Railways’ Drivers / Loco-Pilots are the most important person in executing the huge task of transporting nearly 25 Million passengers and more than 2.8 Million Tons of freight daily with the help of 2,29,381 wagons, 59,713 coaches and more than 9,213 locomotive engines of various kinds(www.Indian railways, Wikipedia).To transport 25 million passengers and millions of tons of freight and that too with taking care of both the traveler’s convenience and safety is not a mean task, the driver on whose sincerity the journey of a train depends. If he is not capable of carrying his responsibilities then the efforts of the other employees go waste, in this sense we can say that he is the most important person of the railways. The job of a Railway Driver demands hard work and great presence of mind along with courage to handle diverse conditions. For this one should have discipline, patience, responsibility, punctuality, commitment, courage and above all self-confidence. The job requires lots of hard work, stamina, alertness of mind, adaptability to follow difficult time schedules too. But the main and remarkable, highly appreciable role of Railway drivers is the only who works with full honesty, in day & night, in heavy cold, hot & Rainy weather. For Railways’ drivers operating on long distance routes, overnight stays in various locations will be necessary. Furthermore, it can be stressful, as delays and hazards on the track are not uncommon. His cab of the train should be relatively comfortable but it may be quite cold, hot and noisy.
An Age Friendly Initiative: Active Ageing Non-institutional Services To Olde...Alakananda Banerjee
Need of the hour: Integrated Approach Towards Community Wellness
Formulated on international research and knowledge based on important principles and guidelines by WHO Active Ageing Policy and Towards Building an Age Friendly City.
The main focus of prevention in health care is to stop health conditions from occurring (primary prevention). However, prevention also involves early detection and treatment to stop the progression of a health condition (secondary prevention) and management to reduce the consequences of an existing health condition (tertiary prevention).Prevention interventions can be at one of three levels.Primary prevention – the phrase “prevention is better than cure” is one that many people are familiar with and is the focus of primary prevention. Primary prevention is directed at avoidance and uses interventions that prevent health conditions from occurring. These interventions are mainly aimed at people (e.g. changing health behaviours, immunisation, nutrition) and the environments in which they live (safe water supplies, sanitation, good living and working conditions). Secondary prevention is the early detection and early treatment of health conditions, with the aim of curing or lessening their impacts. Tertiary prevention aims to limit or reverse the impact of already existing health conditions and impairments; it includes rehabilitation services and interventions that aim to prevent activity limitations and to promote independence, participation and inclusion.
Public health policy development in developing countries Ruby Med Plus
Public Health policy development in developing countries is addressed by four policy questions:
1. Does the introduction of a health policy at national, international level imply corresponding improvement in the quality of health of a country/population?
2. For effective health systems with efficient outcome: should health related policies be locally/nationally or internationally motivated (initiated)?
3. Should developing countries rely on the West for changes in the health of their population?
4. What is the impact of health policies adopted at the international scene on the health of populations in developing countries?
An Age Friendly Initiative: Active Ageing Non-institutional Services To Olde...Alakananda Banerjee
Need of the hour: Integrated Approach Towards Community Wellness
Formulated on international research and knowledge based on important principles and guidelines by WHO Active Ageing Policy and Towards Building an Age Friendly City.
The main focus of prevention in health care is to stop health conditions from occurring (primary prevention). However, prevention also involves early detection and treatment to stop the progression of a health condition (secondary prevention) and management to reduce the consequences of an existing health condition (tertiary prevention).Prevention interventions can be at one of three levels.Primary prevention – the phrase “prevention is better than cure” is one that many people are familiar with and is the focus of primary prevention. Primary prevention is directed at avoidance and uses interventions that prevent health conditions from occurring. These interventions are mainly aimed at people (e.g. changing health behaviours, immunisation, nutrition) and the environments in which they live (safe water supplies, sanitation, good living and working conditions). Secondary prevention is the early detection and early treatment of health conditions, with the aim of curing or lessening their impacts. Tertiary prevention aims to limit or reverse the impact of already existing health conditions and impairments; it includes rehabilitation services and interventions that aim to prevent activity limitations and to promote independence, participation and inclusion.
Public health policy development in developing countries Ruby Med Plus
Public Health policy development in developing countries is addressed by four policy questions:
1. Does the introduction of a health policy at national, international level imply corresponding improvement in the quality of health of a country/population?
2. For effective health systems with efficient outcome: should health related policies be locally/nationally or internationally motivated (initiated)?
3. Should developing countries rely on the West for changes in the health of their population?
4. What is the impact of health policies adopted at the international scene on the health of populations in developing countries?
Indian Railway is the state-owned railway company of India, which owns and operates most of the country's rail transport. It is overseen by the Ministry of Railways of the Government of India It's provides the full knowledge about Indian railways & its signalling system and it's gives the knowledge about rail-net and the network used in Indian rail and the topology used in indian railway for the internet .
The report describes about the toxic work culture in Indian Railways. Railway administration needs a complete overhaul to end departmental silos and elite mentality of officers. It is a shame that even after 75 years of Independence, Indian railway management is still suffering from a colonial hangover.
A Review on High Speed Rail Project between Ahmedabad and MumbaiIJSRD
Indian Railway Network is one of the largest rail networks of the world which connects all major and minor cities and it is one of the fastest and convenient options for travelling for the ordinary people. However, sad thing is that most of the fastest trains run on average speed of just 50 km/hr. Therefore, to save time and for the convenience of the people some better and suitable option should be introduced. Bullet trains are high speed trains offer economic and high speed travel which is a good option for the routine and solitary travelling people.
In the current scenario, India reaches the world class apparatus and ready to compete with the top leaders of the universe. India succeeds in launching the missiles and satellites, got well trained and unbeatable defence force to protect the nation and holding high class transportation facilities within it. India grown into the prime role of transportation and rail industry is the key point of the Indian transport system. In the field of rail transportation, India got so many experiences while implementing the recent technologies. This article is going to discuss about the high speed trains in India. This research may relate to the present situation of the high speed trains in the world countries as well as in our nation. The study might include the initiation idea of the high speed rails in India. The estimated stations were selected for the high speed rails and the international countries like Japan, France, Korea, China are showing more interest on funding India to finish the assignment. In this special period Government of India formed a unique department for the high speed railways named High Speed Rail Corporation of India Ltd. This paper concentrates on the development and execution of the planning was established by the government in an effective manner.
Failure Reporting and Vendor performance management system using Python tech...Sakshi Verma
This project was made during the summer internship in Research Design and standard organisation (RDSO),Indian Railways under the guidance of Mr. R.K. Yadav ,System Analyst Computer (RDSO)
Microfinance and the Challenge of Financial Inclusion for Sme’s Development i...IOSRJBM
This paper examined microfinance and the challenge of financial inclusion for SMEs development in Nigeria. The study adopted two separate econometrics models for capturing and testing for significance in the stated objectives between 2005 and 2015. The first model determined whether financial inclusion improve the financial well-being of low-income savers in the study period. The second investigated the impact that micro finance has on the performance of small and medium scale enterprises. Each of the models was subjected to the Ordinary Least Square regression to determine the appropriateness of models estimated. Findings from the empirical results in model one (1) and two (2) indicated relationship between financial inclusion in Nigeria, microfinance, and small business enterprises over 10 years period of study. The study found out that there is a significant relationship between financial inclusion and financial well – being of the low income earners. Empirical finding that examines the relationship between microfinance and small business in Nigeria indicates that there is a negative significant relationship between loan to small enterprises and loan to rural areas in Nigeria in the period under study. The study suggests therefore that financial inclusion will have a positive significant impact on the development of small business if the plan to include everyone works in Nigeria.
Corporate Capital of Domestic and Foreign Firms in Africa – An Empirical ReviewIOSRJBM
The study evaluated the existence and nature of systematic competition for corporate capital between local and foreign firms operating in major African economies. The study is motivated by the debate that foreign firms have easier access to corporate capital than domestic firms, and that the problem in the global financial market might push foreign firms to rely more on domestic financial markets for funds. To achieve the goal of this study, both microeconomic and macroeconomic data were sourced from diverse sources – including the World Bank's Global Development Indicators' database and the individual annual financial reports of firms. The data generated a total of 351 firms based in 11 African countries over a period 2009 to 2014. The results show that the average ratio of total liabilities to total assets is slightly higher among the listed foreign firms (at 48.8 percent) than among the listed domestic firms (47.9 percent), although the differences does not appear significant at conventional levels (t-statistic = 0.601; prob.>t = 0.548). For the whole sample also, it is shown that foreign firms have higher long-term liabilities to total asset ratio than domestic firms, and that the difference is significant at 10 percent level. Whereas the average long-term debt ratio among foreign firms stands at 12.1 percent, for domestic firms, the level is 10.7 percent (t-statistic = 1.751; prob.>t = 0.080). In none of the four sub regions, though, does the difference in the long-term debts ratio significantly differ between domestic and foreign firms. Consistent with the statistical evidence, the descriptive results seem to suggest that the survey evidence reported by the World Bank that in Africa, foreign firms are more profitable, larger, more valued in terms of investments in fixed assets, and older than domestic firms is not true. However, as shown in this report, such differences, with the exception of asset tangibility and age, are not very significant at conventional levels. This suggests that the major source of competition for corporate finance in Africa may be on the extent of collateral value and the reputation that arises from firm age
Improvement for Criterion for Minimum Solution of Inventory Model with Algebr...IOSRJBM
For algebraic method to find the minimum point and value of inventory models, we derive the criterion to guarantee the existence and uniqueness of the interior optimal solution. Our findings will help researchers and practitioners apply inventory models in their research without referring to partial derivatives of calculus.
The Relationship between Foreign Trade and Financial Performance of the Liste...IOSRJBM
The main objective of this study was to determine the relationship between foreign trade and financial performance of the listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The study focused on the 32 listed companies randomly drawn from the 74 listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The secondary data extracted from the financial statement of these companies were subjected to both descriptive and inferential statistics. The result shows a significant positive relationship between the two variables. It was therefore recommended that the management and the board of directors of the listed manufacturing companies should intensify efforts on how the locally produced products will be able to penetrate into the foreign countries as it was discovered that majority of the goods produced by the manufacturing companies in Nigeria are consumed locally
The Government Policy on Foreign Direct Investment in Sri LankaIOSRJBM
management know-how, and access to export markets-that are desperately needed in developing countries. However foreign capital can play an important role in raising investment levels so as to accelerate economic growth in Sri Lanka as in the case of many other developing countries which are handicapped by inadequate domestic savings. The purpose of this study is to examine the Government Policy on Foreign Investment in Sri Lanka. FDI increased initially due to the favourable investment environment created by the 1977 reforms. During the 1983-89 period, the incentives for FDI were eroded by the setbacks in the foreign trade and payments liberalisation momentum and the macroeconomic disequilibrium. Even though FDI was felt down in year 2000, there were increasing trend in FDI up to year 2008 and FDI was diminished as a result of global financial crisis in year 2009. Basically due to the secure macroeconomic environment, Sri Lanka reached highest level of FDI in 2014. The prospect for a significant expansion of FDI inflows in to Sri Lanka, however, do not seems too bright. To attract further investment, it is paramount that Sri Lanka be able to provide policy stability.
The Relationship between Dividend Policy and Shareholder’s Wealth (A Case Stu...IOSRJBM
This research is about the relationship between dividend policy and shareholder’s wealth from 37 mining companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2011 to 2013. Independent variable which is used in this research are dividend policy and profitability. Dividend policy is measured as dividend per share (DPS) and profitability is measured as Return On Equity (ROE). Dependent variable which is used in this research is shareholder’s wealth. Shareholders’ wealth is measured as Market Price Per Share (MPPS). Investment opportunity which is measured as fixed asset growth, is used as moderating variable which can strengthen the relationship between independent and dependent variable. The result of this research proves that dividend policy has significant influence to shareholder’s wealth, while investment opportunity, as a moderating variable, is proven to strengthen the relationship between dividend policy and shareholder’s wealth.
Understanding Attitudes towards Gasoline Import Demand in Viet NamIOSRJBM
Even with its vast reserves of oil and gas potential, the government has put this fuel resource the top of priority sectors for development, as it views as central to national economic growth as well as energy security, Viet Nam has remained a net importer of petroleum products over the past eight years. On another word, Gasoline importation has been a superior absorbability on the economy of Viet Nam, the determinants of the refined oil products imported activities analysis have been found no study yet. This paper aims to suggest the leading factors affecting import demand performances for petroleum products. The autoregressive distributed lag modelling framework (ARDL) have applied to this research; we estimated various short-run and long-run import demand models for Gasoline using time series study over the period 1995-2015. The results showed that the application of gas is stable prices in both the long and short term. Other principal operators of gas import probably are the real effective exchange rate, domestic petroleum production, and population growth. Moreover, a real economic activity found the most active and influential driver of gasoline demand accordance with the inelastic and elastic coefficients estimated in the short-run and long-run, respectively.
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis as a Management Tool for Decision Making In Small...IOSRJBM
This study aimed to figure out if small business enterprises utilize cost volume profit (CVP) analysis as a management tool for decision-making process in Bayero University Kano, with a view to shed light on the reality of the use of CVP analysis as a decision-making tool in small business enterprises. The study population is made up of the entire small business enterprises within Bayero University, Kano. Primary source of data were utilized using structured questionnaires. The hypotheses were tested using Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson correlation coefficient. A very weak relationship (0.02) was recorded, it was discovered that there is no statistical significant difference between having the knowledge of a management accounting tools and its application. The study concludes that small business enterprises utilize CVP ignorantly and it is recommended
From Local to Global- Indian Organic Produce an OverviewIOSRJBM
Organic products have a growing market both in India and globally. The study focuses to explore the strengths and weaknesses of this industry so as to tap the global demand and achieve the export target for organic products. The study will aim to perform SWOT analysis and develop TOWS matrix which will provide an insight to the players of Organic market at all levels. The strategies framed are completely based on the researcher’s interpretation of the information collected from secondary sources and telephonic interviews of the agencies
Analysis of Internal, Market & Economic Based Financial Performance Measureme...IOSRJBM
The aim of this study is to investigate the financial performance of 10 commercial banks listed on Dhaka Stock Exchange. In this paper, financial performance has been measured by using three indicators. Internal–based performance measured by Return on Assets, Market-based performance measured by Tobin’s Q model (Price / Book value of Equity) and Economic–based performance measured by Economic Value adds. The correlation and multiple regression of annual time series data is used to find the impact of bank size, credit risk, operational efficiency and asset management on financial performance measured by the three indicators, The study rejected the null hypothesis and it is found that there exist statistically significant impact of bank size, credit risk, operational efficiency and asset management with ROA and Economic Value Added. On the other hand Tobin’s Q has insignificant impact on financial performance of commercial banks
Factors Influencing Purchase Decision of InstitutionalBuyers in Bangladesh: T...IOSRJBM
The Bangladeshi poultry industry is gradually becoming a leading industry in the Bangladeshi market. It is a labor- intensive sector which does not require lengthy training. Almost anyone can be engaged in the poultry farming because it can be done either on a larger scale or in one’s backyard. The purpose of the study is to identify the institutional buyer preference and to find out the purchase criteria factors which influence the purchase decision of the institutional buyers of poultry chickens in Bangladesh. A total of 110 respondents from 8 different categories of institutional buyers, who were directly related to poultry business were randomly selected to be the respondents for the collection of information within the Dhaka Metro City. All factors were randomly selected towards the collection of relevant information following pretested questionnaire. Advance statistical tools were applied for analysis of collected data. A factor analysis was conducted to identify the purchase criteria factors i.e. Brand, Freshness, Halal, How chicken are raised, Meat Cuts (Breast / Leg), Nutrition Value, Packaging, Price Sensitivity, Processed, Production Technology and Taste. Findings from the factor analysis showed that packaging, processed, production technology, taste and how chicken are raised have a significant effect on the selection of purchase criteria of the institutional buyers and their preference..
Effect of Public Services Quality on Satisfaction and Its Implication on Publ...IOSRJBM
: This research aims to determine: 1) The influence of the public services quality on public satisfaction at Samsat Office Kendari City. 2) The effect of public services the quality on public trust at Samsat Office Kendari City. 3) The effect of public satisfaction on public trust at Samsat Office Kendari City. 4) The mediate effect of public satisfaction in strengthening the influence of public services quality on public trust at Samsat Office Kendari City.The design of this research is associative (causal) design. The object of this research is the people who employ Samsat Office services. The samples were taken by purposive sampling (designation intentionally) which employ 110 respondents. The analysis used is descriptive statistical analysis and analysis of Partial Leas Square (PLS).This research concluded that: 1) The public services quality significantly influence the public satisfaction on Samsat Office Kendari City. it indicated that the good quality of public services is reflected by accountability, responsiveness, orientation to service and efficiency indicators which will increase the public satisfaction which is reflected by their attitude to respect service officers, abide by the rules, is proud of the work of the officers, has the spirit and initiative, and avoid of conflict. 2) The quality of public services does not significantly affect the public trust on Samsat Office Kendari City. This means that the public service quality at Samsat Office Kendari city cannot increase public trust significantly caused by the public tust in the service officer has not been optimal. 3) Public satisfaction has significant effect on public trust on Samsat Office Kendari City. This means that the public satisfaction will increase public trust which is reflected by the increasing of public trust in the service facilities. 4) Public Satisfaction mediates the effect of public services quality on public trust on Samsat Office Kendari City. This means that public satisfaction can strengthen the influence of public services quality on public trust.
Impediments and Inducements to Youth Entrepreneurship Development in Sylhet R...IOSRJBM
The purpose of this paper is to explore and identify the key impediments and constraints that obstruct young people from starting and running a new venture and at the same time, inducements and stimuli that trigger youths to entrepreneurial activities. Data were collected from 80 young entrepreneurs of Sylhet, Bangladesh through a questionnaire gleaned from the literature review following a convenience and purposive sampling technique. Findings revealed, insufficient personal savings, high interest rate, and negative attitude of financial institutions to young entrepreneurs due to high default rate are the major impediments to obtaining start-up fund, being their own boss and earning more money are the prime inducements to engage in business. Parents and teachers influenced most to start business while financial risk reported as the most critical demotivator. Managing fund and fierce competition are main problems in running the business successfully. Lack of vocational education and training and inappropriate and inadequate curriculum and study programs are the key educational constraints, unsupportive tax regulations, complex business registration procedure are the leading administrative and regulatory barriers, dearth of information on available business support services and lack of training and business counseling are the major impediments of business support services. The implications of the study bear far-reaching ramifications to the concerned stakeholders for facilitating and encouraging youth entrepreneurship development by addressing the start-up constraints and problems
An Overview of Export Performance of Agricultural Products in IndiaIOSRJBM
Exports are the basis of the overall growth performance of any country. By increasing the rate of exports, any developing country can pave a way for the development by earning international liquidity thereby; sort out the problem of reserves to start up of any project to come out the circle of poverty. So, it becomes a paramount importance for the country like India to start export promotion measures to boost up the pace of its exports and India has already taken many steps to increase the level of its exports. It is concluded from the results of the study that Cotton raw including waste, iron ore, plastic and linoleum and transport equipment has been observed as the products in which exports have been increased at the maximum rate, whereas exports of Tea, Iron and steel, Mica and Leather and Manufacturing have been identified as the area in which satisfied results have not been achieved. So, it is suggested by the results of study that government should promote exports of different sectors by providing different incentives to different sectors to avail the opportunity and fill up the gaps as well. Indian agricultural export has undergone significant changes during recent times. In this context, the present study has analysed the trend in exports of agricultural commodities from India, the changes in the comparative advantage, the Indian agricultural export scenario has witnessed during the past decade and the prospects for further boosting the agricultural export. The study has also analysed the comparative advantage of India’s exports, through revealed comparative advantage (RCA). The RCA was improving in case of cotton, maize, and certain fruits and vegetables over time, but declining in case of some spices, rice and wheat. In case of plantation based spices and other commodities, India is gradually losing its comparative edge, mainly to Asian countries. The study has so identified yield improvement through growth in total factor productivity (TFP) as a potential factor that would result in generation of exportable surpluses and boosting India’s export
Job Satisfaction and Faculty Turnover Intentions: A Case of Pakistani Univers...IOSRJBM
Retaining faculty members has been a problem in many universities for decades. When competent teachers quit, they depart with critical knowledge and experience that are essential for maintaininga competitive advantage. The aim of this study was to measure the impact of four facets of job satisfaction on turnover intentions of faculty members of different universities of Rawalpindi/Islamabad. A 16-item, selfadministered questionnaire was used to gather data on independent and dependent variables. In questionnaire, researchers used 5 point Likert scale for variables to measure respondent’s possible responses. 110 questionnaires were completed and returned back. Pearson Correlation and Multiple Regression tests were used to test the hypothesis. The results showed that the three facets of job satisfaction i.e. remuneration, supervisory support and work life policies have significant and negative relationship with turnover intentions while recognition has insignificant relationship with turnover intentions and this relationship did not support the researchers’ prediction. Results have been discussed andrecommendations have been made for universities’ administrations.
Health System in India: Opportunities and Challenges for EnhancementsIOSRJBM
One of the basic vitalities of good living is quick access to essential services like health care. But many times it could mean a condition of life and death for an individual who is unable to get the access to these services. Thus an important part of social sector development is incomplete without adequate health care facilities. The quality of human health is the foundation upon which the realization of life goals and objectives of a persona, the community or nation as whole depends. It is both an end and means of development strategy. The relationship between health and development is mutually reinforcing- while health contributes to economic development, economic development, in turn, tends to improve the health status of the population in a country. India as a nation has been growing economically at a rapid pace particularly after the advent of New Economic Policy of 1991. However, this rapid economic development has not been accompanied by social development particularly health sector development. Health sector has been accorded very low priority in terms of allocation of resources. Public expenditure on health is less than 1 per cent of GDP in India. This research paper focuses on the current status of the Indian healthcare industry, the challenges faced plus the comparison of few selected Indian states based on health indicators. Furthermore comparison of India with some developed and developing countries is also employed in order get the clear picture of the health sector. In order to boost the development line, some opportunities in the health care industry are also discussed and necessary policy implications. Regarding in this connection India lags behind in regard of health improvement as compared to U.S.A, Canada, China, and Brazil, but contrary to other developing countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh the scenario is better with life expectancy, Mortality ratios, health care spending speak volumes about the healthcare status. When analyzed through the prism eye, within India there are large disparities amongst states in achieving health outcomes as well. Before liberalization the improvement was at a snail’s pace, but after liberalization the whole picture changed because the key initiatives to improve the current healthcare standard a two prong strategy focusing on the infrastructure needs and the technology solution were implemented, which resulted in the healthy scenario of the healthcare industry. Healthcare sector, a leading weapon as the contributor to GDP (approx.8%) is thus the matter to be deeply looked into, so that golden harvest is reaped.
Total Quality Management (TQM) Practices toward Product Quality Performance: ...IOSRJBM
The purpose of this research was to test and analyze the effect of TQM practices impelementation which consists of leadership, strategic planning, customer focus, information and analysis, people management, and process management to product quality performance. The population were 108 food and beverage companies in Makassar, Indonesia. Respondents are production managers or operation managers. Sample technique which used is population sampling. Method of analysis which use both descriptive statistic and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Data processing uses two statistic tools i.e: IBM SPSS and AMOS 19.00. The findings of research indicate that leadership has significant effect on product quality performance, strategic planning has significant effect on product quality performance, customer focus has significant effect on product quality performance, information and analysis has significant effect on product quality performance, people management has significant effect on product quality performance, and process management has significant effect on product quality performance. Leadership factor has dominant effect on product quality performance (critical ratio = 9.760 > t-table = 1.960; and probability = 0.000 < α = 0.05).
The Influence of Work Culture, Work Stress to the Job Satisfaction and Employ...IOSRJBM
This research was carried out starting from the phenomenon of the performance which was not maximized by the employees of State Treasury Service Office in Jakarta. Based on the literature there was a suspicion that the performance which was not maximized due to a weak work culture, work stress and the decreasing of job satisfaction. The purpose of this research was to quantify and explain the relationship between variables of work culture, work stress, job satisfaction and employees performance in the State Treasury Service Office Jakarta. The research method was using quantitative methods. Research locations were located in six State Treasury Service Offices in Jakarta with samples of 152 employees. Data analysis technique was using Partial Least Square (PLS) with the help of Smart program. The results showed that the work culture has no effect on job satisfaction. Work stress has no effect on job satisfaction. Work culture affected to the employee performance. Work stress had no effect on employee performance. Job satisfaction had no effect on performance. The implication of this research was to establish a strong working culture to decrease work stress and increase job satisfaction which ultimately improved employee performance.
Liquidity Determinants of Sharia and non Sharia StocksIOSRJBM
This study was conducted to analyze and testing stock liquidity differences of sharia and non sharia stock and determinants of sharia and non sharia stock of manufacturing industry at Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2009-2010. Dependent variable of this study is stock liquidity, measured by relative spread and depth. The Independent variable are insider ownership, institutional ownership, blockholder ownership, and foreign institutional ownership, trading volume, stock price, return volatility, Market to book value, dividend policy and size. In addition, this research is also supported by qualitative data obtained from in-depth discussions with key informants, including investment managers, stock exchanges institution and stock brokers. The results showed there is no liquidity difference, both for relative spread and depth of sharia a non sharia stocks. In sharia stocks, trading volume and dividend policy has a negative effect on relative spread, whereas in non sharia stock the trading volume, stock prices and company size has a negative effect on relative spread. Institutional ownership has negative effect, while foreign institutional ownership, trading volume, dividend policy, and size has positive effect on sharia stock liquidity. For non sharia stock, the trading volume, stock prices and company size has a positive effect on depth.
Motivating Employees Creativity through Suggestion System – An Empirical StudyIOSRJBM
Employees are treated as assets in the organization. In a competitive business environment, one of the key elements of an organization success is their employees’ intellectual capability to improve the organizational performance by way of reducing cost, new product development, generate new ideas related to product, process and other areas of management. The employees are find novel ideas and proposed these ideas to management through suggestion system. Suggestion system is technique which is motivating the employees to participate in decision making process and improve the organization performance.The primary data was collected through structure questionnaire based on convenience sampling method. This research paper focus on employee creativity and its impact on suggestion system and the aims of this article are to find an answer for two questions: 1. what are the factors motivating employee creativity? and 2. What is the impact of creativity on employee suggestion system? Finally this article conclude that both organizational factors and individual factors influencing creativity and there is a positive relationship between employee creativity and suggestion system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Work-Life of Indian Railway's Drivers (Loco-Pilots)
1. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)
e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 9, Issue 2 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 39-48
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
Work-Life of Indian Railway's Drivers (Loco-Pilots)
Rajesh Ranjan1
, Dr. T. Prasad2
1st
(Doctoral Research Scholar, National Institute of Industrial Engineering, India)
2nd
(Professor, National Institute of Industrial Engineering, Mumbai, India)
Abstract : Railways’ Drivers / Loco-Pilots are the most important person in executing the huge task of
transporting nearly 25 Million passengers and more than 2.8 Million Tons of freight daily with the help of
2,29,381 wagons, 59,713 coaches and more than 9,213 locomotive engines of various kinds(www.Indian
railways, Wikipedia).To transport 25 million passengers and millions of tons of freight and that too with taking
care of both the traveler’s convenience and safety is not a mean task, the driver on whose sincerity the journey
of a train depends. If he is not capable of carrying his responsibilities then the efforts of the other employees go
waste, in this sense we can say that he is the most important person of the railways.
The job of a Railway Driver demands hard work and great presence of mind along with courage to
handle diverse conditions. For this one should have discipline, patience, responsibility, punctuality,
commitment, courage and above all self-confidence. The job requires lots of hard work, stamina, alertness of
mind, adaptability to follow difficult time schedules too. But the main and remarkable, highly appreciable role
of Railway drivers is the only who works with full honesty, in day & night, in heavy cold, hot & Rainy weather.
For Railways’ drivers operating on long distance routes, overnight stays in various locations will be necessary.
Furthermore, it can be stressful, as delays and hazards on the track are not uncommon. His cab of the train
should be relatively comfortable but it may be quite cold, hot and noisy.
Keywords: Railway driver, working conditions.
I. Introduction
It is 24th of December-2012. I was going to Patna from Mumbai by train (Rajendra Nagar Exp.). I seat
on my birth. By looking at co-travelers, I felt my journey will going to be comfortable. We started gossiping
with each other. Out of them one passenger was behaving very interesting. So, I was interacting with him and
make a personal gossiping. During the gossiping, I know his name Pintu Kumar (name changed), age-32 years,
working as a Railway driver and posted in Chhapra Junction under NER (North East Railway, H.Q.-Gorakhpur).
So, I make a personal attention and try to understand the working conditions of him as an Indian Railways‟
drivers.
II. Overview/Analysis
I started gossiping and told him you are (as a Railway Driver) most important person for Indian
Railways‟ as well as for passengers. Because crores of passengers' life in your hand. But he says, no sir! We are
not valuable persons for IR and IR not treated very well. I concentrate him, because I feel, he is not fully
satisfied with his job as a Railway Driver. So, I inquired more about the facilities provided by the Indian
Railways (IR). And also try to understand his working conditions. I ask many questions and he respond
properly. He gives details information regarding Indian Railways‟ Drivers.
Railways’ Drivers / Loco-Pilots are the most important person in executing the huge task of transporting
nearly 25 Million passengers and more than 2.8 Million Tons of freight daily with the help of 2,29,381 wagons,
59,713 coaches and more than 9,213 locomotive engines of various kinds(www.Indian railways,
Wikipedia).To transport 25 million passengers and millions of tons of freight and that too with taking care of
both the traveler‟s convenience and safety is not a mean task, the driver on whose sincerity the journey of a train
depends. If he is not capable of carrying his responsibilities then the efforts of the other employees go waste, in
this sense we can say that he is the most important person of the railways. Thus Railway Driver is one of the
most important posts in the railway staff. He is the person (along with the Guard) in charge of the train. Driver
is also responsible to carry the train safely to its destination. For instance, in some cases if the train breaks down,
or if a signal is defective the driver must consult the guard on how to proceed but ultimately it is the driver
whose presence of mind, calmness, responsibility towards his work and above all his co-ordination with the
guard is necessary to do the job in tough conditions. We can say that he is the person who shoulders the
responsibility along with the Guard of taking the train from one destination to other safely. In that sense he is
one of the most important employees in the Railway. One has to be really dedicated and hardworking to handle
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this work. Railway drivers playing a key role in Indian Railway's safe & punctual running of trains with security
and productivity (www.indian railway driver information, 2012).
2.1 Important Features of Indian Railways’ Drivers/Loco Pilots
1. Number of Sanctioned Posts : 82,000
2. Number of Drivers Working : 60,000
3. Number of Vacancy : 16,400 (20%)
4. Number of Trains Runs daily : 10,000
5. Number of Locomotives/Engines Operating: 9,213
6. Number of Passenger Coaches Operating : 59,713
7. Number of Freight Wagons Operating : 2, 29,381
8. Number of Passengers Commuting Daily : 25 Million
9. Freight Transporting Daily : 2.8 Million Tons
10. Total Railway Route Kilometers in India : 65,000 KMs.
11. Electrification Railway Route : 22,224 KMs.
12. Types of Locomotives : Diesel, Electric
13. Types of Track Gauges : 1676mm (5ft 6 inch) Broad Gauge,
1000mm (1 meter) Meter Gauge,
762mm (2ft 6 inch) and
610mm (2ft) Narrow Gauge
14. Types of Trains : Superfast Exp, Express/Mail,
Goods Train, Passenger, Metro,
and Monorails,
Salary and other perks of driver
(i) Pay Scale 5200 – 20200
(ii) Grade Pay 1900
(iii) Initial Pay 5830
(iv) Total Pay (i) + (ii ) 7730
Other Allowances depend on various conditions and hence can‟t be stated uniformly. Other
major allowances include :
DA on Total Pay above plus the running Allowance
Transport Allowance
Running Allowance
House Rent Allowance(if not provided with quarters
Till 31 March 2012 (approx figure)
(www.Indian railways, Wikipedia)
III. Job Description of Indian Railways Drivers/Loco- Pilots
3.1 Objectives of the job:
Railways‟ Drivers / Loco-Pilots are the most important person in executing the huge task of
transporting nearly 25 Million passengers and more than 2.8 Million Tons of freight daily with the help of
2,29,381 wagons, 59,713 coaches and more than 9,213 locomotive engines of various kinds. To transport 25
million passengers and millions of tons of freight and that too with taking care of both the traveler‟s
convenience and safety is not a mean task, the driver on whose sincerity the journey of a train depends.
(www.Indian railways, Wikipedia).
3.2 Work to be performed
Driver is responsible to carry the train safely to its destination. Railway drivers playing a key role in
Indian Railway's safe & punctual running of trains with security and productivity (www.indian railway driver
information, 2012).
3.3 Railways’ drivers need to possess the following skills
I. Good mechanical knowledge.
II. Good hands-eye co-ordination.
III. The ability to concentrate for long periods of time.
IV. Physical stamina.
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V. Good memory.
VI. Flexibility.
VII. Excellent awareness of health and safety regulations and emergency procedures.
VIII. A responsible attitude.
IX. Good judgment and decision-making skills.
X. Reliability.
3.4 Responsibilities
The job of a Railway Driver demands hard work and great presence of mind along with courage to
handle diverse conditions. For this one should have discipline, patience, responsibility, punctuality,
commitment, courage and above all self-confidence. The job requires lots of hard work, stamina, alertness of
mind, adaptability to follow difficult time schedules too. But the main and remarkable, highly appreciable role
of Railway drivers is the only who works with full honesty, in day & night, in heavy cold, hot & Rainy weather
(www.indian railway driver information, 2012).
3.5 The typical tasks undertaken by Railways’ drivers are
i. Before starting the train/locomotive read safety circulars, safety bulletin, technical circulars, driver
instruction, caution order, and divisional circulars.
ii. Before starting the train/locomotive read the caution order carefully in which sectional track work progress
with temporary speed restriction is mention.
iii. Before starting the train/locomotive check the repair book of loco about any remark for any locomotive
trouble.
iv. Before starting the train/locomotive check the oil level (diesel, lube oil, compressor oil in case of diesel
locomotive and transformer oil, GR oil, compressor oil, exhauster oil in case of electric locomotive) and
time to time during the run (One time during about 100 kilometers, it depends on drivers‟ mind).
v. After coupling with the train check brake pipe pressure continuity test with guard.
vi. After getting departure signal, loco pilot must start the train and run the train as per the aspect of station
signals.
vii. Loco pilot must have sharp look out. While on run he must observe all permanent & temporary speed
restrictions.
viii. Loco pilot must always ready to notice:-
a. Any track defect through jerk or lurch,
b. Any unusual with self or others train. He must be mentally prepared for precautionary remedies as per the
general & subsidiary rules and accident manual directives. It itself is sufficient to mental stress of loco
pilots.
ix. Checking the engine and general state of the train prior to starting each journey.
x. Maintaining an awareness of track conditions and weather conditions.
xi. Following signals (Averagely there are signals after every 1.5 Kilometer distance).
xii. Following safety regulations at all times.
xiii. Keeping the train under control and at the appropriate speed at all times.
xiv. Keeping control of instruments including brakes.
xv. Maintaining an awareness of emergency procedures.
xvi. Stopping the train at the appropriate stops on each schedule.
xvii. Keeping a record of any Problems.
(Singh Ravi Kant, 2008).
3.6 Working Conditions
For Railways‟ drivers operating on long distance routes, overnight stays in various locations will be
necessary. Furthermore, it can be stressful, as delays and hazards on the track are not uncommon. His cab of the
train should be relatively comfortable but it may be quite cold, hot and noisy (Singh Ravi Kant, 2008).
3.7 Relationship of the job to other jobs
I. Nature of duty of loco running staff remains unchanged as compared to all other category of Indian
railway. For Ex. Previously ticket reservations were manually prepared maintain record by reservation
clerk. And after completion of duty they have to count no. of selling of tickets & amount manually. Now
they are doing all the reservations on computer and they are getting full data about no. of reservations and
amount of the tickets on computer in a short time. Similarly station masters signals operating panel
system instead previous lever operated track points & signals. Pathway inspector now checking track
through ultrasonic machine instead of previous manual check. Now they have TTM (TRACK TESTING
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MACHINE) for track testing & lifting & packing. Whereas in loco running staff duty, the duties of
running staff which was perform in the previous days, still remain same in present modernized railway
(Singh Ravi Kant, 2008).
II. There is no any such category, in Govt. transport organization other than loco running staff of Indian
railway, who have A-l medical standard + super psycho & classified as class H-I. Airplane/Air Force
Pilots, Ship Captain are not classified as class H-I. Their pay should not be fixing as per the nature of
duty, considering the risk factor, required medical standard, number of days & duty hours performing
duty (Singh Ravi Kant, 2008).
III. Staff Nurses get Rs.11, 940 for uniform and washing allowance annually, but Loco- Pilot gets only Rs.
438.50 annually (FIRE Quartly Magazine, Aug.2012).
IV. Job Specifications of Indian Railways Drivers/Loco- Pilots
4.1 Eligibility for Assistant Loco-Pilot/Railway Drivers
4.1.1 Steps After clearing the Written Examination (conducted by RRB) followed by Aptitude Test after this
Medical test and finally Document verification.
4.1.2 Age Minimum age of the aspiring candidate should be 18 years and maximum age limit is 30 years.
4.1.3 Educational Qualifications Because of vast advanced Technological changes and fast movement of train
operation Railway required the group of high leveled Technical staff for train operation. Hence Railway started
recruitment of literate staff in 1962 through RRB. And from last 20 years, the Railway demanding ITI or
technical diploma like Diploma in mechanical/ electrical/ electronic engg.etc. for the post of Assistant Loco
Pilot/Railway Drivers (Singh Ravi Kant, 2008).
4.1.4 Medical Standards Candidate must have high leveled medical standard which is no other category
required so far. Loco running men/railway drivers must have the highest standard of medical fitness in medical
„A‟ (As it meant for Airplane Pilots).This medical standard has to maintain from the period of joining and up to
the end of carrier as Railway driver. A) Each eye vision must be perfect. B) Each ear must be clear for hearing.
C) X-ray for chest is clear. D) ECG for heart etc functioning normal. E) Blood & Urine tests for sugar Nil. F)
Physical fitness of the body must be perfect. G) Ishihara test free from color blind free. H) Blood pressure must
be normal. The same medical checkup, the Railway drivers must have to pass after every periodical gap of 4
years up to the age of 45 years. From 45 years age to 55 years age, periodical medical examination in the same
above manner is conducted once in 2 years. And from 55 years age up to 60 years age PME is conducted once in
year. And after every PME certificate the Railway drivers can continue as loco running staff. In addition to this,
the Railway driver working on high speed train must have to pass super-Psycho test at RDSO LUCKNOW. As
well as loco running staff may also send for special medical examination and called anytime to the divisional
office for Psycho test (Singh Ravi Kant, 2008).
4.1.5 Training Schedule & Nature of Training After recruitment as an Assistant loco pilot, send to Zonal
Training Centre for training. The training schedule is for 12 months on Diesel / Electric locomotive including
technical education of locomotive, operational education of locomotive. In addition to this general and
subsidiary rules training given. And after successful completion of training from ZTC trainees sent to posted
division for practical training under Divisional Training Centre under Loco Supervisor. And after successful
completion of training, posted as Assistant Loco Pilot (Singh Ravi Kant, 2008).
V. Railway Driver Career Prospects
A Railway driver usually begins his career as a diesel or electric assistant driver, where his job is
mainly to check the state of the locomotive, help with all the auxiliary equipment as needed, and to call out the
aspects of the signals. ALP with minimum 2 years of service as Diesel Asstt. /Electric Asstt. and 60,000
Kilometer running experience is required for the promotion to the post of Loco-Pilot (Goods). An assistant
driver works as an assistant on goods trains, then on passenger trains, and finally on express trains. It takes at
least 8 or 10 years, usually more, before an assistant driver works up the ranks to become the driver for a
Rajdhani or Shatabdi train (www.Indian Railway Driver Information, 2012).
VI. Working Conditions
I. For Railways‟ drivers operating on long distance routes, overnight stays in various locations will be
necessary. Furthermore, it can be stressful, as delays and hazards on the track are not uncommon (Singh
Ravi Kant, 2008).
II. His cab of the train should be relatively comfortable but it may be quite cold, hot and noisy (Singh Ravi
Kant, 2008).
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III. At present Loco Pilots are classified under 'continuous' roaster. Not any calendar day rest provision.
Normally the Loco Pilot has to work for 10 hours duty at a stretch and can demand relief after 12 hours
with 2 hours prior notice to controller (Singh Ravi Kant, 2008). (ILO regulation only 9 hrs upper limit +1
hrs extra in case of emergency duty) (FIRE Quartly Magazine, Aug.2012).
IV. There are no fix schedules during operating Goods train. It takes normally long duty hours (sometimes
continues 10 hours or more).While operating Goods train, very long waiting time for returning his own
H.Q./Home Station (It is sometimes 30 hours or more). Loco-Pilot must be waited for the train at the time
of returning to his H.Q./Home Station. After 96 hours of Sign-Off Loco-Pilot demand the compulsory
returning for his H.Q. with driving train or without driving train. There are no immediate returning
schedules of loco-pilot. In any personal or family emergency loco-pilot can‟t leave the cab without Sign-
Off. In any emergency loco-pilot called for duty at any time while he is in rest periods.
VII. Periodic Rest to Loco-Pilots
I. At least 5 periods of rest of not less than 22 consecutive hours each per month or at least 4 periods of rest
of not less than 30 consecutive hours each per month each including a full night shall be given to
Running Staff.
II. Hours of work for this purpose shall be calculated from „signing on‟ to „signing off‟.
III. Periodic rest shall be given at headquarters.
IV. As far as possible it should be given once in 10 days.
Rest after duty: Based on total duty „signing on‟ to „signing off‟ rest after duty shall be given as follows:
At headquarters :
For duty of less than 8 hours 12 hours
For duty of 8 hours or more 16 hours
In either case a Running staff shall not be called to go out if rest is under 6 hours except in
unavoidable necessity as in case of accidents or breakdowns.
At outstation :
8 hours rest for 8 hours running duty or more (staff may sign for rest to the extent of 6 hours if
they so desire)
Interval between trips shall be considered as duty if it is equal to or less than 1 hour plus time allowed for train
or engine attendance before and after trips.
After 3 continuous full night duty, one full night rest/sleep provided (But practically it is not possible
because Full night duty/running considered between 22:00 PM to 06:00 AM completely).
Maximum duty hours in anyone trip should not exceed 10 hours (ILO regulation only 9 hrs upper limit
+1 hrs extra in case of emergency duty) (FIRE Quartly Magazine, Aug.2012).
Avg. duty hours in a fortnight (Period of two weeks) should not exceed 104 hours.
Minimum home station rest should be:
If duty performed in the last trip is less than 8 hrsRest of 12 hrs
If duty is 8 hrs. or more Rest of 16 hrs
But, Loco-Pilots cannot leave the H.Q. If, Loco Pilot wants to leave the head quarter, he must be given written
application to the Crew-Controller. It means in emergency loco pilot called for duty in any time even in rest
conditions.
Full night considered between 22:00 PM to 06:00 AM.
Duty hours counted from Sign-On (station where assigning duty/starting duty) to Sign-Off (station
where completed duty/ leave duty).
Loco-Pilots must be Sign-On his duty 30 minutes before the actual departure time of the train (HOER,
Hours of Employment and Period of Rest rules 2005).
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Rest given to Pintu Kumar during Month of November, 2012:
HOER Pintu Kumar
At least 5 periods of rest of not less
than 22 consecutive hours each per
month or at least 4 periods of rest of
not less than 30 consecutive hours
each per month each including a full
night shall be given to Running Staff.
After 3 continuous full night duty, one
full night rest/sleep provided
Maximum duty hours in anyone trip
should not exceed 10 hours.
Avg. duty hours in a fortnight (Period
of two weeks) should not exceed 104
hours.
Only 3 rest of 22 hours
But practically it is not possible because
Full night duty/running considered
between 22:00 PM to 06:00 AM
completely.
There are no fix schedules during operating
Goods train. It takes normally long duty
hours (sometimes continues 10 hours or
more).
But it is generally more (overtime
allowance provision).
VIII. Cab Conditions
The heavy noise, dust pollution, excess heat, high voltage electricity in the electric locomotive and
diesel smell in the diesel locomotive are contributing to early fatigue to the crew. The noise level in a diesel
locomotive is about more than 100 decibels which is 25 decibels more than maximum allowed limit of 75
decibels by the Industrial Pollution Control Board. The heat, diesel smell, noise from the engine room comes
to the driving cab as the doors in the driving cab are not designed sound proof. To overcome this problem the
locomotive cab has to be air-conditioned so that fatigue will no attack the drivers and they can concentrate on
their duties properly and ensure safety of trains. (FIRE Quartly Magazine, Aug.2012).
I. Noise level - More than 100 Desibal (it has an adverse impact on the minds of drivers. it is a source of
disturbance to the drivers and does not allow them to work with concentration. Therefore, it is essential to
keep noise under control, limited to 75 db by Industrial Pollution Control Board (fire Quartly
magazine, aug.2012).
II. Temperature - Due to heavy night duty feeing cold or rain or hot sun in summer when normal
temperature up to 46 to 48 degree, in locomotive, temperature increases up to temperature 54 to 56 degree
centigrade, i.e. adverse weather conditions. Comfortable Room Temp. considered 25 degree centigrade
(Singh Ravi Kant, 2008). Drivers efficiency is bound to suffer if the temp. of cab is either too low or too
high(FIRE Quartly Magazine, Aug.2012).
III. Pollution and high voltage electricity. It has an adverse impact on the physical and mental health of
drivers.
IV. Bad wiper, not properly functioning during rainy and foggy season, so poor visibility during raining and
foggy.
V. No voice recorders in the cab for recording the shortcomings and calling out of signals (just like black box
in flights).
VI. Loco-Pilot seat quality poor (normally without back rest provision).
VII. No natural calls facilities (no toilets available).
VIII. Sometimes After repairing chairs are in bad conditions, fan and lights are not properly working. It means
there are no more/sufficient spare parts available.
IX. Poor lighting (without proper lighting, eye damage will occurs. it is essential to the health, safety and
efficiency of drivers).
X. Commonly no air-conditioning.
XI. In diesel locomotive, seat position is very bad. Track not seen properly while loco pilot seated. Therefore
he performs his duty always in standing position.
(Singh Ravi Kant, 2008).
IX. Running Room
In running room, normally dormitory so loco pilots getting disturbance of sleep when other crew
members or call boy are coming or getting ready for duty and putting lights etc. Due to high temp. Loco-Pilots
not enjoyed fully undisturbed sleep before running trains. Because, generally no air-conditioning provided
(FIRE Quartly Magazine, Aug.2012).
I. He carry himself rations, vegetables etc. for cooking meals in the kitchen of running room. Because in
running room no any cooked food served around the clock. Only cooks are available for preparing the
food. Due to shortage of cooking staff(generally 2-3 staff working) in running room, sometime cook
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taking 3-4 hours for preparing food (rules to served within 45 minutes). So They are unable to get
more than 10-12 hours of rest even as they are provided 16 hrs. rest.
II. Commonly dormitory, due to this sleep disturbed.
III. Some places two-bedded room without attached toilet and bathrooms.
IV. Common toilets and bathrooms.
V. Unhighgenic water and meal atmosphere.
X. Residence/Staff-Quarters
I. 100% housing should not be provided to drivers as they are residing up to 5-6 KMs. away from their
station of posting and are taking a lot of time in commuting. They are unable to get more than 10-12 hours
of rest even at home station when they are provided 16 hrs. rest (FIRE Quartly Magazine, Aug.2012).
II. Railway drivers are living in rented/private houses and facing lot of problems for Sign-On and after Sign-
Off their duty.
III. Some places quarters are situated very long distance (around 3 to 4 KM) away from his duty stations.
IV. There is no official vehicle provided by IR for Railway drivers.
V. Due to long distance of quarters, journey time increases for joining his duty.
VI. During odd weather and odd timing, very rigorous to join the duty and returned after the duty.
XI. Medical Facilities
Paternity leave for 15 days only two times during the whole service periods. Paternity Leave may not normally
be refused. Leave cannot be sanctioned for more than 5 years continuous.
Medical leave : - During one year,
10 days with full pay.
20 days with half pay.
More than 20 days without pay.
When Railways‟ drivers joining after six months of medical leave, Railways‟ authority take a
full/complete medical test. If found medically not fit, duty/job/post of Loco-Pilot can be changed.
(Indian Railway Establishment code, Vol-1)
Reimbursement of Medical Expenses: When an employee or family members are referred to a hospital
by Railway Medical Authority expenses incurred are reimbursed on production of bills/receipts
countersigned by Supt. of the hospital.
For emergency Treatment without proper reference by ADMO
In case of Government hospitals, full powers for reimbursement.
In case of recognized hospitals/dispensary run by philanthropic organizations Up to
Rs.2,00,000
These powers will be exercised by GM/AGM duly scrutinized by FA&CAO.
Claims of higher amount will be referred to Railway Board.
DRMs can reimburse claims up to Rs.10, 000 per case with a ceiling limit of Rs.2, 00,000 per year In
case of Government/recognized hospitals only.
(Indian Railway Establishment Manual, Vol-1).
XII. . Nature of Duty
12.1Critical Duty
12.1.1 When loco pilot working on high speed train, he have to work for 400 to 500 km at a stretch without any
halt. During the run he cannot even release his urinal pressure. In NAGPUR DIVISION, when loco
pilots booked to work RAJDHANI EXPRESS ex Nagpur to Bhopal, there are 265 signals and the
running time given is 330 minutes. It means averagely after every 1 minute & 22 seconds loco pilots
must ready to observe signal. There are 296 gates (manned/ unmanned) in the same section. It means
after every 1 minutes &11 seconds loco pilot must be prepared to observe gates condition. In addition to
this loco pilot must also observe self train track, over head equipments as well as adjacent track and
check the train if passing on adjacent track. He must also sharp attention on his locomotive performance.
Loco pilot must take learning of road and signals with their proper locations, stations halts, level
crossing gates (signaled and non- signaled gates, manned or unmanned gates) (Singh Ravi Kant, 2008).
12.1.2 Following signals (Averagely there are signals after every 1.5 Kilometer distance and gates averagely
after every 1.3 km) (Singh Ravi Kant, 2008). If he ignores any red signal and crossed it (while any
accidents occurred or not), Railway takes very strict action against him normally removal from
service.
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12.1.3 Highly appreciable role of Railway drivers is the only who works with full honesty, in day & night, in
heavy cold, hot & Rainy weather (www.indian railway driver information, 2012).
12.1.4 Loco pilot must have sharp look out. While on run he must observe all permanent & temporary speed
restrictions.
12.1.5 Continuous running for long hours. For example, Bihar Sampark Kranti Exp. (12565) runs between
Darbhanga (Bihar) to New Delhi. Loco-pilot booked/sign-on his duty in Darbhanga and continuous
running the train to Chhapra (That is around 202KM) and take around 5 hours continuous running /duty.
And some other trains take around 5 to 6 hours for this distance.
12.1.6 There is no upper limit in the railways rulebook on the number of night duties to be done by the
railways‟ driver. Despite data from major rail accidents, pointed to the fact that most mishaps take place
between early night and late morning. The weekly rest provisions for Railways‟ drivers are vague.
Faced with a severe staff shortage(now 60,000 loco drivers and there is 20% vacancy in the 82,000
sanctioned posts), coupled with the fact that most trains run also during night hours, railways is being
forced to put most of its drivers on night duty for long periods. (www.indian railway driver information,
2012)
12.1.7 For instance, the Railways‟ driver roster for Hampi Express which collided with a stationary train
suggests that the driver had run 23 trains in 19 days of which 12 were full-night, three half-night and
seven full-day duties. This means the driver had undisturbed sleep in only seven days in the past three
weeks. They (Railways‟ Drivers) are not allowed to break for food, refreshment or answer nature's call
during duty hours. Duty of loco pilots is very much strenuous (www.indian railway driver information,
2012).
12.1.8 While operating diesel locomotives, they perform his duty in always standing position, because visibility
effected due to bad seat position. Track not seen properly in seating conditions.
Due to high speed and continuous running train Loco-Pilots are extremely tired. Their eyes and Heart are
more affected.
12.2 Routine Duty
12.2.1 Before starting the train/locomotive read safety circulars, safety bulletin, technical circulars, driver
instruction, caution order, and divisional circulars.
12.2.2 Before starting the train/locomotive read the caution order carefully in which sectional track work
progress with temporary speed restriction is mention.
12.2.3 Before starting the train/locomotive check the repair book of loco about any remark for any locomotive
trouble.
12.2.4 Before starting the train/locomotive check the oil level (diesel, lube oil, compressor oil in case of diesel
locomotive and transformer oil, GR oil, compressor oil, exhauster oil in case of electric locomotive)
and time to time during the run (One time during about 100 kilometers, it depends on drivers‟ mind).
12.2.5 After coupling with the train check brake pipe pressure continuity test with guard.
12.2.6 After getting departure signal, loco pilot must start the train and run the train as per the aspect of station
signals.
12.2.7 Stopping the train at the appropriate stops on each schedule.
12.2.8 Keeping a record of any Problems.
(Singh Ravi Kant, 2008).
XIII. Life after the Duty/job
When railway drivers at outstation duty, after signing off his duty, railway driver stay in the running
room located near by the station premises. He carry himself rations, vegetables etc. for cooking meals in the
kitchen of running room. Because in running room no any cooked food served around the clock. Only cooks are
available for preparing the food. Due to shortage of cooking staff(generally 2-3 staff working) in running
room, sometime cook taking 3-4 hours for preparing food (rules to served within 45 minutes). So, they are
unable to get more than 10-12 hours of rest even as they are provided 16 hrs. rest. After the meal normally he
goes to sleep immediately, because due to high speed and continuous running train Loco-Pilots are extremely
tired.
Relatively same conditions at home station.100% housing should not be provided to drivers as they
are residing up to 5-6 KMs. away from their station of posting and are taking a lot of time in commuting. They
are unable to get more than 10-12 hours of rest even at home station when they are provided 16 hrs. rest (FIRE
Quartly Magazine, Aug.2012). After the meal normally he goes to sleep immediately, because due to high speed
and continuous running train Loco-Pilots are extremely tired.
9. Work-Life of Indian Railway's Drivers (Loco-Pilots)
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XIV. Personal/Family Related Problem
He shares one very personal incidents of his life with me. He is married and father of two sweet
children. At the time of his first child's birth, he was on his duty and suddenly he receive a call from his wife and
his wife said you returned immediately because I am very serious and immediately required medical attention.
But, at that time he was on his duty and not to leave the train and not possible to return back for home and
admitted his wife in hospital. So, his neighbors were admitted his wife in a hospital and his wife delivered a
child in the absence of him (her husband). He came back after about12 hours and meets his wife and new born
his child. And he says, these kinds of issues are still continuing. He is not giving (spending) more (sufficient)
time with his family and societal activities.
100% housing should not be provided to drivers as they are residing up to 5-6 kms. away from their station
of posting and are taking a lot of time in commuting. They are unable to get more than 10-12 hours of rest
even at home station when they are provided 16 hrs. rest.
All other railway employees get 12 National Holydays and 52 Sundays, guaranteed weekly rest but Loco-
Pilot does not get any National Holyday. So, all the personal work has to be done by availing leave, or
between short spells in between duties, which creates mental agony, losing concentration in running duties.
No any calendar day rest provision, so that they may fulfill their family and social obligations.
(FIRE Quartly Magazine, Aug.2012).
XV. . Issues
I. Irregularities in lunch and dinner
II. Irregularities in sleep
III. Disturbed sleep
IV. Sleep disorder
V. Work under pollution and high voltage electricity
VI. Due to heavy night duty feeling cold or rain or hot sun in summer when normal temperature up to 46 to
48 degree, in locomotive, temperature increases up to temperature 54 to 56 degree centigrade, i.e.
adverse weather conditions.
VII. Noise level more than 100 db
VIII. Insufficient facilities in running room
IX. Unhighgenic water and meal atmosphere
X. Suffer from stress related disease (hypertension, diabetes, frequent headaches etc.)
XI. No any calendar day rest provision, so that they may fulfill their family and social obligations.
XII. All their personal work has to be done by availing leave, or between short spells in between duties,
which creates mental agony, losing concentration in running duties (FIRE Quartly Magazine,
Aug.2012).
XIII. Do not spend sufficient time daily with his family members (including wife, child/children, and older
parents).
XIV. Always miss out quality time with his family and friends because of nature of work.
XVI. Status Report
Based on above discussion, I felt work-life balance of Pintu Kumar as a railway driver in India is not
very good. Indian Railways‟ trying to solve these serious issues, but it is still continuing and more effort needed.
Work life-balance of Pintu Kumar as a railway driver is most important for the safe journey of passengers. So
that, crores of passengers reach their destination safely.
References
[1]. Amitabh (2006),"Rail Accidents due to Human Errors-Indian Railways Experience" Ministry of Railways, Govt. of India.
[2]. “Allotment of Railway Quarters and Retention thereof”, Railway Board Letter No: E [G] 2006/QR1-6, dated: 20/04/2007, RBE
No: 35/200.
[3]. FIRE Quartly Magazine (Aug.2012), All India Loco Running Staff Association.
[4]. Govt. of India, Ministry of Railways, “Indian Railways Corporate Safety Plan” (2003-13), August 2003.
[5]. HOER (Hours of Employment and Period of Rest rules 2005).
[6]. Indian Railway Establishment Manual (Vol.-I), Chapter -I, Sec.-B, Sub.Sec I, II, &III.
[7]. India Railway Manual of AC Traction (Vol-3), Ch. - VI- Operation of Locomotive.
[8]. Indian Railway Establishment Manual (Vol-1); Chapter-XIII, Reimbursement of Medical Expenses Rule.
[9]. Indian Railway Establishment code (Vol-1), Master circular No. 25,“Absorption of Medically De-categorized Non-gazetted Staff in
Alternative Jobs”.
[10]. “Promotion of non-gazetted staff in loco running cadre – posts of Goods Driver redesignated as Loco Pilots [Goods]”,( RBE
No: 101/08, 12/09/2008,)
[11]. Sharma P.C & Amitabh (2004), “Safety as Key Business Theme! -Indian Railways Perspective”, International Railway Safety
Conference, Perth, Australia.
10. Work-Life of Indian Railway's Drivers (Loco-Pilots)
www.iosrjournals.org 48 | Page
[12]. Singh Ravi Kant, (2008) “Life of an Assistant Loco Pilot (ALP)/Assistant Driver”, All India Loco Running Staff Association
(Posted on Web).
[13]. Govt. of India, Ministry of Railways, White Paper- Safety on Indian Railways, April 2003.
[14]. www.indian railway driver information, 2012, “Railway Driver- How to become a railway driver”.
[15]. www.Indian railwas, Wikipedia
[16]. Indian Railways Online Official site (www.indian railway information.gov.in).
[17]. www.indian railway.gov.in