The document provides guidance on in-text and end-text referencing using the Harvard referencing style. It explains that in-text references include citations within assignments for quotes, summaries or paraphrasing, while end-text references include reference lists or bibliographies listed alphabetically by author at the end. Direct quotes must be contained within quotation marks and attributed to the original author, while indirect quotes summarize or paraphrase ideas without using the exact words. Figures and tables are also referenced in-text.

1. Harvard - In-text Referencing

2. In-text & End-text Referencing
IN-TEXT REFERENCES END-TEXT REFERENCES
• References to sources used within
your assignment
• Includes written quotes, summaries
or paraphrasing
• Includes graphic references:
• Graphs, maps, diagrams
labelled as ‘Figures’
• Tables labelled ‘Tables’
• Uses author date, page no.
• List of References = a list of only those
sources referred to in the assignment OR
• Bibliography = all sources used, whether
used in-text or not
• The list is in alphabetical order according
to the authors’ family names; or if author is
unknown, the title of the work
Information from this presentation has been sourced from SLAQ & Jennifer King (Head of Information Services Bisbane Boys’ College)

3. When should I cite in-text?
• You need to reference information such as statistics and research
findings, as well as the ideas, concepts and theories of other authors.
• ‘Common knowledge’ information does not need referencing.
TOPIC: IMPACT OF GENETIC ENGINEERING ON FOOD
Information which does not need to be
referenced (commonly known by the public)
Information which does need to be referenced
(not commonly known by the public)
Genetic engineering of the human food supply
is a highly contentious issue, with credentialed
scientists arguing on each side.
• In the year xx, yy% of all genetically
modified crops were grown in zz country.
• X and y are the top two most widely
grown genetically modified crops.
Information from this presentation has been sourced from SLAQ & Jennifer King (Head of Information Services Bisbane Boys’ College)

4. To cite or not to cite?
Cardiff University Information Services 2006
Information from this presentation has been sourced from SLAQ & Jennifer King (Head of Information Services Bisbane Boys’ College)

5. Direct & In-direct Quotes
Direct quotes Indirect quotes
Information-prominent Author-prominent Information-prominent Author-prominent
• ‘Obesity in Australian children has reached crisis proportions’ (Stanton 2008, p. 82).
• Nutritionist Dr Rosemary Stanton (2008, p. 82) warns ‘Obesity in Australian children has
reached crisis proportions’. (Note: keep citation close to name).
• Nutritionists have warned that child obesity is a critical issue in Australian health
(Stanton 2008, p. 82). (Note: only family name is included here, not first name).
• Nutritionist Dr Rosemary Stanton (2008, p. 82) warns that child obesity is a critical issue
in Australian health. (Note: Keep citation close to name).
Information from this presentation has been sourced from SLAQ & Jennifer King (Head of Information Services Bisbane Boys’ College)

6. Direct Quotes
Direct:
• These must be the author's actual words, written exactly in the original order eg ‘This is a difficult
question’.
• They must be written within single quotation marks (not double, as in other styles). 30 words maximum
(short)!
• Generally, only the author’s family name (surname) is required, along with year of publication eg (Jones
2011).
• Direct quotes are not usually included in any total word count (so are useful if you’re heading over the
word limit).
Nutritionist Rosemary Stanton (2008, p. 82) warns ‘Obesity in Australian children has reached
crisis proportions’. (Note: keep citation close to name).
Information from this presentation has been sourced from SLAQ & Jennifer King (Head of Information Services Bisbane Boys’ College)

7. Indirect Quotes
Indirect:
• These use the author’s ideas but not author’s exact words.
• They summarise or paraphrase an idea, a finding, or an opinion of an author.
• Indirect quotes are usually included in a word count, so if you’re struggling to reach the
assignment word limit, use indirect quotes as they’re part of the total
• Try to use interesting verbs eg warns, states, suggests, points out, indicates, concludes,
maintains, contends, implies …
Nutritionists have warned that child obesity is a critical issue in Australian health (Stanton 2008, p. 82).
(Note: only family name is included here, not first name).
Information from this presentation has been sourced from SLAQ & Jennifer King (Head of Information Services Bisbane Boys’ College)

8. Examples of In-text Referencing
Examples:
Sports psychology is now a vital aspect of modern professional sports. It has
been defined as ‘that field of psychology which is primarily concerned with the
scientific investigation of the psychological aspects of sport’ (Wills & Quinlivan
1991, p. 161) . They emphasise that the power of the mind to fuel and enhance
successful performance is equally as important as improving the techniques
fundamental to each sport. Morris and Summers (1995, p. 18)) agree with this
view, stating that the role of the sports psychologist is now integral to the
success of high-achieving sportsmen and women. Volleyball is an ideal sport to
incorporate aspects of sports psychology because success here depends heavily
on non-physical attributes.
Information from this presentation has been sourced from SLAQ & Jennifer King (Head of Information Services Bisbane Boys’ College)

9. In-text Referencing - Figures
Figures:
All maps, graphs, charts, diagrams, photos and pictures are referred to as ‘Figure’:
Fluctuation of Cane Revenue 2001-2010
Figure 1
Canegrowers 2010
Then comment in-text eg. ‘As Figure 1 illustrates, sugar prices were at their lowest in 2003,
but have risen dramatically in recent years’. Then enter all the details (not just author & date)
in your Bibliography.
Information from this presentation has been sourced from SLAQ & Jennifer King (Head of Information Services Bisbane Boys’ College)

10. In-text Referencing - Tables
Table References:
All table references are referred to as ‘Table’:
Table 1
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2005
Then comment in-text eg. ‘As Table 1 illustrates, the production of Queensland’s sugar cane has
decreased substantially since 1997’. Then enter all the details (not just author & date) in your
Bibliography.
Information from this presentation has been sourced from SLAQ & Jennifer King (Head of Information Services Bisbane Boys’ College)

11. References
List of References
Harris, N. 1998, Israel and the Arab nations in conflict, Wayland, Hove, East Sussex.
'Israel-Palestine' n.d., Flashpoints: guide to world conflicts, Flashpoints, viewed 15 August
2010,
<http://www.flashpoints.info/CB-Israel-Palestine.htm>.
Bibliography
'The challenge of the modern era' 2007, Middle East in the age of uncertainty, 1991-
present, p. 14, in
History Reference Centre, EbscoHost, viewed 13 August 2010, <http://web.ebscohost.com>.
Gelvin, JE 2007, The Israel-Palestine conflict: one hundred years of war, 2nd edn, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, p. 16.
a
'Israel, Palestine and the Occupied Territories ' 2010, Globl policy forum, Global Policy.org,
New
York, viewed 12 August 2010, <http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/isrlindx.htm>.
Kaplan, E 2008, 'Crisis guide: the Israeli-Palestinian conflict', Interactives, Council on Foreign
Relations, viewed 15 August 2010, <http://www.cfr.org/publication/13850/>.
Information from this presentation has been sourced from SLAQ & Jennifer King (Head of Information Services Bisbane Boys’ College)