The document provides information about the internet including its history, structure, governance and modern uses. It discusses how the internet began as a US military program and was commercialized in the late 1980s. It also describes internet protocols, the scale-free network structure, and governance by ICANN. Internet service providers are defined as companies that provide customers access to the internet using various connection technologies. Common ISPs in Pakistan are also listed.

1. In the name of Allah, the merciful the most beneficent

2. Internet

3. Group Members: Sehrish Andaleeb Zainab Buzdar Tayyaba Ashfaq Sadaf Javed Amna Khalid Altaf Hussain Mansoor Shaheed Khawar

4. What Is Internet? The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies.

5. Terminology The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in everyday speech without much distinction. The Internet is a global data communications system It is a hardware and software infrastructure that provides connectivity between computers Web is one of the services communicated via the Internet . It is a collection of interconnected documents and other resources , linked by hyperlinks and URLs .

6. History The USSR 's launch of Sputnik spurred the United States to create the Advanced Research Projects Agency, known as ARPA, in February 1958 to regain a technological lead. ARPA created the Information Processing Technology Office (IPTO) to further the research of the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program, which had networked country-wide radar systems together for the first time. J. C. R. Licklider was selected to head the IPTO .

7. The opening of the network to commercial interests began in 1988 . Other commercial electronic e-mail services were soon connected, including OnTyme, Telemail and Compuserve. In that same year, three commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) were created.

8. Technology

9. Protocols The complex communications infrastructure of the Internet consists of its hardware components and a system of software layers that control various aspects of the architecture. the hardware can often be used to support other software systems it is the design and the rigorous standardization process of the software architecture that characterizes the Internet and provides the foundation for its scalability and success.

10. Structure The Internet structure and its usage characteristics have been studied extensively Internet IP routing structure and hypertext links of the World Wide Web are examples of scale-free networks .

11. Governance ICANN headquarters in Marina Del Rey , California , United States

12. What Is Governance? The Internet is a globally distributed network comprising many voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks. It operates without a central governing body. ICANN is the authority that coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers for use on the Internet,

13. Modern Uses The Internet is allowing greater flexibility in working hours and location, especially with the spread of unmetered high-speed connections and web applications The Internet can now be accessed almost anywhere by numerous means, especially through mobile Internet devices . The Internet has also become a large market for companies.

14. Services Information Communication Data transfer Accessibility Social impact

15. INTERNET SESVICE PROVIDER

16. What Is ISP ? An Internet service provider ( ISP ), is a company that offers its customers access to the Internet . ISP connects to its customers using a data transmission technology appropriate for delivering Internet Protocol datagrams , such as dial-up , DSL , cable modem , wireless or dedicated high-speed interconnects.

17. End-user-to-ISP connection ISPs employ a range of technologies to enable consumers to connect to their network. For users and small businesses , the most popular options include dial-up , DSL (typically Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ,

18. End-user-to-ISP connection For customers with more demanding requirements, such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs, DSL (often SHDSL or ADSL ), Ethernet , Metro Ethernet , Gigabit Ethernet , Frame Relay , ISDN ( BRI or PRI ), ATM , satellite Internet access and synchronous optical networking (SONET) are more likely to be used.

19. Typical home user connection Dial-up DSL Broadband wireless access Cable Internet FTTH ISDN Wi-Fi

20. Typical business-type connection DSL SHDSL Ethernet technologies

21. Function of ISP Locality ISP interconnection Peering Virtual ISP Free ISP

22. Locality When using a dial-up or ISDN connection method, the ISP cannot determine the caller's physical location

23. Services: Broadband Internet access Fixed wireless access Cable Triple play Internet hosting service Web hosting service E-mail hosting service DNS hosting service

24. Internet Service Provider List of Pakistan There are 38 Internet Service Providers in Pakistan.

25. That’s all