The objective of the paper is to provide an in depth analysis of the concept of intrapreneurship and
how it is a leeway to the success of small-scale businesses in South East Nigeria. Extant literature were reviewed
and the theoretical framework is anchored on the psychological innovation entrepreneurship theory propounded
by Schumpeter in1938 in which he describes the entrepreneur as one forsaking well-trodden paths to open up
new territory and as turning dreams into reality. A structured questionnaire that gauged the structure; size,
control, organizational and communications levels of Small Scale Businesses, in relation with intrapreneurship
was developed and administered to small scale businesses. Data collected were analysed using the Pearson‟s
product moment correlation, t-test and three (3) simple regression models. Also to show that the data satisfies the
conditions for parametric analysis, the F-Statistic linearity test and Shapiro-Wilk‟s test of normality was also
conducted using the SPSS version 20.0. However, from the data analysis, it was found that small-scale business
growth is enhanced through intrapreneurship activities. Consequently it is recommended that small-scale owners
should engage people with entrepreneurship orientations.
This paper is a conversation on the administration challenges that directors are face so as to accomplish
hierarchical objectives. The forward piece of this paper is a conversation about the more extensive Environmental
Factors that influence the advancement of an Organization today. Factors, for example, economy, political and
sociological are been examined assessing an organization's methodology. At the last section there is a conversation
about the HRM division and how significant it is for an organization, considered as a chain between the association
and its representatives. Leadership is an essential idea in present day control. The supervisor has the responsibility
to revise, at times, the standards and regulations that practice to the management protecting for the steering of
folks of the organization, while he sees that positive ideas and rules is basically out of date. Therefore, the
supervisor should break up the responsibilities efficaciously many of the group of workers. The right department
of labour is the maximum essential piece accomplishing strategic dreams. However, a business enterprise’s
method ought to analyse a few external surroundings conditions which can be very critical. Notwithstanding the
CEOs the maximum critical component in a agency is the HRM. For any goal or challenge HRM is responsibly to
discover the ideal human resource offering also the employees with protection making the great for them that
allows you to do their high-quality at the same time as operating. The current, highly competitive and globalised
surroundings requires a great deal extra activation of enterprise than in the beyond for his or her survival and,
predominant, for their development. This activation calls for a thoughts-set exchange, extroversion, management,
modern forms of management, flexibility, velocity of choice-making and harnessing the creativity and dynamism
of the human element. Business growth calls for firstly the existence or locating a leading personality. The
inspirational leader he will form with the senior a vision for the enterprise. Based on the agreed imaginative and
prescient of the leadership group will proceed in shaping the company's medium-time period goal and to broaden
the precise strategy for achieving this aim.
Common traits of successful family business: why some thrive, while other fal...Browne & Mohan
How families build structures and process for managing the business and the family matters in the continuation of their family business. In this paper, Browne & Mohan consultants share common traits that associated with families that have survived multiple generations.
External Business Environment and Performance of Microfinance Institutions: E...AkashSharma618775
This study examined the intensity of competition in the microfinance industry and its relationship
performance of MFIs in Nigeria. From a sample of 121 MFIs in Nigeria, data was collected via a structured
questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed via Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM
3.0) using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS v22) and, findings suggest that MFIs were faced with
intense competition in the form of high cost and difficulty of entry, high operational cost and too many players in
the industry regardless of the type of product and services they offer or lending policies they embrace. The result
further reveal that the intensity of competition has significant negative influence on the amount of loans disbursed
and the amount disbursed to women. The study therefore recommends MFI managers to develop operational
mechanisms for cost and risk reduction to survive and excel.
This paper is a conversation on the administration challenges that directors are face so as to accomplish
hierarchical objectives. The forward piece of this paper is a conversation about the more extensive Environmental
Factors that influence the advancement of an Organization today. Factors, for example, economy, political and
sociological are been examined assessing an organization's methodology. At the last section there is a conversation
about the HRM division and how significant it is for an organization, considered as a chain between the association
and its representatives. Leadership is an essential idea in present day control. The supervisor has the responsibility
to revise, at times, the standards and regulations that practice to the management protecting for the steering of
folks of the organization, while he sees that positive ideas and rules is basically out of date. Therefore, the
supervisor should break up the responsibilities efficaciously many of the group of workers. The right department
of labour is the maximum essential piece accomplishing strategic dreams. However, a business enterprise’s
method ought to analyse a few external surroundings conditions which can be very critical. Notwithstanding the
CEOs the maximum critical component in a agency is the HRM. For any goal or challenge HRM is responsibly to
discover the ideal human resource offering also the employees with protection making the great for them that
allows you to do their high-quality at the same time as operating. The current, highly competitive and globalised
surroundings requires a great deal extra activation of enterprise than in the beyond for his or her survival and,
predominant, for their development. This activation calls for a thoughts-set exchange, extroversion, management,
modern forms of management, flexibility, velocity of choice-making and harnessing the creativity and dynamism
of the human element. Business growth calls for firstly the existence or locating a leading personality. The
inspirational leader he will form with the senior a vision for the enterprise. Based on the agreed imaginative and
prescient of the leadership group will proceed in shaping the company's medium-time period goal and to broaden
the precise strategy for achieving this aim.
Common traits of successful family business: why some thrive, while other fal...Browne & Mohan
How families build structures and process for managing the business and the family matters in the continuation of their family business. In this paper, Browne & Mohan consultants share common traits that associated with families that have survived multiple generations.
External Business Environment and Performance of Microfinance Institutions: E...AkashSharma618775
This study examined the intensity of competition in the microfinance industry and its relationship
performance of MFIs in Nigeria. From a sample of 121 MFIs in Nigeria, data was collected via a structured
questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed via Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM
3.0) using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS v22) and, findings suggest that MFIs were faced with
intense competition in the form of high cost and difficulty of entry, high operational cost and too many players in
the industry regardless of the type of product and services they offer or lending policies they embrace. The result
further reveal that the intensity of competition has significant negative influence on the amount of loans disbursed
and the amount disbursed to women. The study therefore recommends MFI managers to develop operational
mechanisms for cost and risk reduction to survive and excel.
The Impact of Intellectual Capital on Firm Performance of Manufacturing SMEs ...IIJSRJournal
There are various factors from empirical studies that many factors influence firm performance. The purpose of this conceptual paper is to review the impact of intellectual capital as a unidimensional factor on the performance of manufacturing SMEs operating in Malaysia. The framework was developed after a systematic review of past literature. The present paper found the critical influence of the study's variables on firm performance. Furthermore, the study provided some understanding of how intellectual capital affects manufacturing SMEs' performance in Malaysia. Intellectual capital plays an important role in influencing a Manufacturing SMEs firm performance. The paper emphasizes the critical value of intellectual capital for SMEs owner/managers consideration when acting on behalf of their company, failing to experience poor performance. Resource-Based View (RBV) theory underlies the conceptual framework and explains the relationship among variables. In addition, some implications of this conceptual model for theory and practice are discussed.
Corporate Governance and Earning Management in Saudi ArabiaAkashSharma618775
The research paper examines the corporate governance and earning management in Saudi Arabia. It
explores certain studies that worked in different areas and discusses their findings. The essential goal of this paper
is to exactly research the impact of the late corporate administration controls presented by Capital Market
Authority (CMA) on compelling income administration hone in Saudi Arabia. Corporate governance theory is
discussed here that elaborates the procedures of organization and different strategies. At that point speculations
are tried utilizing multivariate procedure to figure out whether corporate administration qualities essentially
oblige optional accumulations. The paper also discusses literature of previous studies and some methodologies are
discussed that are important. Three different types of methodologies are described here that are related to
organization. At the end, conclusion is presented.
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis as a Management Tool for Decision Making In Small...IOSRJBM
This study aimed to figure out if small business enterprises utilize cost volume profit (CVP) analysis as a management tool for decision-making process in Bayero University Kano, with a view to shed light on the reality of the use of CVP analysis as a decision-making tool in small business enterprises. The study population is made up of the entire small business enterprises within Bayero University, Kano. Primary source of data were utilized using structured questionnaires. The hypotheses were tested using Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson correlation coefficient. A very weak relationship (0.02) was recorded, it was discovered that there is no statistical significant difference between having the knowledge of a management accounting tools and its application. The study concludes that small business enterprises utilize CVP ignorantly and it is recommended
Too many modern-day employees describe their work as “soul crushing.” This often refers to
activities that may at one time have been, or could potentially be enjoyable and meaningful. Instead, they have
been rendered joyless. This feeling breaks employee spirit and drains people of a sense of accomplishment. This
type of work crushes motivation and enthusiasm
IB Business and Management (Standard Level)
All material taken from the IB Business and Management Textbook:
"Business and Management", Paul Hoang, IBID Press, Victoria, 2007
Solutions for Creating Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Small Businessesijtsrd
In the globalization stage, all bussinesses exist for some purpose or goal, and managers have the responsibility for combining and using organizational resources to ensure that the organizations achieve their purpose. Strategic Management is a complex concept which has to do with an organization's scope and direction of activities, matching the activities with the environment and resource capability, as well as the values, expectations and goals of those influencing strategy. This research focused on small businesses, their features and dynamics in the course of making use of the tools and techniques in strategic management. It investigates how small businesses, in their course of building competitive advantage, make strategic decisions, and the factors related to the mere smallness of such businesses as affecting strategic choice are discussed. Dr. Le Nguyen Doan Khoi "Solutions for Creating Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Small Businesses" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47499.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/47499/solutions-for-creating-sustainable-competitive-advantage-in-small-businesses/dr-le-nguyen-doan-khoi
Research Paper titled “Innovation through Intrapreneurship – A Management’s Perspective” on how manager's can foster an environment of innovation & spirit of startups in an Enterprise.
CAPACITY BUILDING IN PROCUREMENT AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE AT RWANDA ENERGY G...AkashSharma618775
The study examined the effect of capacity building in procurement on regulatory compliance at Rwanda
Energy Group. The objective of the study was to assess the effects of training, coaching and leadership
development in public procurement to regulatory compliance at Rwanda Energy Group. A descriptive survey
research design was adopted using quantitative methods and used a closed-ended questionnaire as a data collection
instrument. The study targeted 86 respondents from Rwanda Energy Group. Owing to the small size of the
targeted study population of REG staff based in Kigali, the whole population was taken for respondents to ensure
enough data is collected to inform the study. Collected data were analyzed on quantitative basis using Pearson’s
correlation, multiple regression analysis and descriptive statistics. For the analysis of training in public
procurement, the results have shown that all respondents in REG strongly agree with its effects in enhancing,
enforcing and streamlining regulatory compliance in public procurement. In the study, coaching in public
procurement, the results found that all responses provided, highlighted a positive trend to the first statistical range
(strong agree) of 1.27 as a mean with a minimum standard deviation estimated at 0.789 in general. The research
study analyzed leadership development, the results found that leadership development in public procurement is
strongly correlated with regulatory compliance of Rwanda Energy Group at significance level of 1.53 as the mean
with the minimum standard deviation estimated at 1.070 in general. The researcher recommended that Rwanda
Energy Group should consider, facilitating and involving all procurement staff in capacity building and
development through short courses and trainings organized by Rwanda Public Procurement Authority to improve
compliance with laws and regulations of public procurement in Rwanda.
Entrepreneurial Marketing Practice The Effect on Growth of Small and Medium S...ijtsrd
Entrepreneurial marketing EM practices have been identified as one of the important key ingredients for growth in small and medium enterprises. SMEs . The success or failure of SMEs is said to rest in part on the nature and types of marketing practices they employ. The objective of the study is to determine the effect of product development strategy and pricing strategies on growth of small and medium enterprises SMEs in Ekiti State. Survey design was employed in which questionnaires were used to collect primary data from the respondents. The population made up of owners managers of small and medium enterprises in Ekiti State while simple random techniques was used to select 150 samples size who participated in the study and inferential statistics including chi square was adopt to test the hypothesis. The findings revealed that there is relationship between product development strategy, pricing strategy and the growth of small and medium enterprises. It was recommended that comprehensive training on product innovation for the SMEs owners manager on entrepreneurship and always adopts pricing strategies. Ogundele, Taiwo | Medayese Olanike Olayinka "Entrepreneurial Marketing Practice: The Effect on Growth of Small and Medium Scale Business in Ekiti State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49475.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/49475/entrepreneurial-marketing-practice-the-effect-on-growth-of-small-and-medium-scale-business-in-ekiti-state/ogundele-taiwo
The Impact of Intellectual Capital on Firm Performance of Manufacturing SMEs ...IIJSRJournal
There are various factors from empirical studies that many factors influence firm performance. The purpose of this conceptual paper is to review the impact of intellectual capital as a unidimensional factor on the performance of manufacturing SMEs operating in Malaysia. The framework was developed after a systematic review of past literature. The present paper found the critical influence of the study's variables on firm performance. Furthermore, the study provided some understanding of how intellectual capital affects manufacturing SMEs' performance in Malaysia. Intellectual capital plays an important role in influencing a Manufacturing SMEs firm performance. The paper emphasizes the critical value of intellectual capital for SMEs owner/managers consideration when acting on behalf of their company, failing to experience poor performance. Resource-Based View (RBV) theory underlies the conceptual framework and explains the relationship among variables. In addition, some implications of this conceptual model for theory and practice are discussed.
Corporate Governance and Earning Management in Saudi ArabiaAkashSharma618775
The research paper examines the corporate governance and earning management in Saudi Arabia. It
explores certain studies that worked in different areas and discusses their findings. The essential goal of this paper
is to exactly research the impact of the late corporate administration controls presented by Capital Market
Authority (CMA) on compelling income administration hone in Saudi Arabia. Corporate governance theory is
discussed here that elaborates the procedures of organization and different strategies. At that point speculations
are tried utilizing multivariate procedure to figure out whether corporate administration qualities essentially
oblige optional accumulations. The paper also discusses literature of previous studies and some methodologies are
discussed that are important. Three different types of methodologies are described here that are related to
organization. At the end, conclusion is presented.
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis as a Management Tool for Decision Making In Small...IOSRJBM
This study aimed to figure out if small business enterprises utilize cost volume profit (CVP) analysis as a management tool for decision-making process in Bayero University Kano, with a view to shed light on the reality of the use of CVP analysis as a decision-making tool in small business enterprises. The study population is made up of the entire small business enterprises within Bayero University, Kano. Primary source of data were utilized using structured questionnaires. The hypotheses were tested using Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson correlation coefficient. A very weak relationship (0.02) was recorded, it was discovered that there is no statistical significant difference between having the knowledge of a management accounting tools and its application. The study concludes that small business enterprises utilize CVP ignorantly and it is recommended
Too many modern-day employees describe their work as “soul crushing.” This often refers to
activities that may at one time have been, or could potentially be enjoyable and meaningful. Instead, they have
been rendered joyless. This feeling breaks employee spirit and drains people of a sense of accomplishment. This
type of work crushes motivation and enthusiasm
IB Business and Management (Standard Level)
All material taken from the IB Business and Management Textbook:
"Business and Management", Paul Hoang, IBID Press, Victoria, 2007
Solutions for Creating Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Small Businessesijtsrd
In the globalization stage, all bussinesses exist for some purpose or goal, and managers have the responsibility for combining and using organizational resources to ensure that the organizations achieve their purpose. Strategic Management is a complex concept which has to do with an organization's scope and direction of activities, matching the activities with the environment and resource capability, as well as the values, expectations and goals of those influencing strategy. This research focused on small businesses, their features and dynamics in the course of making use of the tools and techniques in strategic management. It investigates how small businesses, in their course of building competitive advantage, make strategic decisions, and the factors related to the mere smallness of such businesses as affecting strategic choice are discussed. Dr. Le Nguyen Doan Khoi "Solutions for Creating Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Small Businesses" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47499.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/47499/solutions-for-creating-sustainable-competitive-advantage-in-small-businesses/dr-le-nguyen-doan-khoi
Research Paper titled “Innovation through Intrapreneurship – A Management’s Perspective” on how manager's can foster an environment of innovation & spirit of startups in an Enterprise.
CAPACITY BUILDING IN PROCUREMENT AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE AT RWANDA ENERGY G...AkashSharma618775
The study examined the effect of capacity building in procurement on regulatory compliance at Rwanda
Energy Group. The objective of the study was to assess the effects of training, coaching and leadership
development in public procurement to regulatory compliance at Rwanda Energy Group. A descriptive survey
research design was adopted using quantitative methods and used a closed-ended questionnaire as a data collection
instrument. The study targeted 86 respondents from Rwanda Energy Group. Owing to the small size of the
targeted study population of REG staff based in Kigali, the whole population was taken for respondents to ensure
enough data is collected to inform the study. Collected data were analyzed on quantitative basis using Pearson’s
correlation, multiple regression analysis and descriptive statistics. For the analysis of training in public
procurement, the results have shown that all respondents in REG strongly agree with its effects in enhancing,
enforcing and streamlining regulatory compliance in public procurement. In the study, coaching in public
procurement, the results found that all responses provided, highlighted a positive trend to the first statistical range
(strong agree) of 1.27 as a mean with a minimum standard deviation estimated at 0.789 in general. The research
study analyzed leadership development, the results found that leadership development in public procurement is
strongly correlated with regulatory compliance of Rwanda Energy Group at significance level of 1.53 as the mean
with the minimum standard deviation estimated at 1.070 in general. The researcher recommended that Rwanda
Energy Group should consider, facilitating and involving all procurement staff in capacity building and
development through short courses and trainings organized by Rwanda Public Procurement Authority to improve
compliance with laws and regulations of public procurement in Rwanda.
Entrepreneurial Marketing Practice The Effect on Growth of Small and Medium S...ijtsrd
Entrepreneurial marketing EM practices have been identified as one of the important key ingredients for growth in small and medium enterprises. SMEs . The success or failure of SMEs is said to rest in part on the nature and types of marketing practices they employ. The objective of the study is to determine the effect of product development strategy and pricing strategies on growth of small and medium enterprises SMEs in Ekiti State. Survey design was employed in which questionnaires were used to collect primary data from the respondents. The population made up of owners managers of small and medium enterprises in Ekiti State while simple random techniques was used to select 150 samples size who participated in the study and inferential statistics including chi square was adopt to test the hypothesis. The findings revealed that there is relationship between product development strategy, pricing strategy and the growth of small and medium enterprises. It was recommended that comprehensive training on product innovation for the SMEs owners manager on entrepreneurship and always adopts pricing strategies. Ogundele, Taiwo | Medayese Olanike Olayinka "Entrepreneurial Marketing Practice: The Effect on Growth of Small and Medium Scale Business in Ekiti State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49475.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/49475/entrepreneurial-marketing-practice-the-effect-on-growth-of-small-and-medium-scale-business-in-ekiti-state/ogundele-taiwo
Introduction to entrepreneurship.
A mandatory course for second year student at the department of business administration and entrepreneurship development, institute of public administration and management, University of Sierra Leone. This is an excerpt of the full course...
The contemporary era has witnessed an upstart and proliferation in the entrepreneurial endeavours across the globe subsequently challenging many incumbents and established market players with their innovative and transforming business dynamics that redefined many traditional business models. Many factors have stimulated the growth of the numerous entrepreneurial ventures like digital revolution, consumer-centric business operations, changing consumer demands, feasible and accessible technology, social consciousness, and accentuated perception of establishing business ventures as an accountable and responsible corporate entity and so on. In this context of discussions, the present report is contextualised wherein various perspectives of an entrepreneurial organisation has been evaluated with the real-life examples of successful entrepreneurs. The report engages in determining the various entrepreneurial ventures, similarities, and differences between them, the ways in which small entrepreneurial businesses impact the local, regional, national, international economy. In addition to this, the personality trait of the entrepreneurs has been discussed to uphold how personal affiliations and bent of mind instigates towards developing something worthwhile along with understanding how a positive or native external ambiance could shape and influence the entrepreneurial mindsets.
For More Visit https://assignmentwizardsonline.com/
CSIC research fellow Tracey Wright interviews 12 DC-area small businesses to explore how they use social media to communicate their socially responsible business practices to their stakeholders.
You might have thought that mentoring was just
one of those HR trendy tools to attract and retain talents
and to remotivate senior managers in your firm.
Well, think again.
This white paper as been designed to give you an
opportunity to reconsider what you may know, or imagine,
about mentoring...
In it, we will discuss and try to illustrate how corporations
can find a balance between their formal structure source
of efficiency and their informal networks source of agility,
and why mentor / mentee networks are such powerful
cultural game changers.
Author: Stéphanie MITRANO PhD
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Problems Of Funding Small And Medium Scale Enterprises In Nigeriaiosrjce
This paper examined the problems of funding small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria. The
study identified the sources of finance, types of finance available to small scale enterprises and the various
financial challenges bedevilling the smooth operation of small and medium scale enterprises and suggested the
way forward. Observation and review of relevant documents were employed in carrying out the study. It was
discovered that though adequate finance is indispensable for the successful operation of small and medium
scale enterprises, government still needs to create a more conducive environment for small scale business to
thrive by streamlining business tax policies to eliminate extortion from small scale businesses.
Entrepreneurial personal networks and performance of
small and medium scale Enterprises (SMEs) in Kano
State, Nigeria
1Amaka Cordelia Egele , 2Kibuuka Muhammad (PhD) , 3Mutenyo John (PhD)
Federal College of Education Kano, Nigeria.
2 3Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Family business transformation is complex and messy affair. Family businesses must not only untangle the tightly intertwined family from business, but also bring business focus into the family. Successful family business transformation requires thorough planning and diligent execution. In this paper, Browne & Mohan consultants share the steps a family business must pursue to remain competitive, sustain their relevance and grow over coming generations.
Knowledge Management Strategies and Their Contribution to Small and Medium En...inventionjournals
Despite the many individual case studies on various knowledge management initiatives in large organisations, the perception of knowledge management practices and developments in Small and Medium enterprises suffers certain drawbacks. As such, there is paucity of information on the effects of different knowledge management strategies used by small firms in the hospitality industry in Kenya. The study sought to determine the contribution of knowledge management strategies on sales growth in the hospitality industry. Objective was to determine the contributions of knowledge management strategies on small and medium business sales growth. A cross-sectional survey research design was used for this study and a census was conducted on 39 businesses. A questionnaire with structured and unstructured questions was used to collect primary data from all the 39 top managers and supervisors of selected hospitality businesses since they are the key decision makers. Descriptive and regression analysis were used to analyze the data with the help of Statistical package for social sciences computer software. The findings from this study indicate that, though knowledge management strategies were used to a greater extent among the businesses, they did not significantly contribute to sales growth in the hospitality industry. This implies that the relationship was not significant because the use of the knowledge management strategies did not fully actualize the intended sales growth in the hospitality businesses. The results of this study have implications in enhancing the growth of Small and medium enterprises in Kenya.
Innomantra viewpoint -The End of CXOs Innovation Peekaboo Innomantra
Innovation has been a lifeline of many organizations for survival and growth, but the CXOs and leadership had a ‘peekaboo’ experience with ad hoc activities and very thin consistency in involvement of its people. As they were trying to structure by connecting the jigsaw pieces of innovation in a multicultural business and stakeholder environment to achieve an exponential impact in the age of triple-bottom-line Profits, People, and Planet.
Similar to Intrapreneurship Dynamics and Small-Scale Businesses’ Growth: A Meta-Analysis (20)
Although performance appraisal is concerned with the evaluation of workers job performance, it at the same time serves to highlight the specific objectives of an organization. As the employee is being evaluated the organization is also evaluating itself by comparing objectives and standards of performance, reviews the whole appraisal framework and design as well as organizational values and culture. Performance appraisal is a veritable tool for organizations to evaluate and increase the quality of education and training of their workforce with a view to developing lifelong learning patterns and strategies to sustain productivity throughout longer working periods. Motivation as it relates to employee productivity is often behind the drive for performance and self-actualization and provides opportunities for higher productivity. Productivity is an important measure of goal achievement because getting more done with less resources increases organizational profitability. Using the exploratory research design and 109 participants the result of the study indicates a strong positive correlation between performance appraisal and employee productivity. It suggests that the issue of performance appraisal in charitable organizations should be addressed. In view of the result of the study, the paper recommends that performance appraisal should carefully review employee’s strengths and weaknesses against requirements for possible future higher responsibilities.
The integration between innovation and business is a key factor in competitiveness between organizations. That is, innovation applied to a business makes no sense if not considered as an integral tool for the processes of the organization. Companies should therefore adopt a policy where innovation plays a strategic role in the design of business models to become lean, effective and competitive entities (Moraleda, 2004). The objective of this paper is to show the importance of innovation within companies, identifying the concept, the various models that different entities might adopt in order to develop better processes of innovation, as well as indicators that represent innovation at global and national levels in order to develop strategies that lead to an increase in competitiveness. For this work the method used was a bibliographical review of relevant articles from a range of authors was conducted.
The practitioners and academicians in the business arena are highly concern about the enhancement of employee performance in this competitive age for achievement of business goals. Considering the issue, this study aimed to measure the influence of Human Resource Management (HRM) practices on the performance of employees. The data of this study have been collected from 392 on-the-job operational level employees using survey method who are working at different garment factories in Bangladesh. The collected data are analyzed through structural equation modeling to partial least square method. The study empirically proves that employee training and development, promotion opportunity, and job security has significant influence on the employees’ performance. Theoretically, this study proves that training and development, job security and promotion opportunity together influence on the performance of employees in the developing economy. The practitioners and policy makers of the organizations are expected to make necessary adjustments in their existing HRM practices based on the findings of this study in the context of Bangladesh for enhancing the employees’ performance level so that their whole-hearted efforts can be gained for the achievement of business goals.
Child labor is one of the issues receiving much attention from researchers and scholars around the world. Child labor still occurs in most countries around the world. Viet Nam is also one of the countries with relatively high child labor and increasing trend. This article is based on critical discourse analysis and data from the General Statistics Office of Vietnam to analyze some fundamental issues of child labor in Vietnam, thereby giving policy suggestions to the Vietnam government in minimizing the current child labor situation.
The rapid trend of changes and social issues in managing the global workforce has forced organizations to look for innovative ways of enhancing the job satisfaction of employees. Among these innovative approaches is the provision of Flexible Working Arrangements (FWAs). The purpose of this exploratory research was to identify the effects of FWAs, i.e., flextime schedule, compressed workweek, and telecommuting on job satisfaction from the perspective of the Ethiopian national employees of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) in Addis Ababa. To achieve this objective both descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted. The total population of the study was 250; out of which, 71% of responses were collected. A primary data collection method was implemented using a structured questionnaire. The analysis showed that there is significant positive effect of flextime schedule (R = .39, R2 = .264, p = .001) and compressed workweek (R = .39, R2 = .159, p = .039). This means that increase in the use of flextime schedules and compressed workweek enhances job satisfaction for employees of the ECA in Addis Ababa. The independent variables reported R = .39 and R2 = .15 which means that 15% of corresponding variations in employee job satisfaction can be explained by flexible working arrangements. Nevertheless, this study found out that there are no significant relationship of telecommuting (R = .39, R2 = .065, p = .398) on job satisfaction. Therefore, since the provision of FWAs is at the nascent stage, further studies on the effect of telecommuting on job satisfaction from Ethiopian employees context are highly recommended.
This study evaluates the impacts of urban road investment and operation in China, especially the spillover effect attributable to the investment of urban road projects. Using the synthetic control method and difference-in-differences technique and taking the opening of Jiaozhou Bay Bridge and its Subsea Tunnel in China on 30 June 2011 as a natural experiment, this paper investigates the causal effect between urban road investment and its economic impacts. Results show that the project has a positive externality in terms of its contribution to the output and employment: taken the industrial relative output as outcome variable, no matter whether the covariates are controlled or not, the parameters of the interactive terms are positive; taken the industrial relative employment rate as outcome variable, the gap between the treated unit and its counterpart indicates a direct program effect for the treated city as well as a spillover effect across the cities within the sample province. Furthermore, the permutation test ascertains that the probability of achieving a spillover effect as large as the treated city is around 5.88 per cent. Overall, the investment and operation of urban road transportation infrastructure has a noticeable spillover effect. Our results are robust across a series of placebo tests.
Poor public management defined by corruption and lack of prudence in public life continues to hold Nigeria hostage and makes good governance difficult. Since the 1980s government has been using many methods including the processes of privatization and commercialization as means of re-engineering the public sector for total quality management, and to increase the share of the public sector’s contribution to the gross domestic product. The experiment never achieved the desired level of success partly due to lack of political will on the part of government to wedge a total war against corruption, and also partly because the public sector is a large scale administration that has many entry and revolving doors which government finds difficult to close. These limitations provide the incentives for widespread public corruption that is recognized as one of the greatest challenges of government in carrying out its mandate. 110 respondents participated in this study conducted through the exploratory research design. The participants provided useful data that were triangulated with data from secondary sources for the purpose of the study. To achieve the objective of the investigation, data were analyzed through statistical techniques and the result showed significant positive correlation between good governance and good management. It was recommended that appointments in the public sector should feature a combination of people from private and public sectors of the economy to enhance competence with the aim of reducing public sector corruption. Further study should examine the reasons behind rising budget deficits as a way of reducing cost of governance in Nigeria.
In this article, we analyze in the Malian context the link between the structure of the shareholding and the sustainability of companies based on data from the census of industrial enterprises of the Ministry of Trade and Industry, 2015. The results show that Mali’s economic opening option in the 1980s, strengthened in the 1990s following the implementation of the Structural Adjustment Programs, resulting in the state’s withdrawal from the management of enterprises, have enabled the emergence of private enterprises in almost all sectors of economic activity. However, shareholding in industrial enterprises has suffered from poor governance. It also shows that the number of women entrepreneurs is close to that of men. Between 2010 and 2014, the majority of shareholders are in the agri-food sector. The majority of the investment is in the metal and metallurgical sector.
This paper’s objective is to present the importance of the strategic planning in business management. Speaking of strategic planning is always speaking in general terms and how to fix paths of behavior will necessarily affect deeply and significantly in the future evolution of the company or organization that adopts it. Today we think of the organization as part of an environment and in terms of options or choices based on what you have, of its surroundings and the opportunities or pathways that can lead to achieving the objective, (Garrido, 2009). For this work the method used was a bibliographical review of relevant articles from a range of authors was conducted. The conclusions were that the be properly analyzed and adapted to the precise conditions and characteristics of the small business or, more generally, to any type of business for which the planning is intended. Strategic planning brings multiple benefits (which exceed its disadvantages) if applied in the right way, however, there are inherent risks, which can be overcome with proper monitoring and control.
The study examined the relationship between non-financial incentives and workers’ motivation in Akwa Ibom State Civil Service exploring five key variables of continuing professional development, performance feedback, employee employment, employee participation in decision-making and task autonomy. Survey research design was adopted involving the use of questionnaire to gather data from 392 respondents drawn from a population of 20465 civil servants in state using Taro Yamene Sample Size Determination Table. The sample was drawn across all ministries and departments through stratified and convenience sampling techniques. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The five dimensions of non-financial incentives were positively correlated with workers’ motivation from the results of the analysis. Continuing Professional Development (CPD) had the highest correlation value (r = 0.33, P<0.01). Also, the five null hypotheses were rejected implying that the variables of study influence workers’ motivation in Akwa Ibom State Civil Service, Nigeria with beta coefficients and t-values of CPD (0.29;4.313); PF (0.117; 3.500); EE (0.2.141); PDM (0.182; 2.935), and TA (0.231;2.817). It was concluded that since workers’ motivation is a vital tool to organizational effectiveness and growth, employers should explore more of non-financial incentives in formulating and implementing employee benefits related policies.
This literature review is organized in five sections. Firstly, we begin with general ideas and continue with the origin of the fraudulent. Secondly, we discuss the struggle of the phenomena, insisting on the available mechanisms. Finally, we’ll discuss the link between audit and fraud.
Accounting function aims at providing accurate and sufficient accounting information to facilitate proper financial reporting and management performance. Accounting information is usually in the form of periodic or annual financial statements which are products of costing, financial and management accounting prepared for the benefit of a number of external interest groups. Accounting has its roots in the stewardship approach and as a management performance tool to guide the agent and the principal over the exact status of the going concern. Accounting function also involves financial statement analysis, interpreting the accounts by computing and evaluating ratios which relate pairs of financial information or items with one another. This analysis of ratios can be cross-sectional comparing the results of one company with another or trend. In doing so close attention is usually paid to profitability ratio to help keep pace with effective management performance. The exploratory research design was adopted for the study and result showed positive correlation between accounting function and management performance. The study was not exhaustive, therefore, further study should examine the relationship between audit failure and business failure as a matter of finding a solution to the problem. It was recommended that management should always carefully study audit reports to enhance decision making and management performance.
This study examines the effect of the trademark on consumer behavior of consumers of air conditioners in Sudan, in order to know the dimensions of the trademark that affect consumer behavior in Sudan, and provide information to companies on the dimensions of the trademark that affect the purchasing decision of the customer and contribute to customer satisfaction. The study adopted descriptive analytical method using a sample of 230 individuals who consume air conditioners in Sudan. The results showed that there is a positive significant relationship between the trademark of air conditioning and consumer behavior as well as a positive significant relationship between the trademark name of air conditioning and consumer behavior and finally there is a positive significant relationship between the trademark logo and consumer behavior.
In recent years, retired workers eligible for social security receive their emoluments from the appropriate regulatory agency and this provides more realistic evidence on the better living standard of the aged (retirees) under the scheme. Empirically, this paper examines the impact of social security on economic growth in Ghana using time series secondary (monthly) data ranging from 2000 – 2018. The author answers in two questions: 1) how significant are pensioners benefit payments dependent on economic growth and also, 2) how business environmental policy is contributing to economic performance as far as pensioners well-being are concerned. Using STATA analytical software, the findings show a positive significant relationship between social security and economic growth. The study concludes by outlining appropriate policy measures to help strengthen the current social security scheme in Ghana.
This research begins by showing the different meanings attributed to the term cluster by different currents and authors, which suggests definitions that are found around its spatial framework. Next, the factors that intervene in the competitiveness of a region and its growth are shown, for the development of these, Porter’s model of competitiveness which was taken as reference, and the contexts: geographical and economic. Therefore, the methodology was used based on a qualitative design, with descriptive and correlational scope since it will analyze differences of each cluster, with respect to the factors of dimensions, establishments, growth, economic impact and policies. To do this, the information-gathering tool was two semi-structured interviews with cluster leaders in both countries, because the approach is based on data collection methods that are not completely standardized or predetermined. And finally, the results of the comparison of the Mexican Bajío automotive cluster with the German cluster located in Baden-Württemberg are presented.
This research aims at identifying the impact of excellence in drawing up the following four marketing mix strategies (Product, Pricing, Promotion and Distribution) of the small and medium enterprises in Jordan, in terms of their marketing performance in its dimensions (Sales Growth, Profit Growth, Customer Attraction and Customer Retention).In order to reach the results of this study, A total of (187) valid questionnaire surveys were collected from companies belong to the SME Association in Jordan. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) approach was used to analyze the collected data. The empirical results indicated there is a significant relationship between the building of marketing strategies of the marketing mix elements in the Jordanian SME and their marketing performance, by (sales growth, profit growth, customer attraction, and customer retention) dimensions. Consequently, decision makers in small and medium organizations need to choose strategies based on their target market to the positive impact on the mind of the consumer, which in turn could improve modern scientific methods in SME to divide their markets into sub-market sectors.
The study investigates the impact of team building on organisational productivity. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of team building among the members of the selected case study and to assess the effect of training and retraining of team members on organisational productivity. The study also x-rayed the absence of team building in a workplace which led to low levels of turnover and productivity. the total population of the study was 750 while researcher employed Yaro Yamane sampling technique to select sample size of 261 because of the large population and hypothesis were tested using Pearson correlation. The finding revealed that if members of the team can work in synergy without considering the differences in the likes of level of educational background and others, the expected productivity will be very high. It was also observed that capabilities of team leader in carrying out the assigned task determined its output especially if the team leader understands the technical knowhow of job and he is friendly with co-team members with a lot of motivation, that this would definitely enhance employees’ efficiencies and productivities. The study recommends that team members should trust, support and respect one another individual differences in order to accomplish group common goals and tasks.
Compared with general commercial reverse logistics operators, the recovery and treatment of expired drugs and medical waste is a complex and highly technically difficult project. The qualifications required by the relevant service providers are also more stringent. For medical institutions, the selection of reverse logistics operators is always a critical issue. On the perspective of sustainability, this paper aims to investigate and explore the critical factors of selecting a medical reverse logistics service provider. Through the process of the Delphi method, the experts’ assessments were collected, and 24 factors affecting the selection of medical reverse logistics service provider were screened and summarized. Then, Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) was employed to calculate the total influence values and net influence values between factors that could be used to draw the visual causal map. Referring the causal map, “Green process operation level” and “Recycling process greening degree” are significantly higher than other factors in terms of total influence value and net influence value. Therefore, they can be regarded as crucial factors. This finding implies that medical reverse logistics providers must have the ability to improve the greening of facilities, as well as equipment, integrating existing processes to make it greener and environmentally friendly.
The major objective of any firm is to maximize the shareholders wealth. This is evidence through dividend yield and payout ratio and this encapsulate into the dividend policy of a company. The research purpose aimed at examining the influence that dividend policy has on the volatility of share prices among the listed insurance corporations in Kenya. Research design, approach and method: Data was collected from listed insurance corporations over a 10-year period with a total of 49 data points. The Pearson correlation and ordinary regression analysis were employed. The results reveal the existence of a positive link among the study variables. The correlations were found to be substantial at ninety-five percent confidence level. It is worth noting that the model summary shows forty-three-point one percent of changes in the volatility of stock price are explicated by dividend yield and payout ratio. ANOVA statistics which examines whether the analytical model as set out in the study explains variations in the dependent variable concluded that the model is analytically substantial. The outcome revealed a statistically significant positive link between stock price variations and the ratio of dividend payout. Research also established a statistically substantial negative interrelation between volatility of stock prices and dividend return. Results therefore recommend that companies should have dividend policies which are mapped to shareholders wealth maximization objective. The study suggests further studies be undertaken to determine whether there exists an analytically substantial difference between the dividend policies of various sectors in the economy.
This study is about the impact of selected macroeconomic variables on economic growth of Bangladesh. Economic growth of Bangladesh is measured in terms of annual nominal GDP growth rate. Least squared regression model has been employed considering exchange rate, export, import and inflation rate as independent variables and gross domestic product as the dependent variable in this study. The results reveal that export and import have significant positive impact on GDP growth rate. The other variables (exchange rate and inflation) are not significant, indicating that there exists no significant relationship among the variables. The findings will help the policy makers to make policies concerning the country’s economic growth to remain robust in the near future.
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Intrapreneurship Dynamics and Small-Scale Businesses’ Growth: A Meta-Analysis
1. Business, Management and Economics
Research
ISSN(e): 2412-1770, ISSN(p): 2413-855X
Vol. 1, No. 7, pp: 92-100, 2015
URL: http://arpgweb.com/?ic=journal&journal=8&info=aims
92
Academic Research Publishing Group
Intrapreneurship Dynamics and Small-Scale Businesses’
Growth: A Meta-Analysis
Udu Ama Aka Department of Business Management, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
1. Introduction
There are different forms of organizing businesses. These forms include sole proprietorship, partnership and
incorporated businesses. In all these forms, small-scale businesses are found in the incorporated forms of business as
seen in Sec 21(1) of Companies and Allied Matters Act, 1990 (CAMA, 1990). Incorporated businesses are business
organizations that are registered with share capital or guarantee. Sec 351(1) of CAMA 1990 clearly sets the
parameters for defining a small-scale business as a private company having a share capital with the amount of its
turnover in a year not more than two million naira, or such amount as may be fixed by the Corporate Affairs
Commission, (CAC); the directors between them hold not less than 51% of its equity capital and none of the
members is a member of government corporation or agency or its nominees. So, for the Act, for any company to be
qualified as a small scale business, it must first be a private company having shares (Udu and Udu, 2015).
The foregoing description of a small scale business helps to create the boundaries between small scale business
and micro business. Micro businesses are in the main found in every sector; do not have shareholders and most
importantly hold the hub for apprenticeship practices. The distinction is important because too often micro
businesses are regarded as small scale businesses. However, apart from other distinguishing features between the
two, the concern of this paper lies on the aspect of engaging apprentices. Apprentices are mentees who do not
receive any wage or salary within the period of their mentorship. Small-scale businesses do not have apprentices but
employees. Few of the employees of small scale businesses in most cases have the capacity of ensuring that the
creative energies of the founders of the business are not easily extinct though their activities are in most cases at
variance with established policies and procedures. The employees that help to ensure that the philosophies, missions,
visions and ideas of the founders are kept alive as to add value to the societal wellbeing are intrapreneurs.
Intrapreneurship relates to proactive initiatives of individual employees to improve work procedures or products
and/or to explore and exploit business opportunities. The new ideas intrapreneurs bring to bear on the existing
business creates the leeway to success and continuity.
Small-scale businesses abound in Abakaliki. Many of the existing small-scale businesses have existed for years
that they seem not to be adding value to societal wellbeing. The products and services they offer are taken for lack of
competitive offerings. As a result expansion has been difficult. Few of the small-scale businesses engage people
who are experts in their bias areas and are entrepreneurially inclined. Those small-scale businesses that are lucky to
have intrapreneurs do things differently and add value to societal wellbeing. The Capital city of Ebonyi state is
Abakaliki. The small-scale businesses found in Abakaliki comprise hotels and restaurants, mining and quarrying,
wholesale and retailing, transportation, manufacturing, building and construction and education. The thrust of the
Abstract: The objective of the paper is to provide an in depth analysis of the concept of intrapreneurship and
how it is a leeway to the success of small-scale businesses in South East Nigeria. Extant literature were reviewed
and the theoretical framework is anchored on the psychological innovation entrepreneurship theory propounded
by Schumpeter in1938 in which he describes the entrepreneur as one forsaking well-trodden paths to open up
new territory and as turning dreams into reality. A structured questionnaire that gauged the structure; size,
control, organizational and communications levels of Small Scale Businesses, in relation with intrapreneurship
was developed and administered to small scale businesses. Data collected were analysed using the Pearson‟s
product moment correlation, t-test and three (3) simple regression models. Also to show that the data satisfies the
conditions for parametric analysis, the F-Statistic linearity test and Shapiro-Wilk‟s test of normality was also
conducted using the SPSS version 20.0. However, from the data analysis, it was found that small-scale business
growth is enhanced through intrapreneurship activities. Consequently it is recommended that small-scale owners
should engage people with entrepreneurship orientations.
Keywords: Small-scale business; Intrapreneurship; Enterprises; Skills.
2. Business, Management and Economics Research, 2015, 1(7): 92-100
93
paper, therefore, is to establish the link between intrapreneurship and the growth of small-scale business in
Abakaliki.
1.1. Problem Statement
Many small-scale businesses in Abakaliki have operated for several years doing the same thing over and over
again. For instance, those in the wholesale and retailing businesses offer the same wares every time in terms of
quality and quantity. This occurs despite demographic changes and its associated diverse demands. The absence of
entrepreneurial spirit and acumen in the pursuit of small-scale businesses in Abakaliki could be attributed to the
manner in which employees are engaged. The engagement of employees seem to be based on biological, religious or
clan affiliations – a method that does not encourage engaging people with requisite skills needed for (Extended
knowledge base) organizational efficient performance. The result of this is that initiatives and self-motivation to
excel are unconsciously stifled. Sometimes, the structure of the small-scale businesses do not allow for self-
expression. These do not augur well for the success and development of (Expanded management team) small-scale
businesses. Growth and success bound small-scale businesses need to tap every potential of all her members at all
levels. Many small-scale businesses in Abakaliki may have failed to grow because of their inability to tap the
inherent potentials of their workers at all levels.
1.2. The Study Objectives
The general objective of this study is to appraise the contribution of intrapreneurship in enhancing the growth of
small-scale businesses. The primary objectives are:
1) To determine the relationship between informal control and expansion of small-scale businesses.
2) To determine the relationship between organizational support of intrapreneurship activities and increase in
sales turnover of small-scale businesses.
3) To determine the relationship between organization‟s communication levels and increase in the market
share of small-scale businesses
4) To determine the relationship between organization size and increase in number of employees of small-
scale businesses
1.3. Hypotheses
H1: Informal control does not accommodate expansion of small-scale businesses.
H2: Organizational support of intrapreneurship activities does not accommodate increase in sales turnover of
small-scale businesses.
H3: Organization‟s communication level does not accommodate increase in the market share of small-scale
businesses.
H4: Organization size does not accommodate increase in number of employees of small-scale businesses.
2. Intrapreneurship Explained
The social science landscape is awash with theories of economic and business aimed at explaining the web of
relationships that exists in organizational systems. Underlying these interdependent and concentric layers of business
structures is individuals whose actions antecedent propels the success or failure of the business. When individual
employees give vent to their entrepreneurial capabilities this is referred to as intrapreneurship. Hence, to
Schollhammer (1984) internal entrepreneurship refers to all formalized entrepreneurial activities within existing
business organisations. He went further to say that formalized internal entrepreneurial activities are those, which
receive explicit organisational sanction and resource commitment for the purpose of innovative corporate endeavour
- new product developments, product improvements, new methods or procedures.
It is from this perspective that Zhang and Bartol (2010) posit that successful intrapreneurs are opportunists who,
through their creativity, drive and vision, create economic or social value for their organizations. They challenge
conventional wisdom by practicing disruptive intrapreneurs innovations – innovations that create new market
through the application of a different set of values. Intrapreneurs change the rule of the game by questioning the
status quo and upping the stakes. The intrapreneur in questioning the status quo asks “why do we do things this way
and how can we do things better?” An organization that encourages the spirit of intrapreneurship is described as an
entrepreneurial organization.
Hence, Waddel et al. (2013) define entrepreneurial organization as an organization that places innovation and
opportunism at its heart in order to produce economic or social value. They also posit that “in a fiercely competitive
world, the measure of the truly competitive organization is the extent to which it can break the circle of
entrepreneurial state, protection, atrophy, crisis and, ultimately either extinction or transformation, and the extent to
which, regardless of size it remains or becomes an entrepreneurial organization.
To Udu (2014) intrapreneurs are those who have the capabilities of ensuring that the creative energies of the
entrepreneurs are not easily extinct though their activities are in most cases at variance with established policies and
procedures. This perspective agrees with Pinchot (1985) that an intrapreneur is someone who violates policy, ignores
3. Business, Management and Economics Research, 2015, 1(7): 92-100
94
the chain of command, defies established procedures and perhaps comes up with a great new product for the
company. In essence the intrapreneur possesses all the characteristics and traits of the entrepreneur excepting that he
neither appropriates any profit nor loss nor does he bear any physical personal risk.
From the foregoing paragraphs, it is understood that both entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs are creative and
innovative individuals who have the over-riding will and commitment to provide goods and services that have the
capability to enhance the well-being of the society. Udu (2005) adds that intrapreneurs are persons willing and
committed to creating new products and services including new markets and as well desirous of improving the
quality and serviceability of existing products and services. Udu and Udu (2015) identify the main disparity between
an entrepreneur and an intrapreneur to be that an entrepreneur has the freedom to act on his whim; whereas, an
intrapreneur may need to ask for management‟s approval to make certain changes in the company‟s processes,
product design or just about any innovation he or she needs to implement. Conflicts are usually experienced within
the organizational members whenever an intrapreneur becomes intuitively innovative. It is important for
organizations who are implementing intrapreneurship, to create an atmosphere of mutual respect and communication
among employees.
The intrapreneur in some respects has the organizational resources readily available to him which enables him to
bring his innovative abilities to bear with less difficulty for resource sourcing. Conversely, an entrepreneur has the
difficult task of sourcing for funding and resources on his own.
2.1. Small Scale Business Conceptualized
Small-scale business exists everywhere but lacks a universal definition. Every country has set its own
parameters in defining a small-scale business. A definition any country adopts, to a large extent depends on several
factors including government policy, administrative set up of the particular country and the pattern and stage of
economic development. In commonality, small-scale business is defined in terms of investment ceilings on the
original value of the installed plant and machinery. In some economies, the definition is based on the number of
persons employed, annual turnover, market share, area of operation, mode of ownership and management.
In Nigeria, for instance, Section 351(1) of the Companies and Allied Matters Act, 1990, has it that a company
qualifies as a small company in a year if for that year the following conditions are satisfied;
1) It is a private company having a share capital;
2) The amount of its turnover in a year is not more than two million naira, or such amount as may be fixed
by the Corporate Affairs Commission;
3) None of the members is a member of Government Corporation or agency or its nominees;
4) The directors between them hold not less than 51% of its equity capital.
By the contents of the Act, it has not explicitly defined a small scale business but has given parameters upon
which a small scale business could be identified. For the Act, for any company to be qualified as a small scale
company it must first be a private company having shares. Akin to the foregoing statement is that small scale
businesses are to have structures in which functional areas of management are identified. Many scholars,
practitioners and government agencies have at one time or the other either defined or described a small scale
business. In an attempt to define small scale business, such variables as numbers of employees, sales volumes, assets
employed and so no are usually considered.
Chris et al. (2000) define, small business as those which are owned and controlled by one or a few persons,
with direct owner(s) influence in decision making and having relatively small share of the market in the applicable
industry.
Osize (1984) sees small business enterprise as one which is owned, managed and controlled by one or two
persons. Family influence in decision making, has an undifferentiated organizational structure, has a relatively small
share of the market and employs less than 50 people.
An examination of the plethora of definitions of small scale businesses that abound indicate that small business
can hardly be defined based on number of employees, for this will not have universal application, for the number
varies from country to country. For instance UK is 100 employees, USA is 400 employees, 250 employees in the
European Union and fewer than 200 employees in Australia and Nigeria is 50 employees.
Apparently, the historical development of small scale enterprises in Nigeria, the changing structure of the
Nigeria economy within the past two decades and the socio-cultural regulations and practices that impinge on limits
on business processes create the need for working definition that sets realistic limits in the scale of categorization of
business organizations employing more than 10 persons but fewer than 50 persons (excluding casual labourers) and
whose annual turnover is not more than N2 million. Furthermore, these small enterprises are assumed to be capable
of adopting formalized procedures in their operations and possess the capacity to absorb institutional facilities when
they are made available.
2.3. Analysis of Intrapreneurial Opportunity
The characteristics of the intrapreneur, entrepreneur, the company and their environment put together determine
the competitive posture of an organization and hence, its degree of success. In a study, Moreno et al. (2008)
shows that the business opportunity identified and exploited by an intrapreneur depends initially on his work
experience, his previous experience in activities related to the present business activity and his level of
4. Business, Management and Economics Research, 2015, 1(7): 92-100
95
education. These will determine the intrapreneur‟s profile and his personal characteristics and the way he manages
the firm‟s resources.
There has been considerable interest in why and how some people are able to identify opportunities, while
others cannot or do not (Shane and Ventataraman, 2000). Heron and Sapienza (1992), argue that a person who is
sufficiently motivated will undertake a search of business opportunities. This motivation will increase as the level of
satisfaction felt by the person grows. Kirzner (1979); (Kirzner, 1985) also highlighted the role of alertness in the
identification of opportunities. According to him the central idea is that a person who is alert will, under certain
circumstances, be able to identify business opportunities. In his words “few people have the ability to identify
business opportunities that have not been discovered by others without the need for a prior systematic
search”. For him, it is not a matter of managers generating innovative ideas, but of somebody being alert to
opportunities that already exist and waiting to be discovered. Viewed differently, managerial indices include but not
limited to the ability of managers identifying rewarding opportunities, evaluating and taking advantage of the
opportunities and as well ensuring that organizational members are encouraged to contribute to its achievement.
In the entrepreneurial organization, the manager must anticipate, articulate and manage change. In other words,
he must reinvent the firm on a daily basis, creating new enterprises and developing company networks. According to
Clausen (2006) entrepreneurs are embedded in a larger social network structure that constitutes a significant
proportion of their opportunity structure. In agreeing (Shane and Eckhardt, 2003) pointed out that “an individual may
have the ability to recognize that a given entrepreneurial opportunity exists, but might lack the social connections to
transform the opportunity into a business. To Moreno et al. (2008) researchers have shown that the willingness of
people to pursue entrepreneurial opportunities depends on such things as opportunity cost (Amit et al., 1995), stocks
of financial capital (Evans et al., 1989), social ties to investors (Aldrich and Zimmer, 1986), career experience
Carland et al. (1984), and motivational differences (Shane, 2003). Accordingly, Ardichivili et al. (2003) allude that
one of the most inherent abilities of successful entrepreneurs is the discovery of viable investment opportunities and
since the assertion scholars in the field of intrapreneurship have found opportunity discovery as the foundation of
success. Intrapreneuership viable business opportunity discovery creates a leeway for reviving existing business and
provides the platform for sustainability, increased growth and profitability, new market development and
diversification, new products, services and processes.
2.4. Dimensions of Intrapreneurship in Small-Scale Businesses
Intrapreneurs contribute significantly to the success of small-scale businesses in different dimensions. These
dimensions are new ventures, new businesses, Product/service innovativeness, process innovativeness, self-renewal,
risk taking, pro-activeness and competitive aggressiveness. New ventures focuses on creating new firms operating on
their own, while new businesses emphasizes on the existing company to enter and pursue new businesses that bear
relation to current products and/or markets. The focus of the product and service innovativeness dimension lies
solely on the creation of new products and services. Process innovativeness puts emphasis on innovation in
production procedures and techniques. Self-renewal is concerned with the reformulation of strategies as well as
reorganization and organizational change within the firm. The dimension of risk taking relates to actively taking
risky actions quickly and committing resources to new business opportunities with the possibility of incurring losses.
Pro-activeness describes the top management to be oriented towards pioneering and taking the initiative. To
Antoncic and Hisrich (2003) competitive aggressiveness focuses on the company„s aggressive posturing towards
competitors which ensures that the company‟s market share standing is sustained. The broad perspective of the
dimensions is innovation – innovation in terms of resource deployment, management thinking, risk handling,
strategy implementation, and product/service delivery and so on.
However, Thornberry (2001) had earlier anchored his study on intrapreneurial dimensions on innovation. He
regards the key dimensions to include the aspect of creating something new. This is not limited to either a business
or product but can also encompass creating new value for prospective customers and as well organizational change.
By this the author means ―changes in the pattern of resource deployment‖. Again, the aspect of learning is stated as
a key dimension as creation of new things leads to developing new capabilities within the firm. Another point the
author points out is the intent of making a profit as a result of the new business. Yet another better than, ―the
financial returns resulting from the ‗new things are predicted to be the returns resulting from the current deployment
of resources. ― (Thornberry, 2001) Lastly, Thornberry stresses the point of increased risk to the company stemming
from the new business or product. Whichever perspective one is inclined to, it is important to note that
intrapreneurial dimension deals with innovation aimed at value addition and sustainable business operations.
2.5. Empirical Review
Oppong et al. (2014) conducted a study on micro and small scale enterprises development in Ghana. The
objective was to understand whether SMEs can bring about economic growth and national developments in Ghana.
They employed descriptive research method using 538 small-scale firms. The result of the analysis shows that the
phenomenal growth of small and micro enterprise in Ghana is mainly due to the people‟s quest to be self-employed
and not because it is easy to establish or manage. Small scale enterprises in Ghana are constrained by finance and
managerial skills in their efforts be efficient. In view of this, they recommend that government and other non-
governmental organizations should regularly organize seminars for potential and actual micro and small enterprise
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96
operators on how to plan, organize, direct and control their businesses, and that micro and small enterprises
operators‟ should device effective marketing strategies and good management customers relations at all times.
Akintunde (2013) carried out a study on the assessment of the comparative potentials of intrapreneurship and
self- employment as tools of employment generation and wealth creation The paper undertook the assessment
through the examination of the net job gains from each alternative and their respective contribution to economic
growth. The analysis using a non-parametric data shows that most of the progressive entrants into self- employment
who create more, permanent and better jobs come from intrapreneurs (who are generally more experienced and
resource-able), rather than from the unemployed or inexperienced resource dependent population, like young school
graduates and the retired who tend to exit as they enter self- employment, like a revolving door, as expressed in high
failure rate. Based on the results the paper recommends that government policy on promotion of entrepreneurship
development programmes should be meant for intrepreneurs mostly because of their experience.
Peter et al. (2013) studied intrapreneurship in SMEs: about the role of management and R&D. The research
focuses mainly on internal factors that stimulate intrapreneurship in large corporations. The paper reports a study on
intrapreneurship in organizations of different sizes and identifies two indicators of intrapreneurship. A first indicator
was to measure the perception of the organizational conditions, and the second indicator for intrapreneurial
behaviour. The instrument of data collection was administered on 711 firms with 156 of the firms responding
positively. The results of the study shows that in organizations with an interest of management for intrapreneurship
there are higher levels of intrapreneurship perceived as well as that the organizational conditions are more
favourable. Higher budgets for R&D do have an effect on the organizational conditions but not on intrapreneurial
behaviour; in other words, perceived better conditions do not lead to higher levels or more intrapreneurship.
(Fatusin, 2012) had a study on an analysis of age and ownership structures of small scale industrial
establishments in Ondo state. This was with a view to assessing the survival rates as well as the structure of
enterprises‟ owners. 353 instrument of data collection was administered on 9 enterprises and descriptive statistics
were used in the data analysis. The study found out that over 48% of existing enterprises with some variation across
the 3 sampled regions were established between year 2000 and 2012. Moreover, only 1.7% of existing enterprises
were those established before year 1970. From the result about 90% is sole proprietorship with a very high mortality
rate. This has its problems since sole proprietors are considerably constrained in terms of finance and managerial
capability; they often find it hard to survive. The study, therefore, recommends governmental policy on supporting
small scale enterprises and as well training those involved.
2.6. Theoretical Framework
The theoretical foundation for this study is the psychological innovation entrepreneurship theory propounded by
Schumpeter in1934 in which he describes the entrepreneur as one forsaking well-trodden paths to open up new
territory and as turning dreams into reality. Schumpeter sees entrepreneurship as the hallmark of innovation and
differentiates it from invention which deals with the development of new products and technologies requiring the
innovative abilities of the entrepreneur to add the needed value and take it to the market place where they are
needed. In his words “the entrepreneurial function consists not of inventing things, but rather of bringing knowledge
to life and into the market. Schumpeter believes that innovation is the key to sustainable enterprise existence and
further argues that the introduction of every new technology/innovation reduces the value of existing ones and
creates windows of opportunities.
From the perspective that entrepreneurship basically deals with the identification and pursuit of business
opportunities (innovation), it is possible to locate the theory of entrepreneurship on three dimensions;
1) the identification of opportunities as creative retrospection (Long and McMullan, 1984)
2) the identification of opportunities as a motivated search (Heron and Sapienza, 1992) and
3) the identification of opportunities as alert management (Kirzner, 1979;1985).
According to Long and McMullan (1984) the identification of opportunities is a process that takes place over
time rather than a simple inspirational process, it assumes a process of creative retrospection. The identification of
opportunities being the result of one‟s position of personal power, which depends on social, cultural and
technological aspects together with the perception of a particular market opportunity (vision). The vision may be a
good idea for a future project and a managerial project is then needed to exploit it. In this sense the opportunity has
been identified, and the outstanding question is one of concretizing it and making it come to be. Psychologists who
analyse the creation process suggest that, at least two types of creativity are necessary to conceptualise the process of
identification of opportunities: the discovery and the resolution (Stevenson and Grousbeck, 1994). From the
empirical point of view, (Long and McMullan, 1984), found that most founders of companies view their businesses
as a development of their intuition. Accordingly, the knowledge acquired from experience or education and even
information are important factors in the creation of companies.
From the above Nath (2005) pointed out that a general thread that runs through the various conceptualizations
of Corporate Entrepreneurship is that Corporate Entrepreneurship is characterized by the following:
1) The establishment of new businesses within existing businesses
2) The transformation or rebirth of organisations through a renewal of key areas of business. Renewal or
rebirth is entrepreneurial since it reflects a radical departure from historical and predominant structural
patterns; and
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3) Creation, innovation and renewal within an existing organisation. The creation of an organisation is
entrepreneurial in that it entails fundamental, strategic and structural decisions.
Drawing from these perspectives and theory one observes that one of the fundamental ways of enhancing small-
scale businesses‟ success is through intrapreneurship. This is so because going by the contextual analysis of the
theory leaving everything in the hands of the entrepreneur would mean the non-continual of the business as soon as
the entrepreneur is absent. Consequently, intrapreneurs are necessary in small-scale business to help foster
transformation, renewal and perhaps rebirth in entrepreneurial orientations – innovation, creativity, risk taking,
adaptation and imitation.
3. Methodology
The methodology discusses the research design, sampling and data collection, the research instrument and the
data analysis techniques.
3.1. Research Design
The research approach is quantitative. A quantitative research approach is appropriate when a study is
Postpositive in nature (Creswell, 2003). A postpositive study reflects a deterministic philosophy in which causes
probably determines effects or outcomes. This study involves accessing the outcomes of Intrapreneurship dynamism
on small scale business growth (increase in employees, increased market share, expansion and increase in turnover)
in Abakaliki.
3.2. Sampling and Data Collection
The Sampling frame was taken from the 2010 National MSMEs collaborative Survey; National Bureau of
Statistics and SMEDAN which includes all registered small scale businesses in Abakaliki. A random sample was
carried on independent firms from five sectors- manufacturing, transportation, building and construction, education
and hospitality. 86 small scale businesses were randomly sampled from a total of 109 Small scale businesses. A
structured questionnaire was distributed to the 86 firms; 17 were not returned, while 12 were wrongly filled.
Therefore a total of 57 firms were analyzed in this study.
4. Results
Table-1. Informal Control and Expansion
Sum of all formal control activities Sum of all expansion activities
informal
control
Pearson Correlation 1 .578**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 57 57
Expansion
Pearson Correlation .578**
1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 57 57
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
The analysis conducted above evaluated the null hypothesis that informal control does not accommodate
expansion of small-scale businesses in Abakaliki. With no violations in the assumptions of normality, linearity, or
homoscedacity tests realized in the preliminary analysis, there was a significant evidence to reject the null
hypothesis and conclude that there was a strong, positive association between informal control and expansion (M =
18.35, SD = 1.856) and expansion (M =22.68, SD =1.702), r = .578**
, p ˂.01. The adjusted r = 0.334, meaning that;
Higher levels of informal control are associated with expansion of small scale businesses in Abakaliki.
Table-2. Organizational Support and increase in Turnover
Sum of all organizational support activities Sum of all turnover activities
Organizationa
l support
Pearson Correlation 1 .625**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 57 57
Sales
Turnover
Pearson Correlation .625**
1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 57 57
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
There was a significant evidence to reject the null hypothesis that Organizational support of intrapreneurship
activities does not accommodate increase in sales turnover of small-scale businesses in Abakaliki from Table 2
above. The preliminary analysis showed that data set is tenable as there were no violations in the assumptions of
normality, linearity, or homoscedacity. It is therefore concluded that there was a strong, positive association between
Organizational support and increase in sales turnover. (M = 17.74, SD = 1.275) and increase in turnover (M =22.98,
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98
SD =1.518), r = .625**
, p ˂.01. An adjusted r = .396 implies that Higher levels of organizational supports for
intrapreneurship activities are associated with higher levels of turnover of small scale businesses in Abakaliki.
Table-3. Communication and increase in Market Share
Sum of all communication activities Sum of all market share activities
Communication
Pearson Correlation 1 .712**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 57 57
Increase in
market share
Pearson Correlation .712**
1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 57 57
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 3 shows the analysis between Organization‟s communication levels and increase in the market share of
small-scale businesses in Abakaliki. Preliminary data analysis passed that no violations assumptions of normality,
linearity and homoscedacity. Results suggests rejection of the null hypothesis, concluding that there was a strong,
positive association between Organization‟s communication level and increase in the market share. (M = 18.58, SD
= 1.149) and increase in turnover (M =23.35, SD =1.232), r (57) = .712**
, p ˂.01. Adjusted r = .507. Therefore,
higher levels of communication within the firm are associated with increase in the market share of the small scale
businesses in Abakaliki.
Table-4. Organization Size and No. of Employees.
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
A Pearson‟s product moment correlation coefficient was conducted to evaluate the null hypothesis that
Organization size does not accommodate increase in number of employees of small-scale businesses. (n=57).
Preliminary analysis showed that there were no violations in the assumptions of normality, linearity, or
homoscedacity. There was a significant evidence to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there was a weak,
positive association between Organization size and increase in number of employees. (M = 17.86, SD = 1.043) and
increase in number of employees (M =23.00, SD =1.363), r (57) = .427**
, p ˂.01, with an adjusted r of .182. Higher
levels of Organization size are associated increase in number of employees of small scale businesses.
5. Discussion
Findings from this study suggest that an Intrapreneurial structured firm (i.e. one that permits informal control,
supports intrapreneurship, is communication oriented and has a large size) is positively associated with growth in
small scale businesses. Results of this study align with findings of Oppong et al. (2014) that the phenomenal growth
of small and micro businesses in Ghana is mainly due to the people‟s quest to be self-employed and not because it is
easy to establish or manage. The factors proxied with intrapreneurship dynamics here includes control levels of the
firm, the levels of organizational support, the communication levels of the firm and as well as the size of the firm.
Firstly, this study discovered unlike was initially hypnotized that Informal control does not accommodate
expansion of small-scale businesses in Abakaliki; that there is a strong, positive relationship between informal
control and expansion of small scale businesses in Abakaliki. That means firms that are flexible with their employees
in terms of use of organization‟s resources; use of their discretions; employees‟ input in decision making;
employees‟ reward for new ideas, are often involved in new business venturing and new products/service
introduction. This leads to the firm‟s expansion and growth.
The second findings of this, nullifies the hypothesis that Organizational support of intrapreneurship activities
does not accommodate increase in turnover of small-scale businesses in Abakaliki. This means organizations that
support intrepreneurial activities like sponsoring and developing employees‟ creative and innovative ideas;
Rewarding employees‟ hard work; making available organizational resources and sometimes giving employees the
free hand to experiment with the business resources even though it often leads to wastage, is bound to witness
increase in turnover. When employees are supported to grow, they put in their best and as such, the rate at which the
firm buys and sells inventories is bound to increase.
The third findings of this study; that there is a strong, positive association between Organization‟s
communication level and increase in the market share. This implies that an organization that communicates its
strategies and policies timely to its employees is bound to experience increase in their market share as employees
knowing what is expected of them perform better. This leads to growth.
Sum of all Size activities Sum of all employment activities
Size
Pearson Correlation 1 .427**
Sig. (2-tailed) .001
N 57 57
Increase in no.
of employees
Pearson Correlation .427**
1
Sig. (2-tailed) .001
N 57 57
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A weak, positive association between Organization size and increase in number of employees however exists.
This means that even though there is an increase in the size of the organization, it does not necessarily translate into
increase in employees. Employees‟ task may increase on one hand; on the other hand it may lead to the organization
employing more people.
6. Conclusions
Small scale businesses are essential to every economy, especially developing economies like Africa because
they serve as means for employment for a substantial part of the population. Also, they are means for investments for
most venture capitalists as they help break new boundaries by discovering new markets and improving existing
products. Therefore examination of their growth is a worthwhile scholarly endeavor. This study discovers a positive
association between Intrapreneurship dynamics and small scale business growth in Abakaliki. These findings suggest
that small scale businesses that intend to grow into large scale businesses can achieve this aim by adopting the
intrapreneurship dynamics within their firms. More studies need to be conducted into intrapreneurship dynamics,
especially as it involves growth.
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