This document provides an overview of interpretation and report writing in research methodology. It discusses the meaning, objectives, importance, and process of interpretation. Key techniques of interpretation include explanations, consideration of extraneous information, guidance from experts, and focusing on relevant factors. The document also examines the meaning, objectives, structure, steps, and precautions of report writing. It outlines the typical sections of a report, including the title page, table of contents, methodology, results, discussion, conclusions, and references.

1. INTERPRETATION
AND REPORT
WRITING
IN RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
By- SHUBHAM SHARMA
Shubh arts

2. OVERVIEW
INTERPRETATION
Meaning
Objective
Importance
Purpose
Process
Technic
Precautions
 REPORT WRITING
 Meaning
 Objective
 Parts of report writing
 Sections of a report
 Steps
 Requirements
 Process
 Precautions

4. INTERPRETATION

5. MEANING
• The process of making in the sense
of numerical data that has been
collected, analysed and presented.
• A common method of assessing
numerical data is known as statistical
data analysis and the activity of
analysing and interpreting data in
order to make prediction is known as
inferential statistics.

6. •  INTERPRETATAION refers to the task
of drawing inferences from the
collected facts after an analytical and
or experimental study.
•  The task of interpretation has two
major aspects.
• Continuity
• Explaflat concepts

7. OBJECTIVE-1
• Reports communicate information which has been
compiled as a result of research and analysis of
data and of issues. Reports can cover a wide range
of topics, but usually focus on transmitting
information with a clear purpose, to a specific
audience. Good reports are documents that are
accurate, objective and complete. They should also
be well-written, clearly structured and expressed in
a way that holds the reader's attention and meets
their expectations. The true value of the research
may be assessed through a report since the written
report may be the "only tangible product of
hundreds of hours of work.

8. OBJECTIVE-2
 Usefulness and utility of research findings lie in
proper interpretation
 To understand the abstract principle that works
beneath the finding
 Establishment of explanatory concepts
 To explain the real significance i.e. why his
findings are what they are.
 Interpretation is required for hypothesis results.

9. IMPORTANCE
• Explanation helps to highlight that
data does not stand on its own, but
rather always requires
interpretation.
• Research is embedded in a
complex system and as a result,
findings are not always as black
and white as we would like to think

10. PURPOSE
• It is through interpretation that the researcher can
well under- stand the abstract principle that works
beneath his findings. Interpretation leads to the
establishment of explanatory concepts that can
serve as a guide for future research studies; it
opens new avenues of intellectual adventure and
stimulates the quest for more knowledge.
Researcher can better appreciate only through
interpretation why his findings are what they are and
can make others to under- stand the real
significance of his research findings.

11. PROCESS OF
INTERPRETATION
 Review of statistical data (graphs, pie
charts etc.)
 Using spreadsheets and statistical
software. (excel sheets, tabular forms etc.)
 Interpreting Qualitative data. (numerical
data, surveyed data etc.)
 Interpreting Quantitative data. (Surveyed
data, Interview methods etc.)

13. TECHNICS OF
INTERPRETATION
 EXPLAINATIONS
 EXTRANEOUS INFORMATIONS
 GUIDANCE
 RELEVANT FACTORS

14. EXPLAINANTIONS
• A pragmatic-rhetorical notion of
explanation may help us to solve
some methodological disputes
within the philosophy of the social
sciences.

15. EXTRANEOUS
INFORMATION
• FOR THE SAKE OF GOOD
RESULTS, AND PROPER DATA
HANDLING, EXTRANEOUS
INFORMATION MUST BE
CONSIDERED.

16. GUIDANCE
• Guidance of an expert for the
purpose of interpretation in
research is must.
You must ensure the quality and
path of your research with a field
expert.. Sometimes also known
as RESEARCH GUIDE.

17. RELEVANT FACTORS
• A literature review should be
more than a rote recitation of
research studies. It must also
contain analysis and
synthesis.
• The linkage of study with the
topic is must.

18. PRECAUTIONS
Precautions in Interpretation Researcher must pay
attention to the following points for correct
interpretation:
(a ) The data are appropriate, trustworthy and
adequate for drawing inferences.
(b) The data reflect good homogeneity and that
(c) Proper analysis has been done through statistical
methods.
(d) The researcher must remain cautious about the
errors that can possibly arise in the process of
interpreting results. He should be well equipped with
and must know the correct use of statistical measures
for drawing inferences concerning his study.

19. REPORT WRITING

20. MEANING
• Latin Word ‘Portare’ means ‘to
carry’.
• RE+PORT =to carry information
again.
• Document giving summarised and
interpretative information of research
done based on factual data, opinions
and about procedure used by the
individual or group.

21. OBJECTIVE OF REPORT
WRITING• to enable us to keep records;
• to inform all interested people to tell about failures and
successes
• for ourselves, to keep on knowing what we are doing
• to communicate to donors and funders (how the project
progresses)
• so donors could be encouraged knowing what happened with
their donations
• to let other people know about the developments of a project
• so other people can be encouraged to do their own projects
• so community members would be encouraged and informed
• so other people can learn what we did
• to help researchers to do their work
• to determine further actions
• to use for evaluation.

22. PARTS OF REPORT
WRITING
THE PRELIMINARY
(PREFATORY PAGES)
THE TEXT (MAIN BODY OF
REPORT)
THE REFERENCE MATERIAL

23. STRUCTURE OF REPORT

24. SECTIONS OF REPORT
WRITINGSECTION PURPOSE
Title page Title of report
Student name/student number
Course/subject
Date due
Table of contents Show the section of report
Executive summary Gives a summary of the whole report
Outlines -purpose, research method,
findings, main conclusions and
recommendations.
Mainly past tense Written last
Introduction Outlines context, background and
purpose Defines terms and sets limits
of the research The reader/audience
can easily identify what, how, why
(Mainly uses past tense and can be
written later although presented first)

25. SECTIONS OF REPORT
WRITING
SECTION PURPOSE
Methodology Explains how research was done and
outlines how the data was collected
Results/Findings Presents findings of the research Facts
only - no interpretation Uses graphic form
(eg. tables & graphs)
Discussion Presents an interpretation and evaluation
of the results. Analyses results - draws
together different aspects of the findings,
findings of other studies and refers to
literature
Conclusions Brief statement of what was found
Recommendation Suggest suitable changes/solutions
Appendix Attachments of additional information
(e.g.. surveys, questionnaires, glossary
etc.)
Reference All references used

26. STEPS OF REPORT
WRITING
Logical analysis of subject matter
 Preparation of the Final outline
 Preparation of the Rough Draft
 Rewriting and Polishing
 Preparation of the final
bibliography
Writing the final Draft

27. REQUIREMENTS
 1.A Title Page with:
 a. The paper title
 b. Your name, the course, and the date
 c. The professor's name
 d. A 1 paragraph abstract
 2. A Table of Contents with:
 a. Subheadings that appear in the text
 b. Page number of these headings
 3. A Research Paper with:
 a. Begins with an Introduction
 b. Has a well organized Body divided into Section
and Subsections
 c. Ends with a Conclusion or Summary
 4. A Reference or Bibliography
 5. If needed, an Appendix with the data used to construct the map or
other information not cited in the text.

28. PROCESS OF REPORT
WRITING
I. Decide on the 'Terms of reference’
II. Decide on the procedure
III. Find the information
IV. Decide on the structure
V. Draft the first part of your report
VI. Analyse your findings and draw conclusions
VII. Make recommendations
VIII. Draft the executive summary and table of contents
IX. Compile a reference list
X. Revise your draft report
XI. Presentation

29. PRECAUTIONS IN REPORT
WRITING
 The length of the report should be kept keeping in view the
fact that it should cover the subject in length but it should be
short enough to maintain the interest of readers.
 The report should not be dull. it should be such as to sustain
one’s interest.
 The report should possess the features of simplicity and
avoiding vagueness.
 Logical analysis should be the very basis of preparing a
research report.
 8. The report should also suggest the policy implication
relating to the problem under consideration and should help
us in future forecasting.
 9. All the technical data should be appended in the report.

30. CASE STUDY
• A case study on HOW COLOUR
AFFECTS ONE’S MOOD..???
• http://www.readwritethink.org/files
/resources/lesson_images/lesson1
155/example_paper.pdf

31. REFERENCES
• GOOGLE.COM
• SCRIBD.COM
• EXPLORABLE.COM
• READWRITETHINK.ORG
• WISDOMJOBS.COM
• SHAREYOURESSAYS.COM
• WEBSPACE.SHIP.EDU
• BETTERREVOLUTION.ORG
………. And many more..!!