form the structure of the DNA double helix, with the bases in the middle and the backbones on the outside.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. It shows RNA polymerase initiating transcription by binding to the promoter region in the nucleus and producing an mRNA strand. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Through binding of tRNAs with complementary anticodons, amino acids are added to form a polypeptide chain according to the mRNA sequence. The polypeptide then folds into its tertiary structure to form a functional protein.
The document depicts the process of DNA replication through a series of diagrams. It shows DNA unwinding when encountered by helicase. The leading and lagging strands then start duplicating to form two new DNA strands. Okazaki fragments form on the lagging strand and are later joined by DNA ligase. DNA polymerase III then connects the nitrogen bases to complete the new DNA strands. The two strands come back together, resulting in two double-stranded DNA molecules. The purpose of DNA replication is to pass genetic material on to daughter cells. Errors can occur through tautomeric shifts of nitrogen bases or strand slippage.
The document depicts the process of DNA replication through a series of diagrams:
1) DNA helicase unwinds and separates the double helix into two single strands.
2) The leading and lagging strands begin to duplicate, with the lagging strand forming Okazaki fragments.
3) DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.
4) DNA polymerase III adds complementary nucleotides to each single strand, reforming the double helix structure and producing two identical DNA molecules.
The document describes the Sanger method for DNA sequencing, which was developed in 1977. The method uses DNA polymerase and dideoxynucleotides to terminate DNA strand elongation at random positions, generating DNA fragments of different lengths that can be used to determine the DNA sequence. The sequence is read by comparing the fragment lengths generated from reactions with different labeled dideoxynucleotides.
DNA replication involves unwinding the double helix, separating the strands, and using DNA polymerase to add complementary nucleotides to each strand. The leading strand is continuously synthesized from 5' to 3', while the lagging strand is synthesized in fragments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined by DNA ligase. DNA must replicate to produce new cells for growth and repair. Mutations can occur if the wrong nucleotide base pairs are formed during replication.
DNA helicase begins unwinding the DNA molecule at an AT bond in the origin of replication. It splits the double bonds between the bases, leaving two single strands. The leading strand is then replicated continuously in the 5' to 3' direction. The lagging strand must be replicated in short fragments called Okazaki fragments because DNA polymerase can only add bases in the 5' to 3' direction. DNA primase temporarily makes the lagging strand 5' to 3' to allow replication of Okazaki fragments.
The document discusses DNA sequencing methods including Sanger sequencing, which determined reads of 600-1000 base pairs but was low throughput, as well as next-generation sequencing techniques like 454 and Illumina that increased throughput but reduced read lengths to 300-500 and 100 base pairs respectively. It also covers future methods like nanopore sequencing that aim to provide longer read lengths through single molecule approaches.
DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself. It occurs through semiconservative replication where the two original DNA strands separate and each serves as a template to produce two new daughter strands. On the leading strand, DNA polymerase can continuously synthesize new DNA in the 5' to 3' direction. On the lagging strand, DNA is synthesized away from the replication fork in short fragments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined together.
Relationships and Biodiversity State Lab Review(1)gparchment
This document summarizes a lab that examines three plant species (X, Y, Z) for their similarity to Botana curus, a plant that produces the cancer-treating compound Curol. The lab includes 7 tests of physical, chemical, and genetic characteristics. Test results show that Species Z most closely resembles Botana curus in leaf structure, seed structure, stem structures, pigmentation patterns, enzyme reactions, DNA patterns, and amino acid sequences. Therefore, the document concludes that Species Z is the most probable alternative source for the compound Curol.
The document describes a lab that tests physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics of three plant species (X, Y, Z) to determine which is most closely related to Botana curus, a plant that produces the cancer-treating compound Curol. The lab includes 7 tests of plant structures, pigments, enzymes, DNA, and amino acids. Based on the results, Species Z most closely resembles Botana curus in all tests, suggesting it may be an alternative source of Curol.
This document provides practice problems for students to test their understanding of DNA base pairing. It includes a quick review of DNA structure, the four nitrogen bases, and which bases bond together. Students are given three original DNA strands and instructed to write down the complementary copied strands based on the rule that A pairs with T and C pairs with G.
Lead Online Training is an IT training provider that specializes in providing online training courses on technologies like Hadoop, Java, Oracle, and SAP. It offers virtual classroom training as a convenient and effective alternative to on-site training. The company provides training on topics such as custom software development, data warehousing concepts, and Abinitio, covering the architecture, components, ports, files, partitioning, sorting, transforming, working with databases, and more. Lead Online Training aims to teach students and help them pursue careers in IT.
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids and consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides play important roles as the monomers of nucleic acids DNA and RNA, as well as energy carriers like ATP and cofactors like NAD. Nucleic acids such as DNA contain the genetic information to direct protein synthesis and RNAs carry out important cellular functions such as protein translation. The structures of nucleotides and nucleic acids allow for specific base-pairing interactions that are crucial for information storage and transfer.
Ab initio protein structure prediction uses computational methods to predict a protein's 3D structure from its amino acid sequence. It relies on conformational searching to generate structure decoys and selecting native-like models. The key factors for success are an accurate energy function, efficient search methods like molecular dynamics or genetic algorithms, and effective selection of models close to the native structure. Model selection approaches include energy evaluations, compatibility scores, clustering of similar decoys, and identifying the lowest energy conformations.
Homology modeling is a technique used to predict the 3D structure of a protein based on the alignment of its amino acid sequence to known protein structures. It relies on the observation that structure is more conserved than sequence during evolution. The key steps in homology modeling include: 1) identifying a template structure through sequence alignment tools like BLAST, 2) correcting any errors in the initial alignment, 3) generating the protein backbone based on the template structure, 4) modeling any loops or missing regions, 5) adding side chains, 6) optimizing the model structure energetically, and 7) validating that the final model matches the template structure and has correct stereochemistry. Homology modeling is useful for applications like structure-based drug design
The document discusses the evidence that led scientists to determine that DNA is the genetic material of living organisms. It describes key experiments including Griffith's experiment with pneumonia bacteria strains that showed cell debris could transform one strain into another, and Hershey and Chase's experiment using bacteriophage that demonstrated viral DNA, not proteins, enters host cells to direct new virus production. The document also reviews various lines of evidence that supported DNA as the carrier of hereditary information, such as its location in cell nuclei and ability to accurately replicate.
protein structure prediction methods. homology modelling, fold recognition, threading, ab initio methods. in short and easy form slides. after one time read you can easily understand methods for protein structure prediction.
The document discusses protein structure prediction. It begins by reviewing protein structure, including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. It then describes the building blocks of proteins, amino acids, and how their properties allow formation of regular secondary structures like alpha helices and beta sheets. The document outlines different types of secondary structure and how their patterns of hydrogen bonding influence 3D structure. It concludes by describing six classes of protein structure defined by their arrangements of alpha helices and beta sheets.
protein sturcture prediction and molecular modellingDileep Paruchuru
This document discusses molecular modeling and protein structure prediction. It begins by introducing molecular modeling as a combination of computational chemistry and computer graphics that allows scientists to generate and present molecular data. It then discusses the two main computational methods for molecular modeling - molecular mechanics and quantum mechanics. The document goes on to discuss molecular mechanics in more detail and its applications. It also discusses protein structure and function, the challenges of protein structure prediction, and the goals of protein structure prediction.
The genetic material of a cell refers to materials like DNA, RNA, and proteins that play a fundamental role in determining cell structure and heredity. Early experiments suggested DNA, RNA, or proteins could be the genetic material. However, later experiments provided strong evidence that DNA is the primary genetic material:
1. Frederick Griffith's experiments in 1928 with pneumococcus bacteria showed that genetic information could be transferred between bacteria.
2. In 1944, Avery, Macleod, and McCarty proved that the transforming principle in pneumococcus was DNA, not RNA or proteins.
3. In 1952, Hershey and Chase's experiment with bacteriophage T2 virus showed that only DNA entered bacterial cells
1. DNA is made up of deoxyribose, phosphate groups, and four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine).
2. The bases pair up through hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs (adenine with thymine, cytosine with guanine).
3. The paired bases and sugar-phosphate backbone form the structure of the DNA double helix, with the bases in the middle and the backbones on the outside.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. It shows RNA polymerase initiating transcription by binding to the promoter region in the nucleus and producing an mRNA strand. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Through binding of tRNAs with complementary anticodons, amino acids are added to form a polypeptide chain according to the mRNA sequence. The polypeptide then folds into its tertiary structure to form a functional protein.
The document depicts the process of DNA replication through a series of diagrams. It shows DNA unwinding when encountered by helicase. The leading and lagging strands then start duplicating to form two new DNA strands. Okazaki fragments form on the lagging strand and are later joined by DNA ligase. DNA polymerase III then connects the nitrogen bases to complete the new DNA strands. The two strands come back together, resulting in two double-stranded DNA molecules. The purpose of DNA replication is to pass genetic material on to daughter cells. Errors can occur through tautomeric shifts of nitrogen bases or strand slippage.
The document depicts the process of DNA replication through a series of diagrams:
1) DNA helicase unwinds and separates the double helix into two single strands.
2) The leading and lagging strands begin to duplicate, with the lagging strand forming Okazaki fragments.
3) DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.
4) DNA polymerase III adds complementary nucleotides to each single strand, reforming the double helix structure and producing two identical DNA molecules.
The document describes the Sanger method for DNA sequencing, which was developed in 1977. The method uses DNA polymerase and dideoxynucleotides to terminate DNA strand elongation at random positions, generating DNA fragments of different lengths that can be used to determine the DNA sequence. The sequence is read by comparing the fragment lengths generated from reactions with different labeled dideoxynucleotides.
DNA replication involves unwinding the double helix, separating the strands, and using DNA polymerase to add complementary nucleotides to each strand. The leading strand is continuously synthesized from 5' to 3', while the lagging strand is synthesized in fragments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined by DNA ligase. DNA must replicate to produce new cells for growth and repair. Mutations can occur if the wrong nucleotide base pairs are formed during replication.
DNA helicase begins unwinding the DNA molecule at an AT bond in the origin of replication. It splits the double bonds between the bases, leaving two single strands. The leading strand is then replicated continuously in the 5' to 3' direction. The lagging strand must be replicated in short fragments called Okazaki fragments because DNA polymerase can only add bases in the 5' to 3' direction. DNA primase temporarily makes the lagging strand 5' to 3' to allow replication of Okazaki fragments.
The document discusses DNA sequencing methods including Sanger sequencing, which determined reads of 600-1000 base pairs but was low throughput, as well as next-generation sequencing techniques like 454 and Illumina that increased throughput but reduced read lengths to 300-500 and 100 base pairs respectively. It also covers future methods like nanopore sequencing that aim to provide longer read lengths through single molecule approaches.
DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself. It occurs through semiconservative replication where the two original DNA strands separate and each serves as a template to produce two new daughter strands. On the leading strand, DNA polymerase can continuously synthesize new DNA in the 5' to 3' direction. On the lagging strand, DNA is synthesized away from the replication fork in short fragments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined together.
Relationships and Biodiversity State Lab Review(1)gparchment
This document summarizes a lab that examines three plant species (X, Y, Z) for their similarity to Botana curus, a plant that produces the cancer-treating compound Curol. The lab includes 7 tests of physical, chemical, and genetic characteristics. Test results show that Species Z most closely resembles Botana curus in leaf structure, seed structure, stem structures, pigmentation patterns, enzyme reactions, DNA patterns, and amino acid sequences. Therefore, the document concludes that Species Z is the most probable alternative source for the compound Curol.
The document describes a lab that tests physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics of three plant species (X, Y, Z) to determine which is most closely related to Botana curus, a plant that produces the cancer-treating compound Curol. The lab includes 7 tests of plant structures, pigments, enzymes, DNA, and amino acids. Based on the results, Species Z most closely resembles Botana curus in all tests, suggesting it may be an alternative source of Curol.
The document is a flipbook that illustrates the processes of protein synthesis and DNA transcription and translation. It shows transcription occurring in the cell nucleus, where RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Translation is depicted, with tRNA molecules matching their anticodons to the mRNA codons and adding amino acids to form a protein chain. The key steps of both transcription and translation are visualized through a series of diagrams in the flipbook.
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. It explains that mRNA is produced from DNA in the cell nucleus and passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. Ribosomes then read the mRNA and translate its codon sequence into a chain of amino acids, attaching different tRNAs to each codon. This continues until a stop codon is reached, resulting in a polypeptide that can fold into a functional protein. The key stages are transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, translation of mRNA to protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm, and protein folding.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase transcribes mRNA from DNA in the nucleus. The mRNA strand passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm where it is translated into amino acids to make proteins.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase copies the DNA into an mRNA strand, which passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. There, the mRNA code is read to produce a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase transcribes mRNA from DNA in the nucleus. The mRNA strand passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm where it is translated into amino acids to make proteins.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase copies the DNA into an mRNA strand, which passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. There, the mRNA code is read to produce a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase transcribes mRNA from DNA in the nucleus. The mRNA strand passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm where it is translated into amino acids to make proteins.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase copies the DNA into an mRNA strand, which passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. There, the mRNA code is read to produce a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase copies the DNA into an mRNA strand, which passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. There, the mRNA code is read to produce a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
The document shows the process of protein synthesis:
1) In the nucleus, RNA polymerase unzips DNA and copies its sequence into a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand.
2) The mRNA exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm.
3) In the cytoplasm, the mRNA binds to a ribosome which reads its sequence in groups of three bases (codons).
4) Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules matching these codons bring specific amino acids to the ribosome.
5) The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain, which later folds into a functional protein.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Webinar: Designing a schema for a Data WarehouseFederico Razzoli
Are you new to data warehouses (DWH)? Do you need to check whether your data warehouse follows the best practices for a good design? In both cases, this webinar is for you.
A data warehouse is a central relational database that contains all measurements about a business or an organisation. This data comes from a variety of heterogeneous data sources, which includes databases of any type that back the applications used by the company, data files exported by some applications, or APIs provided by internal or external services.
But designing a data warehouse correctly is a hard task, which requires gathering information about the business processes that need to be analysed in the first place. These processes must be translated into so-called star schemas, which means, denormalised databases where each table represents a dimension or facts.
We will discuss these topics:
- How to gather information about a business;
- Understanding dictionaries and how to identify business entities;
- Dimensions and facts;
- Setting a table granularity;
- Types of facts;
- Types of dimensions;
- Snowflakes and how to avoid them;
- Expanding existing dimensions and facts.
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup Slides
Intro chapter 10 part1a
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16. Molecular Genetics This is a short piece of DNA. This will serve as the template or “mother” DNA upon which copies can be made. Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A
17.
18. Molecular Genetics DNA polymerase Original 5 3 strand Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C T C A G G C A A T T T A C G T A G C A T A T C G C G T A A T A T G C C G C G A T C G T A
19.
20. Molecular Genetics nucleotides A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 5 3 strand Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C T C A G G C A A T T T A C G T A G C A T A T C G C G T A A T A T G C C G C G A T C G T A
21. Molecular Genetics nucleotides A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 5 3 strand Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C T C A G G C A A T T T A C G T A G C A T A T C G C G T A A T A T G C C G C G A T C G T A
22.
23. Molecular Genetics nucleotides Original 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T C T G A A G C T C T G A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A
24. Molecular Genetics A C C T C T G A A C T C T G C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G
25. Molecular Genetics A C C T C T G A A C T C T G C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G
26. Molecular Genetics A C C T C T G A A C T C T G C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G
27. Molecular Genetics A C C T C T G A A C T C T G C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G
28. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand A C C T C T G A A C T C T G C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A
29. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand A C C T C T G A A C T C T G C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A
30. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand A C C T C T G A A C T C T G C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A
31. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand A C C T C T G A A C T C T G C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A T A G
32. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand A C C T C T G A A C T C T G C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A T A G
33. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand A C C T C T G A A C T C T G C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A T A G
34. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand A C C T C T G A A C T C T G C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A T A G C A T
35. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand A C C T C T G A A C T C T G C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A T A G C A T
36. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand A C C T C T G A A C T C T G C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A T A G C A T
37. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand C C C T G A C T C T G C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A A T Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A T A G C A T C G A
38. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand C C C T G A C T C T G C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A A T Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A T A G C A T C G A
39. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand C C C T G A C C T G C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A A T Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A T A G C A T C G A T
40. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand C C C T G A A C T C T G C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A A T Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A T A G C A T C A G T C A
41. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand C C C T G A A C T C T G C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A A T Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A T A G C A T C A G T C A G
42. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand C C C G A A C T C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T T C G A T Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A T A G C A T C A G T C G A A C G G T
43. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand C C C G A A C T C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T T C G A T Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A T A G C A T C A G T C G A A C G G T
44. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand C C C G A A C T C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T T C G A T Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A T A G C A T C A G T C G A A C G G T
45. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand C C C G A A C T C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T T C G A T Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A T A G C A T C A G T C G A A C G G T
46. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand C C C G A A C T C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T T C G A T Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A T A G C A T C A G T C G A A C G G T T A
47. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand C C C G A A C T C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T T C G A T Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A T A G C A T C A G T C G A A C G G T T A
48. Molecular Genetics NEW 5 3 strand C C C G A A C T C T A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T T C G A T Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T G T G G C A T A G C A T C A G T C G A A C G G T T A
49.
50. Molecular Genetics nucleotides A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 5 3 strand Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C T C A G G C A A T T T A C G T A G C A T A T C G C G T A A T A T G C C G C G A T C G T A
51. Molecular Genetics Original 5 3 strand A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T A
52. Molecular Genetics A A G G C C T T C C T T G A G C T C T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C
53. Molecular Genetics A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C
54. Molecular Genetics A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C
55. Molecular Genetics A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C
56. Molecular Genetics A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C
57. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T
58. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T
59. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T
60. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T
61. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T
62. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T
63. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T
64. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T
65. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T
66. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T
67. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T
68. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G
69. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A
70. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T C C T T G A A G C T C T G A Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A
71. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T A G C Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T C C T T G A T C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A
72. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T A G C Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T C C T T G A T C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C
73. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T A G C Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T C C T T G A T C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G
74. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T A G C Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T C C T T G A T C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A
75. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T A G C Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T C C T T G A T C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C
76. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A A G G C C T T A G C Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T C C T T G A T C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C
77. Molecular Genetics A C T A G C Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T A G G C T C C T T G A T C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C
78. Molecular Genetics A C T A G C Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T A G G C T C C T T G A T C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C A
79. Molecular Genetics A C T A G C Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T A G G C T C C T T G A T C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C A C
80. Molecular Genetics A C T A G C Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T A G G C T C C T T G A T C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C A C G
81. Molecular Genetics A C T A G C Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T A G G C T C C T T G A T C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C A C G T
82. Molecular Genetics A C T A G C Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T A G G C T C C T T G A T C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C A C G T
83. Molecular Genetics A C T A G C Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T A G G C T C C T T G A T C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C A C G T T
84. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A C T A G C Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T A G G C T C C T T G A T C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C A C G T T A
85. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A C T A G C Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T A G G C T C C T T G A T C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C A C G T T A
86. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand A C T A G C Original 3 5 strand A G T C G C A A T C T G A T G C T A T G C C A C T A G G C T C C T T G A T C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C A C G T T A
87.
88. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand C C T T G A C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C A C G T T A DNA ligase
89. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand C C T T G A C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C A C G T T A DNA ligase
90. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand C C T T G A C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C A C G T T A DNA ligase
91. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand C C T T G A C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C A C G T T A DNA ligase
92. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand C C T T G A C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C A C G T T A DNA ligase
93. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand C C T T G A C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C A C G T T A DNA ligase
94. Molecular Genetics C C T T G A C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C A C G T T A NEW 3 5 strand DNA ligase
95. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand C C T T G A C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C A C G T T A DNA ligase
96. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand C C T T G A C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C A C G T T A DNA ligase
97. Molecular Genetics NEW 3 5 strand C C T T G A C T G A Original 5 3 strand T C A G G C T T A G A C T A C G A T A C G G T G A T C T G A C G A C A C G T T A DNA ligase
98.
99. Molecular Genetics Now we have two DNA molecules that are identical to each other and to the original DNA. These are sister chromatids. They are still connected to each other at the centromere Newly formed 5 3 strand Original 3 5 strand Original 5 3 strand Newly formed 3 5 strand centromere A G T C G C T C A G G C A A T T T A C G T A G C A T A T C G C G T A A T A T G C C G C G A T C G T A A G T C G C T C A G G C A A T T T A C G T A G C A T A T C G C G T A A T A T G C C G C G A T C G T A