Relationships and Biodiversity State Lab Review(1)
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This document summarizes a lab that examines three plant species (X, Y, Z) for their similarity to Botana curus, a plant that produces the cancer-treating compound Curol. The lab includes 7 tests of physical, chemical, and genetic characteristics. Test results show that Species Z most closely resembles Botana curus in leaf structure, seed structure, stem structures, pigmentation patterns, enzyme reactions, DNA patterns, and amino acid sequences. Therefore, the document concludes that Species Z is the most probable alternative source for the compound Curol.
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Genetics,PlantBreeding,andSelectionHands-on labs, inc..docx
Genetics, Plant Breeding,
and Selection
Hands-on labs, inc.
Version 42-0063-00-01
Review the safety materials and wear goggles when
working with chemicals. Read the entire exercise
before you begin. Take time to organize the materials
you will need and set aside a safe work space in
which to complete the exercise.
Experiment Summary:
Students will have the opportunity to learn classical
Mendelian Genetics and use a Punnett Square to
predict the outcome of genetic crosses. Students will
perform a monohybrid cross using tobacco mosaic
seeds and study a dihybrid cross using corn. They
will apply chi square analyses to both crosses to
determine the reliability of the data. Students will
design an experiment to produce desired traits in a
hypothetical crop.
© Hands-On Labs, Inc. www.LabPaq.com 248
ExpErimEnt
ObjEctivEs
● To predict the genetic frequency of offspring in a monohybrid cross
● To predict the outcomes of genetic crosses using Punnett squares
● To statistically analyze the results of a genetic cross
Time Allocation: Exercise 1 requires 5–10 days of growing the tobacco plants prior to performing
the rest of the exercise. Read the exercise and plan accordingly. Two hours of time is required
after the seeds have been germinated.
www.LabPaq.com 249 ©Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment Genetics, Plant BreedinG, and selection
matErials
MATERiAlS
FRoM:
lABEl oR BoX/
BAg: QTy iTEM DESCRiPTioN:
Student Provides 1 Paper towel
1 Water
1
Warm location for the seeds, either in a warm
window or under an incandescent lamp
1 Roll of aluminum foil
LabPaq Provides 2 Seed, Tobacco, Seeds-Grn/Alb 50
1 Magnifer, dual
1
Pair of tweezers (may be found in dissection
kit)
1 Petri dish, 90 mm
Note: The packaging and/or materials in this LabPaq may differ slightly from that which is listed
above. For an exact listing of materials, refer to the Contents List form included in the LabPaq.
www.LabPaq.com 250 ©Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment Genetics, Plant BreedinG, and selection
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hexose, adenine, cytosine, cysteine. and glycerol (AH your other testing equipment is beyond
your training and you don\'t want your boss to know you dropped test tubes In lab (bad call,
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replication fork on both sides of a replication bubble DNA replication of circular DNA. Without
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alterations would lead to resistance and which would lead to cell death. Explain.
Solution
We use adenine +cytosine and cystiene detection test perform for DNA and protein. Adenine and
cytosine are found in DNA and cystiene is found in protein as making disulphide bridges. So we
take 10-15 ul of each sample in different vials and add detection test enzymes of both on each
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Flowering is an essential part of a plant's life cycle, and getting the timing and placement of flowering right can mean the difference between making lots of seeds for the next generation (success!) and none at all (EPIC fail). In this lesson, students will explore the genes that help Arabidopsis plants decide that it's time to make flowers. Once a plant makes the decision to flower, other genes must signal the right parts of the plants to develop into flowers. When this signaling is interrupted, very strange things can happen! Stay tuned to find out more about this lesson.
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The document describes a lab that tests physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics of three plant species (X, Y, Z) to determine which is most closely related to Botana curus, a plant that produces the cancer-treating compound Curol. The lab includes 7 tests of plant structures, pigments, enzymes, DNA, and amino acids. Based on the results, Species Z most closely resembles Botana curus in all tests, suggesting it may be an alternative source of Curol.
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The document summarizes genomic analysis of Clostridium solventogenic bacteria strains. It finds that the strains are closely related to Clostridium butyricum based on average nucleotide identity and tetranucleotide frequency. Pan-genome analysis shows Clostridium has a large, open pan-genome. Single-copy ortholog detection is influenced by sequence quality and produces comparable results between different detection methods. Overall, the analysis helps characterize the taxonomy and metabolism of the solventogenic Clostridium strains.
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Genetics,PlantBreeding,andSelectionHands-on labs, inc..docx
Genetics, Plant Breeding,
and Selection
Hands-on labs, inc.
Version 42-0063-00-01
Review the safety materials and wear goggles when
working with chemicals. Read the entire exercise
before you begin. Take time to organize the materials
you will need and set aside a safe work space in
which to complete the exercise.
Experiment Summary:
Students will have the opportunity to learn classical
Mendelian Genetics and use a Punnett Square to
predict the outcome of genetic crosses. Students will
perform a monohybrid cross using tobacco mosaic
seeds and study a dihybrid cross using corn. They
will apply chi square analyses to both crosses to
determine the reliability of the data. Students will
design an experiment to produce desired traits in a
hypothetical crop.
© Hands-On Labs, Inc. www.LabPaq.com 248
ExpErimEnt
ObjEctivEs
● To predict the genetic frequency of offspring in a monohybrid cross
● To predict the outcomes of genetic crosses using Punnett squares
● To statistically analyze the results of a genetic cross
Time Allocation: Exercise 1 requires 5–10 days of growing the tobacco plants prior to performing
the rest of the exercise. Read the exercise and plan accordingly. Two hours of time is required
after the seeds have been germinated.
www.LabPaq.com 249 ©Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment Genetics, Plant BreedinG, and selection
matErials
MATERiAlS
FRoM:
lABEl oR BoX/
BAg: QTy iTEM DESCRiPTioN:
Student Provides 1 Paper towel
1 Water
1
Warm location for the seeds, either in a warm
window or under an incandescent lamp
1 Roll of aluminum foil
LabPaq Provides 2 Seed, Tobacco, Seeds-Grn/Alb 50
1 Magnifer, dual
1
Pair of tweezers (may be found in dissection
kit)
1 Petri dish, 90 mm
Note: The packaging and/or materials in this LabPaq may differ slightly from that which is listed
above. For an exact listing of materials, refer to the Contents List form included in the LabPaq.
www.LabPaq.com 250 ©Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment Genetics, Plant BreedinG, and selection
DiscussiOn anD rEviEw
Artificial selection is important in plant production. Classical plant breeding is a process that
uses deliberate interbreeding of plants traits. The plants used may be closely or distantly related
species, and are interbred to produce new crop varieties. The goal is to produce more desirable
traits such as flavor, or a resistance to disease or drought. Artificial selection is also used in breeding
of animals. In some instances, there is no advantage to the plant or animal; rather selection is
based on human preference. In terms of survivability, it may actually reduce the success of this
plant’s survival in a natural environment.
Figure 1: These are different cultivars of the same species, Brassica oleracea, that
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plants so that cells from two different species can be fus.
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1) The document discusses comparing bacterial isolates using whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics techniques.
2) Key steps include isolating bacteria from samples, sequencing their genomes, performing de novo assembly and annotation, and clustering homologous genes to determine the pan-genome and core genome.
3) Comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the core genome allows construction of phylogenetic trees to infer relationships between isolates.
Microarray
DNA microarrays, also known as DNA chips, allow simultaneous measurement of gene expression levels for every gene in a genome. They detect mRNA levels by hybridizing cDNA to arrays of gene probes spotted on glass slides or other surfaces. Differences in gene expression between cell types or conditions can be measured and analyzed to answer biological questions.
Evolutionary genetics of hybrid maize
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You are working In a lab with several different macromolecules from F.pdf
You are working In a lab with several different macromolecules from Francisella tulameria a
bacterial species that causes an illness similar to bubonic plague. You drop the lest tube rack
containing purified metabolic enzymes, plasma membranes, chromosomes, and cell walls
Unfortunately your labels also fell off when the tubes hit the floor. Your lab can detect pentose,
hexose, adenine, cytosine, cysteine. and glycerol (AH your other testing equipment is beyond
your training and you don\'t want your boss to know you dropped test tubes In lab (bad call,
especially r a lab. while working with a biohazardous organism)) What test would you use to
differentiate between the tube with DMA and the tube with proteins? What test would you use
to differentiate between tubes with carbohydrates and those with DNA? What test would you
use to identify the test tube with the plasma membranes\' Fill in the cell structures with an A-D
Metabolic enzymes Plasma membranes Chromosomes Cell Walls In the last 20 years, there
has been a dramatic increase in the incidence of fluoroquinolone resistant gram negative bacteria
in patient samples. Fluoroquinolones are antibiotics (like Cipro and Levaquin) that bind to and
inactivate gyrase. Gyrase is an enzyme that is needed to relieve the tension formed by opening a
replication fork on both sides of a replication bubble DNA replication of circular DNA. Without
functional gyrase. DNA cannot be copied in the affected cells. Researchers have isolated and
sequenced the DNA coding part of the gyrase enzyme (gyrA) and found that resistant strains of
bacteria typically have mutations that cause them to substitute one amino acid for another. Based
on your reading of section A1.3 and review of Module 3 s notes and study guide, predict which
alterations would lead to resistance and which would lead to cell death. Explain.
Solution
We use adenine +cytosine and cystiene detection test perform for DNA and protein. Adenine and
cytosine are found in DNA and cystiene is found in protein as making disulphide bridges. So we
take 10-15 ul of each sample in different vials and add detection test enzymes of both on each
vial. Then we can detect via observing optical density.
For carbohydrate and DNA we take hexose (for detecting carbohydrate) and adenine +cytosine
for DNA.
For plasma membrane, glycerol detection test is required. Glycerol is a key constitute of
membrane..
Sofia 19.06.2011 bio math
This document analyzes sequencing error rates in genome databases by examining donor and acceptor splicing sites in rice genomes from NCBI and PlantGDB. The authors checked over 225,000 sites across 12 rice chromosomes and found 3,385 differences from the classical GT/AG forms, yielding an error rate of 1.5x10-2. This is higher than estimated mouse genome error rates. Various statistics and charts are presented examining error rates by chromosome, site type, and comparing NCBI to PlantGDB data. The analysis provides insight into sequencing errors and their variation across genomes.
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Relationships and Biodiversity State Lab Review(1)
- 2. Please note: • “Curol” is a fictitious plant extract mentioned in the NYSED lab that has the ability to effectively treat cancer. IT DOES NOT EXIST. • Likewise, any “Curol” images included in this presentation are simply images taken from an internet search and are not a cancer cure. It is simply a product found with a similar name. I do not know what it is used for as the website was not translated into the English language.
- 3. What does this lab entail? • Seven tests that look at the physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics of three plants that may be able to create Curol, even though they are not Botana curus (the plants that does produce it). • Comparison of data to determine relationships. • Define the crucial need for biodiversity.
- 4. Test 1 - Structural Characteristics of Plants Species Y Species Z Species X Botana curus QUESTION: Which leaves most closely resemble the leaves produced by Botana curus? Record your observations in the data table.
- 5. Test 2 – Structural Characteristics of Seeds Botana curus seeds Species X seeds Species Y seedsSpecies Z seeds QUESTION: Which seeds most closely resemble the seeds produced by Botana curus? Record your observations in the data table.
- 6. Test 3 – Microscopic Internal Structures of Stems QUESTION: Which stem structures most closely resemble the stem structures of Botana curus? Record your observations in the data table. Species Y Species Z Botana curus Species X
- 7. Test 4 – Paper Chromatography to Separate Plant Pigments “Spot” your chromatography paper and label it with a pencil. B.curus X Y Z Water migrates up paper via capillary action and carries plant pigments with it. B.curus X Y Z
- 8. Test 5 – Indicator Tests for Enzyme M Botana curus Species X Species Y Species Z Put two drops of each plant Extract in separate wells of the well tray. Indicator Enzyme M Botana curus (“fizzed” a little) Species X (no “fizz”) Species Y (“fizzed” a little) Species Z (“fizzed” a little) Add a small sprinkle of “Indicator Enzyme M” Record your results.
- 9. Test 6 – Using Simulated Gel Electrophoresis to Compare DNA Botana curus A T T C C G G A T C G A T C G C C G G A T A T A C T C C G G T A A T A T C Species X A T T G T A C C G G G A T C C G G A C G T C G C G A C T A A T A T A G C A Species Y A C C G G T C C G G G A T C G C A C C C G G T A C T C C T G T A A T A T C Species Z A T T C C G G A T C G A T C G C C G G A T A T T C T C C G G T A A T A T The strips below represent the DNA strands extracted from each plant (B. curus, X, Y, and Z). Each strand will be “cut” between a double C/double G. Therefore, lines are drawn below where each strip should be cut. Then, count up the number of bases and paste appropriately in the simulated Gel Electrophoresis table on the next slide.
- 10. Simulated Gel Electrophoresis # of Bases Botana curus Species X Species Y Species Z 24 23 22 G G A C G T C G C G A C T A A T A T A G C A 21 20 19 18 17 G G T A C T C C T G T A A T A T C 16 15 14 13 12 G G A T C G A T C G C C G G G A T C G C A C C C G G A T C G A T C G C C 11 G G A T A T A C T C C G G A T A T A C T C C 10 9 G G T A A T A T C G G T A A T A T C 8 A T T G T A C C 7 G G G A T C C 6 5 A T T C C G G T C C A T T C C 4 3 A C C 2 1 - +
- 11. Test 7 – Molecular Evidence for Relationships Botana curus CAC GTG GAC TGA GGA CTC CTC mRNA GUG CAC CUG ACU CCU GAG GAG Amino acid Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu Species X CAC GTG GAC AGA GGA CAC CTC mRNA GUG CAC CUG UCU CCU GUG GAG Amino acid Val His Leu Ser Pro Val Glu Species Y CAC GTG GAC AGA GGA CAC CTC mRNA GUG CAC CUG UCU CCU GUG GAG Amino acid Val His Leu Ser Pro Val Glu Species Z CAC GTA GAC TGA GGA CTT CTC mRNA GUG CAC CUG ACU CCU GAA GAG Amino acid Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu Glu
- 12. And where did you get those Amino Acids from??? Your friend and mine… The Universal Genetic Code Chart
- 13. So, what is the closest and most probable alternative source for Curol??? Test Most similar to Botana curus? Test 1 – Structural Characteristics of Plants Species Z as it has the same kind of parallel veination in the leaves. Test 2 - Structural Characteristics of Seeds Species Z seeds are flat and striped, much the same as Botana curus seeds are. Test 3 – Microscopic Internal Structure of Stems Species Z vascular bundles closely resemble those of Botana curus. Test 4 – Paper Chromatography of Pigments Species Z and Botana curus share a similar pattern of pigmentation in paper chromatography. Test 5 – Indicator Tests for Enzyme M While many “fizzed”, once again Species Z and Botana curus reacted the same. Test 6 – Simulated Gel Electrophoresis Identical banding pattern in both Botana curus and Species Z. Test 7 – Amino Acid Comparison Species Z and Botana curus have the most similarities.
- 14. And the winner is….. (insert drum roll here…) Species Z