As XUAR international tourism industry is improving gradually, we should see there are still serious problems in its industrial structure performance. With shift-share method, Pearson Correlation method and Principal component method, based on data of XUAR international tourism foreign exchange incomes from 2006 to 2015, this paper empirically analyzes each sector of XUAR international tourism and its industrial structure performance, as well as problems in sectors of transportation, sightseeing, accommodation, cater, commodity sales and entertainment. Meanwhile this paper also puts forward solutions to increase the benefit of XUAR international tourism industry.
2 ijaems nov-2015-3-study on the relationship between tourism economy and eco...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With the rapid development of the tourism industry, the tourism industry in the national economy status is particularly important. This paper collects the relevant statistical data from 2013 to 1978 in Hunan Province, using regression analysis and variance analysis to study the relationship between regional tourism economy and economic growth. The results show that there is a high intensity of positive linear relationship between tourism economy and economic growth in Hunan Province, and the average level of GDP will increase by 972380000 yuan per 100000000 yuan.
Effect of Tourism on Economic Wellbeing of Host Communities in Cross River St...ijtsrd
This study examined the effect of tourism on economic wellbeing of host communities in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study modelled the effect of service, product, hotels, transportation and infrastructural facilities on economic well being of host communities in Cross River State. It is a descriptive survey on a sample of 400 respondents from the host communities. Data obtained for the study were analyzed using percentages, mean, standard deviation and regression analysis. From the result of the regression model it was observed that product, service and infrastructure have positive impact on the on the economic well being of the host communities. This means that if product, service and infrastructure are developed and improved, it will bring about more increase in the economic well being of the host communities. On the other hand, hotels and transportation have a negative impact on the economic wellbeing of the host communities. Thus, increase in hotels and transportation cost will bring about a decline in the economic wellbeing of the host communities. The overall significance of the model also supports the alternate hypothesis that the model has goodness of fit and is statistically significant. In other words, tourism consumption has significant impact on the economic wellbeing of the host communities. Based on the analysis and findings of the study the following recommendations are made Since tourism consumption has become imperative for economies to thrive successfully, it is imperative that government should develop and as well as regulate operators in the tourism destination to step up the quality of product, service and infrastructure provided in the tourist destination. This is because they have been found to have positive impact on the on the economic well being of the host communities. The government should also come up with policy instruments containing measures that will effectively' monitor and evaluate the operations of tourism destinations. This is necessary as this research manifest the fact that hotels and transportation cost negatively affects the host communities. In other words it will bring about a decline in the economic wellbeing of the host communities if not regulated. Anionwu, Carol "Effect of Tourism on Economic Wellbeing of Host Communities in Cross River State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25295.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/25295/effect-of-tourism-on-economic-wellbeing-of-host-communities-in-cross-river-state-nigeria/anionwu-carol
Over the past six decades, tourism has emerged as one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world. Through its
contribution in employment generation, infrastructure development and export revenue, it has been playing an important
role in the socio-economic progress. Expenditure incurred in the destinations on accommodation, food, entertainment,shopping etc leads to foreign exchange earnings and as a result contributes to the GDP. This has led the nations enhance their investments in the development of Travel & Tourism (T&T).
2 ijaems nov-2015-3-study on the relationship between tourism economy and eco...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With the rapid development of the tourism industry, the tourism industry in the national economy status is particularly important. This paper collects the relevant statistical data from 2013 to 1978 in Hunan Province, using regression analysis and variance analysis to study the relationship between regional tourism economy and economic growth. The results show that there is a high intensity of positive linear relationship between tourism economy and economic growth in Hunan Province, and the average level of GDP will increase by 972380000 yuan per 100000000 yuan.
Effect of Tourism on Economic Wellbeing of Host Communities in Cross River St...ijtsrd
This study examined the effect of tourism on economic wellbeing of host communities in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study modelled the effect of service, product, hotels, transportation and infrastructural facilities on economic well being of host communities in Cross River State. It is a descriptive survey on a sample of 400 respondents from the host communities. Data obtained for the study were analyzed using percentages, mean, standard deviation and regression analysis. From the result of the regression model it was observed that product, service and infrastructure have positive impact on the on the economic well being of the host communities. This means that if product, service and infrastructure are developed and improved, it will bring about more increase in the economic well being of the host communities. On the other hand, hotels and transportation have a negative impact on the economic wellbeing of the host communities. Thus, increase in hotels and transportation cost will bring about a decline in the economic wellbeing of the host communities. The overall significance of the model also supports the alternate hypothesis that the model has goodness of fit and is statistically significant. In other words, tourism consumption has significant impact on the economic wellbeing of the host communities. Based on the analysis and findings of the study the following recommendations are made Since tourism consumption has become imperative for economies to thrive successfully, it is imperative that government should develop and as well as regulate operators in the tourism destination to step up the quality of product, service and infrastructure provided in the tourist destination. This is because they have been found to have positive impact on the on the economic well being of the host communities. The government should also come up with policy instruments containing measures that will effectively' monitor and evaluate the operations of tourism destinations. This is necessary as this research manifest the fact that hotels and transportation cost negatively affects the host communities. In other words it will bring about a decline in the economic wellbeing of the host communities if not regulated. Anionwu, Carol "Effect of Tourism on Economic Wellbeing of Host Communities in Cross River State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25295.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/25295/effect-of-tourism-on-economic-wellbeing-of-host-communities-in-cross-river-state-nigeria/anionwu-carol
Over the past six decades, tourism has emerged as one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world. Through its
contribution in employment generation, infrastructure development and export revenue, it has been playing an important
role in the socio-economic progress. Expenditure incurred in the destinations on accommodation, food, entertainment,shopping etc leads to foreign exchange earnings and as a result contributes to the GDP. This has led the nations enhance their investments in the development of Travel & Tourism (T&T).
China tourism market has gained momentum in recent years, with the CAGR of 26.2% between 2009 and 2012. In 2012, the revenue in China tourism industry approximated RMB2.6 trillion, up 15.1% year-on-year.
China is at the turning point for economic restructuring and upgrading, leading to the economic growth slowdown but still in a robust way. Coupled with the improvement of national income level, the tourism industry of China witnesses consolidated growth, with the estimated revenue in 2013 growing by 14.3% year-on-year.
The Employment Effect of Tourism: A Dynamic AnalysisAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The tourism industry can bring various positive economic developments on Gross Domestic
Product, employment opportunities, national income and international trade throughout the economy. In recent
years, the tourism industry has attracted the attention of most governments including the Sri Lankan government
as the most promising sector to be a potential tool for generating income and employment. In this line, it has
proficient to create both direct and indirect employment for skilled workers and unskilled workers as well. This
study attempts to investigate the relationship between tourism and employment creation in Sri Lankaduring the
period of 1977-2017by employingeconometric techniques namely the Johansen cointegration test, Vector AutoRegressive (VAR) analysis, and Granger-causality test. Johansen Cointegration test was used to find the longterm association between tourism and employment creation and found that the absence of a long-run
relationship between two indicating tourism would not determine the employment creation in the long-term.
Furthermore, the Granger causality test was employed for investigating the short-term relationship and it
confirmed the existence of unidirectional causality between tourism and employment creation showing that the
tourism industry of Sri Lanka would lead to employment generation in the short term.
KEYWORDS: Employment creation, Granger causality tests, Tourism, Vector Auto Regressive
Effect of transportation costs on tourism development in Iraniosrjce
Tourism is an activity recently attracted much attention and it is increasingly attracting more
attention. In modern world, tourism is considered as the largest international trading resource. It is very
important and valuable economically. Tourism has some benefits as an industry that development of tourism in
a fit country benefits for increase in job opportunities and national income. Tourism, as an income source and
job creation across the country, may be a strategy for economic development in national level. Tourism,
particularly when benefits of other economic sectors practice are decreasing, is a proper alternative for these
sectors and a strategy for development. Thus, in present study, the effect of transportation costs on tourism
development in Iran was discussed to attract more tourists and its development in the country.
In this thesis library and field studies were used and data required to answer the study problem was collected
using interview and questionnaire .in present study , mean and standard deviation and block diagram were used
as descriptive statistic to define and describe the variables . Chai – square was used as inference statistics to
answer the study problem. Data extracted from questionnaires was analyzed using spss.
Comprehensive report on one of the emerging tourism markets of the world - China, part of the BRIC economies.It is an eye opener for one who wishes to findd out the travel trends and demographics of Chinese outbound traveller as well as major events.
Unwto paper Macroeconomic Analysis ToolsDavid Vicent
Exploring the Full Economic Impact of Tourism for Policy Making:
Extending the Use of the Tourism Satellite Account through Macroeconomic Analysis Tools
Trocal - travel like a local
IE Business School, Madrid - Masters in Corporate Communications (2015-2016), Entrepreneurship with Prof. Emilio Cortes
Nov 2015- Term 1 - Team A
Ana Corina Raffalli, Andrea Munoz, Aruna Iyer, Sati Boyjyan, Georgine Hajjar, Isabel Cang, Sanaa Zuberi
Brief information on Turkish Tourism Industry including tourism infrastructure, number of visitors, tourism revenues, beach, yacht, congress, winter, health & thermal tourism, top 10 hotel chains in Turkey, and market outlook
Tourism is an activity that can improve main macroeconomic indicators. The opportunities for sustainable tourism development and the preservation of its competitiveness is largely influenced by the quality of the environment and the preservation of goods and resources. The paper will examine the impact of the number of international arrivals and receipts from international tourism on the GDP per capita for 2009-2015 and its impact on unemployment and the human development index as the selected component of sustainable development. Based on the relationship between these values, the basic relations between the selected indicators will be identified. The results will include all aspects, establish priorities, concrete proposals - strategic projects that can be realized in the coming period in order to increase the number of tourists and tourism revenues, which would affect the economic growth and development of the Republic of Serbia.
Exploring trends of tourism demand from the past is essential in measuring the different tourism movement volatility which occurred either nature or man-made. This study analyzes the volatility of tourism demand by data mining tourist numbers arriving in Hong Kong from 1999 to 2010. Eight different markets will be examined, both short haul and long haul, to compare and contrast the characteristic tourist profile and the behavior and attitude changes of each market according to the volume of visitors that come to Hong Kong. There have been significant changes over the past 12 years in different countries with some positive and negative impacts from natural disasters, an economic crisis and mega-events. This paper will compare and contrast different markets and analyze the tourism demand with regards to volatility in relation to the profile characteristics, spending pattern behaviors with tourist’s satisfaction level.
Tourism sector is the fastest growing industry which contributes a great extent in global economic development. Read this sample to know about various tasks involved in tourism development planning.
: The tourism service exports, by formal definition, is referring to various associated services provided
to inbound tourists in exchange for foreign-currency income. Tourism service exports is gradually becoming
one of the most crucial ingredients of Chinese tertiary industry, which significantly replace primary and
secondary industry
THE INEQUALITY OF TOURISM REVENUES IN THAILAND: CITY OR CONGLOMERATIONIAEME Publication
The rapid growth in tourism sector since the early of 2010s generate a significance revenue for Thai economy. In the views of inequality, tourism revenue concentrated only in Bangkok (capital city) and major cities. In fact, there are many cities which do not enjoy with the expansion in tourism sector. Then, this paper aims to evaluate the degree of inequality of tourism revenue by employ the Gini coefficient and Atkinson index by city and conglomeration (Thailand’s hidden gems and tourism cluster). On city level, the results explore the high inequality of tourism income distribution. However, the conglomeration, Thailand hidden gems and tourism cluster, can improve the degree of inequality. This paper concluded that the inequality of tourism revenue is nature and obliterated especially in city level. Following the finding, the policy to enhance the declining of the inequality of tourism revenue should be (1) implemented as the conglomeration city in order to reduce the variation between cities, (2) introduced the unseen destination especially in low tourism revenue city, (3) promoted the new tourism routes to foreign visitors and (4) supported the tourism value chain to push a strong linkage with local and neighbor cities.
THE INEQUALITY OF TOURISM REVENUES IN THAILAND: CITY OR CONGLOMERATIONIAEME Publication
The rapid growth in tourism sector since the early of 2010s generate a
significance revenue for Thai economy. In the views of inequality, tourism revenue
concentrated only in Bangkok (capital city) and major cities. In fact, there are many
cities which do not enjoy with the expansion in tourism sector. Then, this paper aims
to evaluate the degree of inequality of tourism revenue by employ the Gini coefficient
and Atkinson index by city and conglomeration (Thailand’s hidden gems and tourism
cluster). On city level, the results explore the high inequality of tourism income
distribution. However, the conglomeration, Thailand hidden gems and tourism
cluster, can improve the degree of inequality. This paper concluded that the inequality
of tourism revenue is nature and obliterated especially in city level. Following the
finding, the policy to enhance the declining of the inequality of tourism revenue
should be (1) implemented as the conglomeration city in order to reduce the variation
between cities, (2) introduced the unseen destination especially in low tourism
revenue city, (3) promoted the new tourism routes to foreign visitors and (4)
supported the tourism value chain to push a strong linkage with local and neighbor
cities.
TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND IMPACT IN INCLUSIVE GROWTH OF TOURISM INDUSTRY IN IN...DrVinayJoshi
The travel and tourism industry has emerges as one of the rapidly growing service sectors contributing significantly to global economic growth and development. In developing countries like Indian tourism has become one of the important sectors of the economy, contributing to a large proportion of the national income and generating huge employment opportunities. Tourism is one of the largest service industries in terms of gross revenue and foreign exchange earnings. Tourism growth has implications for employment, as tourism generates employment at all skill levels. This paper attempts to estimate total direct employment generated in India by foreign tourism. This paper discusses how India is emerging as popular tourist destination in the world, driven by the focus on innovation and creating value for tourist. It also examines the impact of India’s economic growth on tourism, Contributors to economic growth, Role of Tourism industry in India’s GDP. The paper also explores that there has been a tremendous growth in tourism in India because of the policies of the government and support from all levels.
China tourism market has gained momentum in recent years, with the CAGR of 26.2% between 2009 and 2012. In 2012, the revenue in China tourism industry approximated RMB2.6 trillion, up 15.1% year-on-year.
China is at the turning point for economic restructuring and upgrading, leading to the economic growth slowdown but still in a robust way. Coupled with the improvement of national income level, the tourism industry of China witnesses consolidated growth, with the estimated revenue in 2013 growing by 14.3% year-on-year.
The Employment Effect of Tourism: A Dynamic AnalysisAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The tourism industry can bring various positive economic developments on Gross Domestic
Product, employment opportunities, national income and international trade throughout the economy. In recent
years, the tourism industry has attracted the attention of most governments including the Sri Lankan government
as the most promising sector to be a potential tool for generating income and employment. In this line, it has
proficient to create both direct and indirect employment for skilled workers and unskilled workers as well. This
study attempts to investigate the relationship between tourism and employment creation in Sri Lankaduring the
period of 1977-2017by employingeconometric techniques namely the Johansen cointegration test, Vector AutoRegressive (VAR) analysis, and Granger-causality test. Johansen Cointegration test was used to find the longterm association between tourism and employment creation and found that the absence of a long-run
relationship between two indicating tourism would not determine the employment creation in the long-term.
Furthermore, the Granger causality test was employed for investigating the short-term relationship and it
confirmed the existence of unidirectional causality between tourism and employment creation showing that the
tourism industry of Sri Lanka would lead to employment generation in the short term.
KEYWORDS: Employment creation, Granger causality tests, Tourism, Vector Auto Regressive
Effect of transportation costs on tourism development in Iraniosrjce
Tourism is an activity recently attracted much attention and it is increasingly attracting more
attention. In modern world, tourism is considered as the largest international trading resource. It is very
important and valuable economically. Tourism has some benefits as an industry that development of tourism in
a fit country benefits for increase in job opportunities and national income. Tourism, as an income source and
job creation across the country, may be a strategy for economic development in national level. Tourism,
particularly when benefits of other economic sectors practice are decreasing, is a proper alternative for these
sectors and a strategy for development. Thus, in present study, the effect of transportation costs on tourism
development in Iran was discussed to attract more tourists and its development in the country.
In this thesis library and field studies were used and data required to answer the study problem was collected
using interview and questionnaire .in present study , mean and standard deviation and block diagram were used
as descriptive statistic to define and describe the variables . Chai – square was used as inference statistics to
answer the study problem. Data extracted from questionnaires was analyzed using spss.
Comprehensive report on one of the emerging tourism markets of the world - China, part of the BRIC economies.It is an eye opener for one who wishes to findd out the travel trends and demographics of Chinese outbound traveller as well as major events.
Unwto paper Macroeconomic Analysis ToolsDavid Vicent
Exploring the Full Economic Impact of Tourism for Policy Making:
Extending the Use of the Tourism Satellite Account through Macroeconomic Analysis Tools
Trocal - travel like a local
IE Business School, Madrid - Masters in Corporate Communications (2015-2016), Entrepreneurship with Prof. Emilio Cortes
Nov 2015- Term 1 - Team A
Ana Corina Raffalli, Andrea Munoz, Aruna Iyer, Sati Boyjyan, Georgine Hajjar, Isabel Cang, Sanaa Zuberi
Brief information on Turkish Tourism Industry including tourism infrastructure, number of visitors, tourism revenues, beach, yacht, congress, winter, health & thermal tourism, top 10 hotel chains in Turkey, and market outlook
Tourism is an activity that can improve main macroeconomic indicators. The opportunities for sustainable tourism development and the preservation of its competitiveness is largely influenced by the quality of the environment and the preservation of goods and resources. The paper will examine the impact of the number of international arrivals and receipts from international tourism on the GDP per capita for 2009-2015 and its impact on unemployment and the human development index as the selected component of sustainable development. Based on the relationship between these values, the basic relations between the selected indicators will be identified. The results will include all aspects, establish priorities, concrete proposals - strategic projects that can be realized in the coming period in order to increase the number of tourists and tourism revenues, which would affect the economic growth and development of the Republic of Serbia.
Exploring trends of tourism demand from the past is essential in measuring the different tourism movement volatility which occurred either nature or man-made. This study analyzes the volatility of tourism demand by data mining tourist numbers arriving in Hong Kong from 1999 to 2010. Eight different markets will be examined, both short haul and long haul, to compare and contrast the characteristic tourist profile and the behavior and attitude changes of each market according to the volume of visitors that come to Hong Kong. There have been significant changes over the past 12 years in different countries with some positive and negative impacts from natural disasters, an economic crisis and mega-events. This paper will compare and contrast different markets and analyze the tourism demand with regards to volatility in relation to the profile characteristics, spending pattern behaviors with tourist’s satisfaction level.
Tourism sector is the fastest growing industry which contributes a great extent in global economic development. Read this sample to know about various tasks involved in tourism development planning.
: The tourism service exports, by formal definition, is referring to various associated services provided
to inbound tourists in exchange for foreign-currency income. Tourism service exports is gradually becoming
one of the most crucial ingredients of Chinese tertiary industry, which significantly replace primary and
secondary industry
THE INEQUALITY OF TOURISM REVENUES IN THAILAND: CITY OR CONGLOMERATIONIAEME Publication
The rapid growth in tourism sector since the early of 2010s generate a significance revenue for Thai economy. In the views of inequality, tourism revenue concentrated only in Bangkok (capital city) and major cities. In fact, there are many cities which do not enjoy with the expansion in tourism sector. Then, this paper aims to evaluate the degree of inequality of tourism revenue by employ the Gini coefficient and Atkinson index by city and conglomeration (Thailand’s hidden gems and tourism cluster). On city level, the results explore the high inequality of tourism income distribution. However, the conglomeration, Thailand hidden gems and tourism cluster, can improve the degree of inequality. This paper concluded that the inequality of tourism revenue is nature and obliterated especially in city level. Following the finding, the policy to enhance the declining of the inequality of tourism revenue should be (1) implemented as the conglomeration city in order to reduce the variation between cities, (2) introduced the unseen destination especially in low tourism revenue city, (3) promoted the new tourism routes to foreign visitors and (4) supported the tourism value chain to push a strong linkage with local and neighbor cities.
THE INEQUALITY OF TOURISM REVENUES IN THAILAND: CITY OR CONGLOMERATIONIAEME Publication
The rapid growth in tourism sector since the early of 2010s generate a
significance revenue for Thai economy. In the views of inequality, tourism revenue
concentrated only in Bangkok (capital city) and major cities. In fact, there are many
cities which do not enjoy with the expansion in tourism sector. Then, this paper aims
to evaluate the degree of inequality of tourism revenue by employ the Gini coefficient
and Atkinson index by city and conglomeration (Thailand’s hidden gems and tourism
cluster). On city level, the results explore the high inequality of tourism income
distribution. However, the conglomeration, Thailand hidden gems and tourism
cluster, can improve the degree of inequality. This paper concluded that the inequality
of tourism revenue is nature and obliterated especially in city level. Following the
finding, the policy to enhance the declining of the inequality of tourism revenue
should be (1) implemented as the conglomeration city in order to reduce the variation
between cities, (2) introduced the unseen destination especially in low tourism
revenue city, (3) promoted the new tourism routes to foreign visitors and (4)
supported the tourism value chain to push a strong linkage with local and neighbor
cities.
TRADE LIBERALIZATION AND IMPACT IN INCLUSIVE GROWTH OF TOURISM INDUSTRY IN IN...DrVinayJoshi
The travel and tourism industry has emerges as one of the rapidly growing service sectors contributing significantly to global economic growth and development. In developing countries like Indian tourism has become one of the important sectors of the economy, contributing to a large proportion of the national income and generating huge employment opportunities. Tourism is one of the largest service industries in terms of gross revenue and foreign exchange earnings. Tourism growth has implications for employment, as tourism generates employment at all skill levels. This paper attempts to estimate total direct employment generated in India by foreign tourism. This paper discusses how India is emerging as popular tourist destination in the world, driven by the focus on innovation and creating value for tourist. It also examines the impact of India’s economic growth on tourism, Contributors to economic growth, Role of Tourism industry in India’s GDP. The paper also explores that there has been a tremendous growth in tourism in India because of the policies of the government and support from all levels.
Indian Tourism Sector and Union Budget 2011The Other Home
India travel market is growing at the rapid pace. However, the recent budget announcement may negatively impact the growth of Tourism Sector in India. The presentation tries to highlight the key statistics of Indian Travel and Tourism Market and Union Budget 2011-12 from the industry perspective.
World Travel & Tourism Council | Report economic impact 2017 | ITALYBTO Educational
The World Travel & Tourism Council is the global authority on the economic and social contribution of Travel & Tourism.
WTTC promotes sustainable growth for the Travel & Tourism sector, working with governments and international institutions to create jobs, to drive exports and to generate prosperity.
Council Members are the Chairs, Presidents and Chief Executives of the world’s leading private sector Travel & Tourism businesses.
Together with Oxford Economics, WTTC produces annual research that shows Travel & Tourism to be one of the world’s largest sectors, supporting over 292 million jobs and generating 10.2% of global GDP in 2016.
Comprehensive reports quantify, compare and forecast the
economic impact of Travel & Tourism on 185 economies around the world. In addition to the individual country reports, WTTC produces a world report highlighting the global economic impact and issues, and 24 further reports that focus on regions, sub-regions and economic and geographic groups.
https://www.wttc.org/
TOURISM PROMOTION, TOURISM REVENUES AND SECTORAL OUTPUTS IN THAILANDIAEME Publication
Since 2010, tourism promoting policies have been implemented to drive economic
growth and also economic development in Thailand. Government allocated a
significant budget to promote tourism sector. As a result, tourism revenues have also
been increased significantly. The increasing in the number of visitors induced the
domestic final demand and the output in tourism related sectors. However, the
different group of visitors will response to the tourism promoting policy in the
different ways. Following the Johansen system cointegration, the results indicate that
the tourism revenue in each group of visitors was response to the difference set of
macroeconomic factors. The estimated normalized cointegration vectors confirm the
positive relationship between government budget for promoting tourism and tourism
revenue for all groups of visitors. For the sectoral analysis, tourism revenue,
naturally, induces final demand and initiates output only in a few sectors. According
to the results, the policies are (1) continuously promote tourism sectors in term of
government budget, (2) set up a specific policy for each group of visitors and (3)
income re-distribution to the sector which are not related to tourism sector.
Problems of the Tourist Services Quality and its Influence on the Formation o...YogeshIJTSRD
The paper is devoted to the analysis, assessment, as well as the system of formation of the quality of tourist services. The issue of the tourist products quality has always been relevant, however, due to the spread of the coronavirus pandemic, the tourism industry has become one of the most affected sectors in the economy of many countries, that is why the issue of the tourism products quality is a first level task for its manufacturers. The problems of reforming the tourism sector in the context of the services quality provided can be resolved in many directions. Each stage in the development of the tourism industry is determined by trends in the socio economic development of the country, new conditions and opportunities needs appear. The criteria for the quality of travel services are changing, the problem of managing the quality of travel services is becoming more acute, and again there is a need to research and solve this problem. The presented information is associated with the efficiency of tourism organization, through the division of the tourism services quality into segments. In conclusion, the principles of the quality assessment system for tourism enterprises are presented. Susanna S. Alieva "Problems of the Tourist Services Quality and its Influence on the Formation of Financial Resources" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38700.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/financial-economics/38700/problems-of-the-tourist-services-quality-and-its-influence-on-the-formation-of-financial-resources/susanna-s-alieva
Tourism as a multiplier effect in economy: the case of Albaniainventionjournals
Tourism is an important economic activity in most countries worldwide. This sector has significant direct and indirect impact in the economy. The determination of the multiplier effect of tourism is very important part of economy. The multiplier effect measures the expenditures done on other part of economy, rather than tourism. Tourism not only creates job but also encourages growth on other sectors of industry.
ANALYSIS OF URBAN TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS BASED ON FACTOR ANALYSIS: A CASE ST...ijcsit
Firms in nearly the sectors of the economy are facing a highly competitive, volatile and complex business such as the advent of globalization. Economic globalization has forced and is still forcing firms to develop new global manufacturing and distribution concepts. Through the development of economic globalization, every government and firm in the world is proceeding to reform and redevelop in order to deal with globalization. This paper is an empirical study, describes and explores the case of competitiveness of urban tourism of Luoyang and the seven cities around. As for the tourism industry, on the one hand, publicity should be expanded and tourism resources should be integrated so as to highlight the tourism advantage and on the other hand, travel services should be improved, and travel agency and hotel management should be enhanced, so that it can better serve tourists.
Travel and tourism economic impact 2018 vietnamHoang Dung Quy
See how Vietnamese's Traveller user is growing and impacting to Economic in 2018.
In 2018, international arrivals to Vietnam reached 15.5 million, up 2.7 million compared to 2017, while domestic tourists grew by 6.8 million compared to 2017, to an estimated 80 million in 2018.
Microfinance and the Challenge of Financial Inclusion for Sme’s Development i...IOSRJBM
This paper examined microfinance and the challenge of financial inclusion for SMEs development in Nigeria. The study adopted two separate econometrics models for capturing and testing for significance in the stated objectives between 2005 and 2015. The first model determined whether financial inclusion improve the financial well-being of low-income savers in the study period. The second investigated the impact that micro finance has on the performance of small and medium scale enterprises. Each of the models was subjected to the Ordinary Least Square regression to determine the appropriateness of models estimated. Findings from the empirical results in model one (1) and two (2) indicated relationship between financial inclusion in Nigeria, microfinance, and small business enterprises over 10 years period of study. The study found out that there is a significant relationship between financial inclusion and financial well – being of the low income earners. Empirical finding that examines the relationship between microfinance and small business in Nigeria indicates that there is a negative significant relationship between loan to small enterprises and loan to rural areas in Nigeria in the period under study. The study suggests therefore that financial inclusion will have a positive significant impact on the development of small business if the plan to include everyone works in Nigeria.
Corporate Capital of Domestic and Foreign Firms in Africa – An Empirical ReviewIOSRJBM
The study evaluated the existence and nature of systematic competition for corporate capital between local and foreign firms operating in major African economies. The study is motivated by the debate that foreign firms have easier access to corporate capital than domestic firms, and that the problem in the global financial market might push foreign firms to rely more on domestic financial markets for funds. To achieve the goal of this study, both microeconomic and macroeconomic data were sourced from diverse sources – including the World Bank's Global Development Indicators' database and the individual annual financial reports of firms. The data generated a total of 351 firms based in 11 African countries over a period 2009 to 2014. The results show that the average ratio of total liabilities to total assets is slightly higher among the listed foreign firms (at 48.8 percent) than among the listed domestic firms (47.9 percent), although the differences does not appear significant at conventional levels (t-statistic = 0.601; prob.>t = 0.548). For the whole sample also, it is shown that foreign firms have higher long-term liabilities to total asset ratio than domestic firms, and that the difference is significant at 10 percent level. Whereas the average long-term debt ratio among foreign firms stands at 12.1 percent, for domestic firms, the level is 10.7 percent (t-statistic = 1.751; prob.>t = 0.080). In none of the four sub regions, though, does the difference in the long-term debts ratio significantly differ between domestic and foreign firms. Consistent with the statistical evidence, the descriptive results seem to suggest that the survey evidence reported by the World Bank that in Africa, foreign firms are more profitable, larger, more valued in terms of investments in fixed assets, and older than domestic firms is not true. However, as shown in this report, such differences, with the exception of asset tangibility and age, are not very significant at conventional levels. This suggests that the major source of competition for corporate finance in Africa may be on the extent of collateral value and the reputation that arises from firm age
Improvement for Criterion for Minimum Solution of Inventory Model with Algebr...IOSRJBM
For algebraic method to find the minimum point and value of inventory models, we derive the criterion to guarantee the existence and uniqueness of the interior optimal solution. Our findings will help researchers and practitioners apply inventory models in their research without referring to partial derivatives of calculus.
The Relationship between Foreign Trade and Financial Performance of the Liste...IOSRJBM
The main objective of this study was to determine the relationship between foreign trade and financial performance of the listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The study focused on the 32 listed companies randomly drawn from the 74 listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The secondary data extracted from the financial statement of these companies were subjected to both descriptive and inferential statistics. The result shows a significant positive relationship between the two variables. It was therefore recommended that the management and the board of directors of the listed manufacturing companies should intensify efforts on how the locally produced products will be able to penetrate into the foreign countries as it was discovered that majority of the goods produced by the manufacturing companies in Nigeria are consumed locally
The Government Policy on Foreign Direct Investment in Sri LankaIOSRJBM
management know-how, and access to export markets-that are desperately needed in developing countries. However foreign capital can play an important role in raising investment levels so as to accelerate economic growth in Sri Lanka as in the case of many other developing countries which are handicapped by inadequate domestic savings. The purpose of this study is to examine the Government Policy on Foreign Investment in Sri Lanka. FDI increased initially due to the favourable investment environment created by the 1977 reforms. During the 1983-89 period, the incentives for FDI were eroded by the setbacks in the foreign trade and payments liberalisation momentum and the macroeconomic disequilibrium. Even though FDI was felt down in year 2000, there were increasing trend in FDI up to year 2008 and FDI was diminished as a result of global financial crisis in year 2009. Basically due to the secure macroeconomic environment, Sri Lanka reached highest level of FDI in 2014. The prospect for a significant expansion of FDI inflows in to Sri Lanka, however, do not seems too bright. To attract further investment, it is paramount that Sri Lanka be able to provide policy stability.
The Relationship between Dividend Policy and Shareholder’s Wealth (A Case Stu...IOSRJBM
This research is about the relationship between dividend policy and shareholder’s wealth from 37 mining companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2011 to 2013. Independent variable which is used in this research are dividend policy and profitability. Dividend policy is measured as dividend per share (DPS) and profitability is measured as Return On Equity (ROE). Dependent variable which is used in this research is shareholder’s wealth. Shareholders’ wealth is measured as Market Price Per Share (MPPS). Investment opportunity which is measured as fixed asset growth, is used as moderating variable which can strengthen the relationship between independent and dependent variable. The result of this research proves that dividend policy has significant influence to shareholder’s wealth, while investment opportunity, as a moderating variable, is proven to strengthen the relationship between dividend policy and shareholder’s wealth.
Understanding Attitudes towards Gasoline Import Demand in Viet NamIOSRJBM
Even with its vast reserves of oil and gas potential, the government has put this fuel resource the top of priority sectors for development, as it views as central to national economic growth as well as energy security, Viet Nam has remained a net importer of petroleum products over the past eight years. On another word, Gasoline importation has been a superior absorbability on the economy of Viet Nam, the determinants of the refined oil products imported activities analysis have been found no study yet. This paper aims to suggest the leading factors affecting import demand performances for petroleum products. The autoregressive distributed lag modelling framework (ARDL) have applied to this research; we estimated various short-run and long-run import demand models for Gasoline using time series study over the period 1995-2015. The results showed that the application of gas is stable prices in both the long and short term. Other principal operators of gas import probably are the real effective exchange rate, domestic petroleum production, and population growth. Moreover, a real economic activity found the most active and influential driver of gasoline demand accordance with the inelastic and elastic coefficients estimated in the short-run and long-run, respectively.
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis as a Management Tool for Decision Making In Small...IOSRJBM
This study aimed to figure out if small business enterprises utilize cost volume profit (CVP) analysis as a management tool for decision-making process in Bayero University Kano, with a view to shed light on the reality of the use of CVP analysis as a decision-making tool in small business enterprises. The study population is made up of the entire small business enterprises within Bayero University, Kano. Primary source of data were utilized using structured questionnaires. The hypotheses were tested using Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson correlation coefficient. A very weak relationship (0.02) was recorded, it was discovered that there is no statistical significant difference between having the knowledge of a management accounting tools and its application. The study concludes that small business enterprises utilize CVP ignorantly and it is recommended
From Local to Global- Indian Organic Produce an OverviewIOSRJBM
Organic products have a growing market both in India and globally. The study focuses to explore the strengths and weaknesses of this industry so as to tap the global demand and achieve the export target for organic products. The study will aim to perform SWOT analysis and develop TOWS matrix which will provide an insight to the players of Organic market at all levels. The strategies framed are completely based on the researcher’s interpretation of the information collected from secondary sources and telephonic interviews of the agencies
Analysis of Internal, Market & Economic Based Financial Performance Measureme...IOSRJBM
The aim of this study is to investigate the financial performance of 10 commercial banks listed on Dhaka Stock Exchange. In this paper, financial performance has been measured by using three indicators. Internal–based performance measured by Return on Assets, Market-based performance measured by Tobin’s Q model (Price / Book value of Equity) and Economic–based performance measured by Economic Value adds. The correlation and multiple regression of annual time series data is used to find the impact of bank size, credit risk, operational efficiency and asset management on financial performance measured by the three indicators, The study rejected the null hypothesis and it is found that there exist statistically significant impact of bank size, credit risk, operational efficiency and asset management with ROA and Economic Value Added. On the other hand Tobin’s Q has insignificant impact on financial performance of commercial banks
Factors Influencing Purchase Decision of InstitutionalBuyers in Bangladesh: T...IOSRJBM
The Bangladeshi poultry industry is gradually becoming a leading industry in the Bangladeshi market. It is a labor- intensive sector which does not require lengthy training. Almost anyone can be engaged in the poultry farming because it can be done either on a larger scale or in one’s backyard. The purpose of the study is to identify the institutional buyer preference and to find out the purchase criteria factors which influence the purchase decision of the institutional buyers of poultry chickens in Bangladesh. A total of 110 respondents from 8 different categories of institutional buyers, who were directly related to poultry business were randomly selected to be the respondents for the collection of information within the Dhaka Metro City. All factors were randomly selected towards the collection of relevant information following pretested questionnaire. Advance statistical tools were applied for analysis of collected data. A factor analysis was conducted to identify the purchase criteria factors i.e. Brand, Freshness, Halal, How chicken are raised, Meat Cuts (Breast / Leg), Nutrition Value, Packaging, Price Sensitivity, Processed, Production Technology and Taste. Findings from the factor analysis showed that packaging, processed, production technology, taste and how chicken are raised have a significant effect on the selection of purchase criteria of the institutional buyers and their preference..
Effect of Public Services Quality on Satisfaction and Its Implication on Publ...IOSRJBM
: This research aims to determine: 1) The influence of the public services quality on public satisfaction at Samsat Office Kendari City. 2) The effect of public services the quality on public trust at Samsat Office Kendari City. 3) The effect of public satisfaction on public trust at Samsat Office Kendari City. 4) The mediate effect of public satisfaction in strengthening the influence of public services quality on public trust at Samsat Office Kendari City.The design of this research is associative (causal) design. The object of this research is the people who employ Samsat Office services. The samples were taken by purposive sampling (designation intentionally) which employ 110 respondents. The analysis used is descriptive statistical analysis and analysis of Partial Leas Square (PLS).This research concluded that: 1) The public services quality significantly influence the public satisfaction on Samsat Office Kendari City. it indicated that the good quality of public services is reflected by accountability, responsiveness, orientation to service and efficiency indicators which will increase the public satisfaction which is reflected by their attitude to respect service officers, abide by the rules, is proud of the work of the officers, has the spirit and initiative, and avoid of conflict. 2) The quality of public services does not significantly affect the public trust on Samsat Office Kendari City. This means that the public service quality at Samsat Office Kendari city cannot increase public trust significantly caused by the public tust in the service officer has not been optimal. 3) Public satisfaction has significant effect on public trust on Samsat Office Kendari City. This means that the public satisfaction will increase public trust which is reflected by the increasing of public trust in the service facilities. 4) Public Satisfaction mediates the effect of public services quality on public trust on Samsat Office Kendari City. This means that public satisfaction can strengthen the influence of public services quality on public trust.
Impediments and Inducements to Youth Entrepreneurship Development in Sylhet R...IOSRJBM
The purpose of this paper is to explore and identify the key impediments and constraints that obstruct young people from starting and running a new venture and at the same time, inducements and stimuli that trigger youths to entrepreneurial activities. Data were collected from 80 young entrepreneurs of Sylhet, Bangladesh through a questionnaire gleaned from the literature review following a convenience and purposive sampling technique. Findings revealed, insufficient personal savings, high interest rate, and negative attitude of financial institutions to young entrepreneurs due to high default rate are the major impediments to obtaining start-up fund, being their own boss and earning more money are the prime inducements to engage in business. Parents and teachers influenced most to start business while financial risk reported as the most critical demotivator. Managing fund and fierce competition are main problems in running the business successfully. Lack of vocational education and training and inappropriate and inadequate curriculum and study programs are the key educational constraints, unsupportive tax regulations, complex business registration procedure are the leading administrative and regulatory barriers, dearth of information on available business support services and lack of training and business counseling are the major impediments of business support services. The implications of the study bear far-reaching ramifications to the concerned stakeholders for facilitating and encouraging youth entrepreneurship development by addressing the start-up constraints and problems
An Overview of Export Performance of Agricultural Products in IndiaIOSRJBM
Exports are the basis of the overall growth performance of any country. By increasing the rate of exports, any developing country can pave a way for the development by earning international liquidity thereby; sort out the problem of reserves to start up of any project to come out the circle of poverty. So, it becomes a paramount importance for the country like India to start export promotion measures to boost up the pace of its exports and India has already taken many steps to increase the level of its exports. It is concluded from the results of the study that Cotton raw including waste, iron ore, plastic and linoleum and transport equipment has been observed as the products in which exports have been increased at the maximum rate, whereas exports of Tea, Iron and steel, Mica and Leather and Manufacturing have been identified as the area in which satisfied results have not been achieved. So, it is suggested by the results of study that government should promote exports of different sectors by providing different incentives to different sectors to avail the opportunity and fill up the gaps as well. Indian agricultural export has undergone significant changes during recent times. In this context, the present study has analysed the trend in exports of agricultural commodities from India, the changes in the comparative advantage, the Indian agricultural export scenario has witnessed during the past decade and the prospects for further boosting the agricultural export. The study has also analysed the comparative advantage of India’s exports, through revealed comparative advantage (RCA). The RCA was improving in case of cotton, maize, and certain fruits and vegetables over time, but declining in case of some spices, rice and wheat. In case of plantation based spices and other commodities, India is gradually losing its comparative edge, mainly to Asian countries. The study has so identified yield improvement through growth in total factor productivity (TFP) as a potential factor that would result in generation of exportable surpluses and boosting India’s export
Job Satisfaction and Faculty Turnover Intentions: A Case of Pakistani Univers...IOSRJBM
Retaining faculty members has been a problem in many universities for decades. When competent teachers quit, they depart with critical knowledge and experience that are essential for maintaininga competitive advantage. The aim of this study was to measure the impact of four facets of job satisfaction on turnover intentions of faculty members of different universities of Rawalpindi/Islamabad. A 16-item, selfadministered questionnaire was used to gather data on independent and dependent variables. In questionnaire, researchers used 5 point Likert scale for variables to measure respondent’s possible responses. 110 questionnaires were completed and returned back. Pearson Correlation and Multiple Regression tests were used to test the hypothesis. The results showed that the three facets of job satisfaction i.e. remuneration, supervisory support and work life policies have significant and negative relationship with turnover intentions while recognition has insignificant relationship with turnover intentions and this relationship did not support the researchers’ prediction. Results have been discussed andrecommendations have been made for universities’ administrations.
Health System in India: Opportunities and Challenges for EnhancementsIOSRJBM
One of the basic vitalities of good living is quick access to essential services like health care. But many times it could mean a condition of life and death for an individual who is unable to get the access to these services. Thus an important part of social sector development is incomplete without adequate health care facilities. The quality of human health is the foundation upon which the realization of life goals and objectives of a persona, the community or nation as whole depends. It is both an end and means of development strategy. The relationship between health and development is mutually reinforcing- while health contributes to economic development, economic development, in turn, tends to improve the health status of the population in a country. India as a nation has been growing economically at a rapid pace particularly after the advent of New Economic Policy of 1991. However, this rapid economic development has not been accompanied by social development particularly health sector development. Health sector has been accorded very low priority in terms of allocation of resources. Public expenditure on health is less than 1 per cent of GDP in India. This research paper focuses on the current status of the Indian healthcare industry, the challenges faced plus the comparison of few selected Indian states based on health indicators. Furthermore comparison of India with some developed and developing countries is also employed in order get the clear picture of the health sector. In order to boost the development line, some opportunities in the health care industry are also discussed and necessary policy implications. Regarding in this connection India lags behind in regard of health improvement as compared to U.S.A, Canada, China, and Brazil, but contrary to other developing countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh the scenario is better with life expectancy, Mortality ratios, health care spending speak volumes about the healthcare status. When analyzed through the prism eye, within India there are large disparities amongst states in achieving health outcomes as well. Before liberalization the improvement was at a snail’s pace, but after liberalization the whole picture changed because the key initiatives to improve the current healthcare standard a two prong strategy focusing on the infrastructure needs and the technology solution were implemented, which resulted in the healthy scenario of the healthcare industry. Healthcare sector, a leading weapon as the contributor to GDP (approx.8%) is thus the matter to be deeply looked into, so that golden harvest is reaped.
Total Quality Management (TQM) Practices toward Product Quality Performance: ...IOSRJBM
The purpose of this research was to test and analyze the effect of TQM practices impelementation which consists of leadership, strategic planning, customer focus, information and analysis, people management, and process management to product quality performance. The population were 108 food and beverage companies in Makassar, Indonesia. Respondents are production managers or operation managers. Sample technique which used is population sampling. Method of analysis which use both descriptive statistic and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Data processing uses two statistic tools i.e: IBM SPSS and AMOS 19.00. The findings of research indicate that leadership has significant effect on product quality performance, strategic planning has significant effect on product quality performance, customer focus has significant effect on product quality performance, information and analysis has significant effect on product quality performance, people management has significant effect on product quality performance, and process management has significant effect on product quality performance. Leadership factor has dominant effect on product quality performance (critical ratio = 9.760 > t-table = 1.960; and probability = 0.000 < α = 0.05).
The Influence of Work Culture, Work Stress to the Job Satisfaction and Employ...IOSRJBM
This research was carried out starting from the phenomenon of the performance which was not maximized by the employees of State Treasury Service Office in Jakarta. Based on the literature there was a suspicion that the performance which was not maximized due to a weak work culture, work stress and the decreasing of job satisfaction. The purpose of this research was to quantify and explain the relationship between variables of work culture, work stress, job satisfaction and employees performance in the State Treasury Service Office Jakarta. The research method was using quantitative methods. Research locations were located in six State Treasury Service Offices in Jakarta with samples of 152 employees. Data analysis technique was using Partial Least Square (PLS) with the help of Smart program. The results showed that the work culture has no effect on job satisfaction. Work stress has no effect on job satisfaction. Work culture affected to the employee performance. Work stress had no effect on employee performance. Job satisfaction had no effect on performance. The implication of this research was to establish a strong working culture to decrease work stress and increase job satisfaction which ultimately improved employee performance.
Work-Life of Indian Railway's Drivers (Loco-Pilots)IOSRJBM
Railways’ Drivers / Loco-Pilots are the most important person in executing the huge task of transporting nearly 25 Million passengers and more than 2.8 Million Tons of freight daily with the help of 2,29,381 wagons, 59,713 coaches and more than 9,213 locomotive engines of various kinds(www.Indian railways, Wikipedia).To transport 25 million passengers and millions of tons of freight and that too with taking care of both the traveler’s convenience and safety is not a mean task, the driver on whose sincerity the journey of a train depends. If he is not capable of carrying his responsibilities then the efforts of the other employees go waste, in this sense we can say that he is the most important person of the railways. The job of a Railway Driver demands hard work and great presence of mind along with courage to handle diverse conditions. For this one should have discipline, patience, responsibility, punctuality, commitment, courage and above all self-confidence. The job requires lots of hard work, stamina, alertness of mind, adaptability to follow difficult time schedules too. But the main and remarkable, highly appreciable role of Railway drivers is the only who works with full honesty, in day & night, in heavy cold, hot & Rainy weather. For Railways’ drivers operating on long distance routes, overnight stays in various locations will be necessary. Furthermore, it can be stressful, as delays and hazards on the track are not uncommon. His cab of the train should be relatively comfortable but it may be quite cold, hot and noisy.
Liquidity Determinants of Sharia and non Sharia StocksIOSRJBM
This study was conducted to analyze and testing stock liquidity differences of sharia and non sharia stock and determinants of sharia and non sharia stock of manufacturing industry at Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2009-2010. Dependent variable of this study is stock liquidity, measured by relative spread and depth. The Independent variable are insider ownership, institutional ownership, blockholder ownership, and foreign institutional ownership, trading volume, stock price, return volatility, Market to book value, dividend policy and size. In addition, this research is also supported by qualitative data obtained from in-depth discussions with key informants, including investment managers, stock exchanges institution and stock brokers. The results showed there is no liquidity difference, both for relative spread and depth of sharia a non sharia stocks. In sharia stocks, trading volume and dividend policy has a negative effect on relative spread, whereas in non sharia stock the trading volume, stock prices and company size has a negative effect on relative spread. Institutional ownership has negative effect, while foreign institutional ownership, trading volume, dividend policy, and size has positive effect on sharia stock liquidity. For non sharia stock, the trading volume, stock prices and company size has a positive effect on depth.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
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Planning Of Procurement o different goods and services
International Tourism Marketing: An Analysis on Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of China
1. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)
e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 19, Issue 1. Ver. V (Jan. 2017), PP 20-26
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/487X-1901052026 www.iosrjournals.org 20 | Page
International Tourism Marketing: An Analysis on Xinjiang
Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of China
Dilidaer Mulati1
, İlkay Karaduman2
1
(Social Sciences Institute, Istanbul Aydin University, Turkey)
2
(Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Istanbul Aydin University, Turkey)
Abstract: As XUAR international tourism industry is improving gradually, we should see there are still serious
problems in its industrial structure performance. With shift-share method, Pearson Correlation method and
Principal component method, based on data of XUAR international tourism foreign exchange incomes from
2006 to 2015, this paper empirically analyzes each sector of XUAR international tourism and its industrial
structure performance, as well as problems in sectors of transportation, sightseeing, accommodation, cater,
commodity sales and entertainment. Meanwhile this paper also puts forward solutions to increase the benefit of
XUAR international tourism industry.
Keywords: International tourism, XUAR, Tourism Marketing
I. Introduction
International tourism is an important part of tourism industry and international service trade, which
plays a more important role in promoting global economic development, so the development of international
tourism has gained more attention around the world. Per the UNWTO Tourism Highlights by United Nations
World Tourism Organization [1]
, the number of international visitors in 2015 increased by 4.6% to 1.186 billion
compared with the number of 2014. In 2014, more than 52 million tourists (overnight visitors) traveled abroad.
The total revenue generated by international travelers for accommodation, catering, entertainment, shopping and
other services in 2015 was approximately $1.232 billion, increasing by 3.6% due to the foreign exchange rate
fluctuations and inflation. International tourist arrivals increased by 4.4 % or 1.184 million in 2015.In addition
to international tourism revenue (travel expenses of international balance of payments), international tourism
also generated $210 billion in international export transport services for non-residential visitors, bringing
tourism exports revenues of $1.4 trillion or an average daily income of $4 billion [2]
.
United Nations World Tourism Organization has released the UNWTO Tourism Highlights[3]
, which
shows World Tourism Organization is very concerned about the emerging destinations, and economies and
destinations are mentioned frequently. Chinese elements continue to be the focus of attention.Per Annual Report
on China 's Inbound Tourism Development 2016 from China Tourism Research Institute [4]
, in 2015 China
received 13,382.04 million inbound tourists, an increase of 4.14%. In 2005, foreign exchange revenue of
inbound tourism reached $113.65 billion, and tourism service trade surplus reached $9.15 billion. In 2015,
China receives 568.857 billion overnight visitors, an increase of 2.30%.The gross market size ranked fourth in
the world, following France, United States and Spain. As the concept of new Silk Road has been proposed,
XUAR has taken actions in their own specialties - the success organization of International Conference on
Tourism Development on the Silk Road, and Urumqi Declaration with 14 other countries along the Silk Road.
XUAR has set up six oversea sales centers in Kazakhstan, Russia, Dubai and other countries. We have cooperated
closely with Kazakhstan and other neighboring countries for tourism exchanges and more convenient visa policy -the policy
of visa free for tourism team of 3-50 persons will soon be implemented. However, compared with the rapid
development of the global tourism industry, growth of XUAR international tourism industry is left far behind.
Therefore, now, it is of great significance to grasp consumption structure of XUAR international market, to
establish marketing strategy and to enhance the international competitiveness of XUAR.
II. Analysis On Consumption Structure Of XUAR International Tourism
Simply, tourism can be defined as the practice of traveling for recreation and with a point of
management the definition can be such as the management process of tourists and tourism related businesses[5]
.
In the literature, tourism marketing has been researched in detail from its past to its present and future
[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]
.Dwyer, et al. found tourism has been commonly recognized that it is neither a single industry
nor a single market. In Tourism is a social industry with strong integrity and intrinsic relevance which composed
of elements of sightseeing, catering, accommodation, entertainment and Commodity sales[14]
.An analysis on
consumption structure of international tourist market is instructive and meaningful to take effective measures to
solve tough problems, optimize the structure of the tourism industry and improve economic level of tourism
industry.
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DOI: 10.9790/487X-1901052026 www.iosrjournals.org 21 | Page
2.1 Deviation of Structural Benefit of International Tourism Industry Shift- Share Analysis
Shift-share analysis is a relatively simple and widely used technique for describing regional economic
growth and measuring policy effects over time [15]
.According to international tourism income composition of
XUAR in the period of 2006-2014 (table 1), using the shift share analysis of the international tourism industry
(based on figures of 2013). Transportation, sightseeing, accommodation, catering, commodity sales and
entertainment are considered as the influencing factors of foreign exchange earnings of international tourism. [16]
:
Table 1: The Composition of XUAR International Tourism Revenue in the Period of 2006-2014 (%)
Year Transportation Sightseeing Accommodation Catering Commodity Sales Entertainment
2006 24.3 3.6 9.1 5 40 6.7
2007 15.5 2 6.8 5.5 52.5 1.6
2008 23.1 3.2 7.8 5.6 47.4 1
2009 22.1 5.3 8 6.1 46.2 1.6
2010 25.9 4.8 8.1 5.5 36.3 1.4
2011 24.3 3.2 7.7 4.3 38 0
2012 38.3 5.4 12.2 5 20 7.1
2013 35.9 6.4 12.3 6.1 19.8 6.2
2014 39.4 7 11.9 7.3 15.7 6.4
According to the shift-share method, the equation of XUAR tourism economic growth rate is shown as
follows: Yio is foreign exchange income of XUAR tourism industry (i) in base-period;Yit is foreign exchange
income of XUAR tourism industry (i) in a certain period (t); Cio is the cumulative foreign exchange earnings of
the whole tourism industry (i) from the base period; Cit is foreign exchange income of XUAR tourism industry
(i) in period (t);Co is tourism foreign exchange earnings of the entire Chinese tourism industry in base period; Ct
is foreign exchange income of Chinese tourism industry in a certain period (t); so Ri,foreign exchange earnings
growth rate of XUAR tourism industry (i) is shown as follow:
Ri=(Yit-Yio)/Yio=Ui+Vi+Wi
Ui=(Ct-Co)/Co*100%
Vi=(Cit/Cio-Ct/Co)/*100%
Wi=(Yit/Yio-Cit/Cio)/*100%
In those equations: Ui reflects the tourism industry growth rate; Vi reflects the efficiency in the tourism
industry (i): when Vi>0, the tourism industry sector is growing faster than the average growth rate of the whole
Chinese tourism industry, and the efficiency of the sector is advantageous; Wi is the advantage of XUAR
tourism industry (i) compared with the sector (i) nationwide. When Wi>0, the greater the value of XUAR
tourism industry the more advantages it has; when Wi<0, the smaller the value is the less advantages it has. Take
year 2013 as the base period and based on Xinjiang Statistical Yearbook (2013 and 2014), the values of Ui, Vi,
Wi of the international tourism industry in 2014 can be calculated (table 2) [17]
.
Table 2: Structural Benefit Deviation of International Tourism Industry-- Shift-Share Analysis (Base Period
2013)
According to data in table 2, it can be concluded that in tourism industry of China, sectors with better
revenue include catering, accommodation and transportation. However, there is no advantages of the tourism
sector in XUAR compared with the whole industry of China.
2.2 Pearson Correlation Analysis
In order to evaluate the rationality of the effect of each sector to the international tourism foreign
exchange income, here we have done the Pearson correlation analysis on international tourism industry and
sectors that affect international tourism industry[18]
. Using Pearson correlation analysis method of SPSS, the
results are as follows:
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Table 3: Correlations Among Sections of Tourism Industry
Sectors Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed)
Transportation .958** 0
Sightseeing .927** 0
Accommodation .955** 0
Catering .937** 0
Commodity Sales .558 0.118
Entertainment .748* 0.02
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Generally, the four-level classification method is used for judging the relationship between variables:
the absolute value of correlation below 0.3 means weak correlation; 0.3-0.5 means low linear correlation; 0.5-
0.8 means significant correlation; number more than 0.8 means high correlation. It can be seen from table 5 that
the coefficient of transportation and international tourism industry is 0.958, the coefficient of sightseeing and the
international tourism industry is 0.927, accommodation 0.955, catering 0.937, entertainment 0.748 and sales of
goods 0.558, which means that each sector has significant positive correlation with the international tourism
industry. The values of transportation, sightseeing, accommodation and catering are more than 0.8, indicating
that these four factors are the most important factor in determining the number of foreign exchange earnings of
international tourism.
2.3 Principal Component Analysis
2.3.1 Basic Principle of Principal Component Analysis
Principal component analysis (PCA) is an algorithm to simplify the original data set by reducing the
dimension of data sets. The main idea of the algorithm is to repeatedly observe an object and do comprehensive
process of several correlated random variables, and then the obtained one or several comprehensive indexes can
replace the original variables. The indexes can represent characteristics of the object independently and, at the
same time, can retain the integrity of the original information. And principal components analysis is classified
among the descriptive methods analyzing interdependencies between variables. Hence, there are no dependent
variables and independent variables, it is so important to combine the interdependence between the variables [19]
.
The fundamental transformation can be shown as follow:
pmpm
p
p
m
X
X
X
aaa
aaa
aaa
PC
PC
PC
..................
2
1
m21
22212
11211
2
1
(1)
mpm
p
p
aaa
aaa
aaa
............
m21
22212
11211
is a weighted coefficient matrix, and
pm . PCi means the the order of principal component of the original
eigenvector. According to equation (1), the principal component matrix is a linear combination of original
feature vectors. In addition, parameters in equation (1) should satisfy the following conditions:
(a)
;,...,3,2,12... 22
2
2
1 miaaa ipii ,
(b)
,,...,2,1,,,0),( mjiijPCPCCov ji
That is, principal component are orthogonal with each other.
2.3.2 Calculation Steps of PCA
To calculate relation matrix
pppp
p
p
N
...
......
...
...
21
22221
11211
(2)
In equation (2),( i,j=1,2,...,p) is correlation index of original variables xi and xj, the equation is as follow:
4. International Tourism Marketing: An Analysis on Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of
DOI: 10.9790/487X-1901052026 www.iosrjournals.org 23 | Page
l
m
n
k
jkjiki
l
m
jkjiki
ij
xxxx
xxxx
r
1 1
22
1
)()(
))((
(3)
Because R is a real symmetric matrix (i.e. rij=rji), so we only need to calculate its upper triangular element or
lower triangular element.
To calculate eigenvalues and eigenvectors
To solve eigenvalue equation 0|| NI for eigenvalue i (i=1,2,...,p),and put them in order of magnitude
as
0...21 p
; and then to get the eigenvector ie
(i=1,2,...,p)corresponding to the eigenvalue i .
To calculate principal component contribution rate and cumulative contribution rate Contribution rate of
principal component iS
:
),...,3,2,1(
1
pi
r
s q
k
k
i
i
(4)
Cumulative contribution rate:
q
k
k
m
k
k
1
1
(5)
Generally take eigenvalues of main components corresponding to the cumulative contribution rate between 85-
95% and put them in order - first, second,... , m(
pm ).
To calculate principal component load
),...,2,1,(),( pkiexsp kikik
(6)
The principal component score can be further calculated:
nmnn
m
m
sss
sss
sss
S
...
........
...
...
21
22221
11211
(7)
According to the previous standardized data, we put figure of each sample into the equation and get
new data of principal component for each sample respectively, or so-called principal component scores. And
then the preliminary analysis on information of original variables can be obtained through the analysis of the
principal component scores.
2.3.3 Results of Principal Component Analysis
When doing principal component analysis, we must first carry out KMO test and Bartlett test, which is
the applicable conditions of the principal component analysis. KMO is the indicator to check the sample
adequacy, which should be generally greater than 0.5. SPSS is used here for data processing, and KMO and
Bartlett test results are shown in the following table.
Table 4 KMO and Bartlett's Test
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. 0.690
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 84.789
df 15
Sig. 0.000
The spherical Bartlett test is to test whether the correlation matrix is a unit matrix, which indicates
whether the factor model is appropriate. Through the Bartlett test, it is showed that Bartlett value is 84.798 and
P is smaller than 0.0001, which means the correlation matrix is not a unit matrix, so factor analysis should be
considered. The value of KMO is 0.690 which is smaller than 0.5, indicating that factor analysis results are
acceptable based on the statistical test.Correlation coefficient matrix eigenvalue and variance contribution rate
of each factor. To input the data into SPSS, and after rotation, the figures of factors are as follow:
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DOI: 10.9790/487X-1901052026 www.iosrjournals.org 24 | Page
Table 5: Total Variance Explained
In Table-5 cumulative contribution rate of the first two common factors has reached 97.888%, so it can
represent the change of the correlation variables of the whole sample, and the cumulative contribution rate of the
first principal component has reached 80.116%.
Table 6: Communalities
Initial Extraction
Transportation 1 0.988
Visiting 1 0.98
Accommodation 1 0.989
Catering 1 0.954
Merchandise Sales 1 0.993
Entertainment 1 0.968
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
According to Table-6, the common variance of each index variable is greater than 0.9, which means that these
two common factors can practically reflect the most information of the original index variables.
Table 7: Component Matrix
Component
1 2
Transportation 0.994 0.012
Visiting 0.99 -0.013
Accommodation 0.995 0.011
Catering 0.975 0.069
Commodity Sales 0.288 0.954
Entertainment 0.904 -0.389
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
2 components extracted.
Figure1: Principal Component Plot
Component Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loading
Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative %
1 4.807 80.116 80.116 4.807 80.116 80.116
2 1.066 17.772 97.888 1.066 17.772 97.888
3 0.105 1.752 99.64
4 0.016 0.26 99.899
5 0.003 0.058 99.957
6 0.003 0.043 100
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
6. International Tourism Marketing: An Analysis on Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of
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According to Table-7 and Figure-1, the first principal component has a greater positive load in traffic,
sightseeing, accommodation, catering and entertainment, which is positively correlated to the foreign exchange
earnings of international tourism industry. The second principal component has a greater positive load in
commodity sales, mainly reflecting the condition of tourism consumption.Calculation of the scores of each
principal component and the comprehensive score. Each principal component is a linear combination of the
original index, so the scores of the two principal components can be calculated according to index of each
original coefficient provided by coefficient matrix. Z1 and Z2 represent scores of the two-principal component.
Principal component weight:
2
1i
iiiW
. The result of calculation is shown in table 8:
Table 8: Weight of Principal Factors
To calculate the comprehensive score of each region (Z) according to the linear weighted summation of weight
of each principal factor:
2182.01818.0 ZZZ
Table 9: Evaluation of foreign exchange income of XUAR international tourism industry
Sector The first principal
component
The second principal
component
Comprehensive
result
Ranking
Accommodation 0.995 0.011 0.816 1
Transportation 0.994 0.012 0.816 2
Catering 0.975 0.069 0.811 3
Sightseeing 0.99 -0.013 0.808 4
Entertainment 0.904 -0.389 0.669 5
Commodity Sales 0.288 0.954 0.409 6
According to Table-9, it can be seen that during the period of 2006-2014 accommodation,
transportation, sightseeing and catering accounted for a larger proportion in XUAR tourism foreign exchange
earnings while entertainment and merchandise sales accounted for a relatively small proportion, which shows
that the structure of local tourism products is sole without outstanding features that can attract visitors to buy
products. The whole product line is relatively backward while the entertainment industry lags. To improve the
service and quality of these two sectors is a problem that we must pay attention to.
III. Results, Conclusion And Recommendations
After all this research and analysis, we should optimize the industrial structure and improve foreign
exchange income. Per the correlation between the various departments of the tourism industry analysis, we can
conclude that accommodation > traffic > catering> sightseeing > entertainment > shopping, which means we
need to support more for sectors of accommodation, transportation, catering and sightseeing. However,
entertainment and shopping does not contribute much to XUAR international tourism, indicating that these
departments should be the future focuses industry structure adjustment. Therefore, we should focus product
development on entertainment and commodity shopping to improve the tourism market structure, so that the
tourism market can gain tremendous development.
The industry cluster district should be built in areas with rich cultural background of XUAR, such as
cultures of the Silk Road and ethnic minority groups. Each sector of tourism industry should be developed
equally and the dominant sectors such as transportation, accommodation, catering and sightseeing should
provide stimulating power to commodity sales and entertainment. Moreover, we should build scenic spots with
unique features and enhance attractiveness of them, and therefore scenic spots with rich cultural content,
beautiful scenery and nationwide fame will be built in industry cluster district and infrastructure will be
improved there to attract more tourists.
The key profitable destinations should be built in areas with good infrastructure, unique features and
reputation at home and abroad, such as Kanas, Nalat grassland and old town of Kashgar. We can perform
intensive management to these scenic spots and invest more in construction to create a more standardized and
complete tourism management mechanism, and then expand to the surrounding clusters of tourism resources to
achieve the radiation effect and eventually a large-scale tourism industry area will be built.
Principal factor(Z) Eigenvalue
(λ)
Contribution
rate(%)
Cumulative
contribution(%)
Weight of principal
factor(W)
First factor 4.807 80.116 80.116 0.818
Second factor 1.066 17.772 97.888 0.182
7. International Tourism Marketing: An Analysis on Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) of
DOI: 10.9790/487X-1901052026 www.iosrjournals.org 26 | Page
Make the best of correlation effect among each sectors of tourism to achieve the transformation from
ticket profit mode to comprehensive profit mode. The clear majority of XUAR tourism companies are small
businesses and the market is really small with low efficiency and insufficient abilities of product innovation and
market competition risk resistance. Therefore, the most urgent problem now is how to change the development
mode, encourage small companies to perform joint management and achieve tourism economy increase with
government lead. At the same time, we also need to make full use of related industries and integrate tourism
resources to change the traditional income mode of ticket selling to a comprehensive profit system of catering,
accommodation, transportation, sightseeing, commodity sales and entertainment. With the coordinated growth
of each sector, a profitable industrial chain will be formed eventually.
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