One of the basic vitalities of good living is quick access to essential services like health care. But many times it could mean a condition of life and death for an individual who is unable to get the access to these services. Thus an important part of social sector development is incomplete without adequate health care facilities. The quality of human health is the foundation upon which the realization of life goals and objectives of a persona, the community or nation as whole depends. It is both an end and means of development strategy. The relationship between health and development is mutually reinforcing- while health contributes to economic development, economic development, in turn, tends to improve the health status of the population in a country. India as a nation has been growing economically at a rapid pace particularly after the advent of New Economic Policy of 1991. However, this rapid economic development has not been accompanied by social development particularly health sector development. Health sector has been accorded very low priority in terms of allocation of resources. Public expenditure on health is less than 1 per cent of GDP in India. This research paper focuses on the current status of the Indian healthcare industry, the challenges faced plus the comparison of few selected Indian states based on health indicators. Furthermore comparison of India with some developed and developing countries is also employed in order get the clear picture of the health sector. In order to boost the development line, some opportunities in the health care industry are also discussed and necessary policy implications. Regarding in this connection India lags behind in regard of health improvement as compared to U.S.A, Canada, China, and Brazil, but contrary to other developing countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh the scenario is better with life expectancy, Mortality ratios, health care spending speak volumes about the healthcare status. When analyzed through the prism eye, within India there are large disparities amongst states in achieving health outcomes as well. Before liberalization the improvement was at a snail’s pace, but after liberalization the whole picture changed because the key initiatives to improve the current healthcare standard a two prong strategy focusing on the infrastructure needs and the technology solution were implemented, which resulted in the healthy scenario of the healthcare industry. Healthcare sector, a leading weapon as the contributor to GDP (approx.8%) is thus the matter to be deeply looked into, so that golden harvest is reaped.
Where we live, learn, work and play impacts our health. By investing in health – personally, at work and in the community – we not only prevent disease, but also save dollars, strengthen businesses and improve quality of life in our community. Join Jen Van Den Elzen, director of Live54218, to learn about five key behaviors that affect your health and successful strategies for creating a worksite and a community that support you in living a long and healthy life!
Economic thoughts of Dr. B. R. AmbedkarVenu Praveen
Ambedkar was the first Doctoral Degree holder in economics among Indians. He is one of the great economist both by training and by practice. His economic expertise covers public finance , Monetary economics , agricultural economy and activities of uplifting downtrodden socially and economically. also he was a pioneering feminist of modern India.
Where we live, learn, work and play impacts our health. By investing in health – personally, at work and in the community – we not only prevent disease, but also save dollars, strengthen businesses and improve quality of life in our community. Join Jen Van Den Elzen, director of Live54218, to learn about five key behaviors that affect your health and successful strategies for creating a worksite and a community that support you in living a long and healthy life!
Economic thoughts of Dr. B. R. AmbedkarVenu Praveen
Ambedkar was the first Doctoral Degree holder in economics among Indians. He is one of the great economist both by training and by practice. His economic expertise covers public finance , Monetary economics , agricultural economy and activities of uplifting downtrodden socially and economically. also he was a pioneering feminist of modern India.
Paradoxes have always been a fresh air to our knowledge boxes at all times. Then why not check out certain Paradoxes in ECONOMICS. Out of nearly 30 (or more) Economic paradoxes discovered so far, we the students of S.S. College of Business Studies (SSCBS), University of Delhi (DU) chose to present certain interesting, relevant yet easy to understand paradoxes which can be found in ECONOMICS! Hope you all find it useful. Kindly get in touch for feedbacks.
We keep hearing that India will become a Super Power country some day because of its demographic dividend.
What exactly is this demographic dividend? Here's a lesson ‘Demographic Dividend’ that attempts to simplify this interesting concept for you.
students wonder exactly what health economics is. is it about money in health, more health for the same money ? about health in hospitals or health of the country.
A brief study on the measures of income distribution for both analytic and quantitative purposes in terms of size distribution and functional distribution.
The study includes discussion on following concepts-
Lorenz Curve
Gini Coefficient
Absolute Poverty
Foster Greer Thorbecke Measure
13 – impact of social media on health in punjab,South India(Current), Riya(PW...ashimasahni3
A sound health and effective mental care are essential part of nation state system. In-fact
Economy and Social goal of any nation depends on the health of the people. Health is
measured by different variables like access to quality health care, genetic inheritance and the
factors comprised with the quality of water, air, environment conditions etc. However recent
researches in related filed indicates correlation between mass media and health. Mass
media plays very important role in diffusing health messages and generating awareness
about health information which guides in attitude and behavior change of the audience to
ascertain a good health. Thus, Mass media guides health officials to reach the general
people, that is very important for health communication. Hence, mass media, radio,
television, and online media are the useful ways to make up mind of the the target people to
imbibe a new life-style and to alarm them with needful information because this is the only
way which is used to pursued the public about a particular disease or epidemic. The current
study intends to find out the level of awareness of health issues among the people and to
find out the most effective mode of health communication. The present research leads to the
findings that people of Punjab are aware of health issues but not fully aware about the health
schemes initiated by government of India. The mainstream media like radio and television
are doing very good job on national level to make people aware about government related
schemes but local channels are least interested to do a job for health awareness. It has also
come into light that private media is not very serious for spreading health related information
Paradoxes have always been a fresh air to our knowledge boxes at all times. Then why not check out certain Paradoxes in ECONOMICS. Out of nearly 30 (or more) Economic paradoxes discovered so far, we the students of S.S. College of Business Studies (SSCBS), University of Delhi (DU) chose to present certain interesting, relevant yet easy to understand paradoxes which can be found in ECONOMICS! Hope you all find it useful. Kindly get in touch for feedbacks.
We keep hearing that India will become a Super Power country some day because of its demographic dividend.
What exactly is this demographic dividend? Here's a lesson ‘Demographic Dividend’ that attempts to simplify this interesting concept for you.
students wonder exactly what health economics is. is it about money in health, more health for the same money ? about health in hospitals or health of the country.
A brief study on the measures of income distribution for both analytic and quantitative purposes in terms of size distribution and functional distribution.
The study includes discussion on following concepts-
Lorenz Curve
Gini Coefficient
Absolute Poverty
Foster Greer Thorbecke Measure
13 – impact of social media on health in punjab,South India(Current), Riya(PW...ashimasahni3
A sound health and effective mental care are essential part of nation state system. In-fact
Economy and Social goal of any nation depends on the health of the people. Health is
measured by different variables like access to quality health care, genetic inheritance and the
factors comprised with the quality of water, air, environment conditions etc. However recent
researches in related filed indicates correlation between mass media and health. Mass
media plays very important role in diffusing health messages and generating awareness
about health information which guides in attitude and behavior change of the audience to
ascertain a good health. Thus, Mass media guides health officials to reach the general
people, that is very important for health communication. Hence, mass media, radio,
television, and online media are the useful ways to make up mind of the the target people to
imbibe a new life-style and to alarm them with needful information because this is the only
way which is used to pursued the public about a particular disease or epidemic. The current
study intends to find out the level of awareness of health issues among the people and to
find out the most effective mode of health communication. The present research leads to the
findings that people of Punjab are aware of health issues but not fully aware about the health
schemes initiated by government of India. The mainstream media like radio and television
are doing very good job on national level to make people aware about government related
schemes but local channels are least interested to do a job for health awareness. It has also
come into light that private media is not very serious for spreading health related information
reference articel used in this essayKumar, S., & Preetha, G. (2012.pdfdavid16271
reference articel used in this essay
Kumar, S., & Preetha, G. (2012). Health Promotion: An Effective Tool for Global Health. Indian
Journal of Community Medicine: Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive &
Social Medicine, 37(1), 5–12. http://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.94009
Health promotion is more significant today than any time in recent memory in tending to general
medical issues. The wellbeing situation is situated at one of a kind junction as the world is
confronting a \'triple weight of infections\' constituted by the unfinished motivation of
transferable ailments, recently rising and re-developing maladies and also the extraordinary
ascent of noncommunicable perpetual illnesses. The components which help advance and
improvement in this day and age, for example, globalization of exchange, urbanization,
simplicity of worldwide travel, propelled advances, and so forth., go about as a twofold edged
sword as they prompt to positive wellbeing results on one hand and increment the helplessness to
weakness then again as these add to stationary ways of life and unfortunate dietary examples.
There is a high pervasiveness of tobacco use alongside increment in undesirable dietary practices
and abatement in physical action adding to increment in natural hazard elements which thusly
prompts to increment in noncommunicable sicknesses.
Wellbeing, as the World Health Organization (WHO) characterizes, is the condition of finish
physical, social and mental prosperity and not only the nonattendance of sickness or ailment. The
satisfaction in most elevated achievable standard of wellbeing is considered as one of the
principal privileges of each human being.(5) Over the previous couple of decades, there is an
expanding acknowledgment that biomedical mediations alone can\'t ensure better wellbeing.
Wellbeing is intensely impacted by variables outside the area of the wellbeing part, particularly
social, financial and political strengths. These powers to a great extent shape the conditions in
which individuals develop, live, work and age and additionally the frameworks set up to manage
wellbeing needs at last prompting to disparities in wellbeing between and inside nations. Along
these lines, the achievement of the most elevated conceivable standard of wellbeing relies on
upon a thorough, comprehensive approach which goes past the conventional therapeudic mind,
including groups, wellbeing suppliers and different partners. This all encompassing methodology
ought to engage people and groups to take activities for their own wellbeing, cultivate authority
for general wellbeing, elevate intersectoral activity to fabricate sound open approaches and make
supportable wellbeing frameworks in the general public. These components catch the
quintessence of \"wellbeing advancement\", which is about empowering individuals to take
control over their wellbeing and its determinants, and in this way enhance their wellbeing. It
incorporates intercessions at the i.
An Analysis of Impact of Human Capital Investment on Demographic Characterist...inventionjournals
The demographic features of the 2011census of India have revealed that India is the second largest country next to China in terms of working age population (25 - 50 years) in the world. It has been known that the country’s economic growth is based on both natural and human resources available in the country. Still, there are more avenues for effective and efficient use of labour-productivity in this age group. It is well conceived by the theory that the human resources are the biggest contributor of economic growth which is augmented by a process of human capital formation. Of late, health and education have been viewed as the two dimensions of human capital which are treated as an indicator of social welfare. The variations in health status of different age groups in market and non-market labour productivities are still prevalent in many developing countries. The low health status persons contribute less to human capital formation than of others (Behrman and Deolalikar, 1988). According to them, “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. Therefore, it cannot be purchased by the consumers in the market as we do for other goods and services in the market. On the other hand, it can be produced by spending time upon health improving activities, as well as, purchasing medical inputs (Grossman M., 1972). Behrman has pointed out that there is an inverse relationship between low health status and human capital formation. Therefore, the economists have focused their attention to study the determinants and impact of health status on economic growth. The present study attempts to analyse the human capital investment and its impact of socio- economic status on human resources (HR) in Chennai district, Tamil Nadu. To aid our research effort, an extensive literature has also been reviewed in an attempt to answer various queries raised. On the basis of the statement of problems, the research questionnaires have been canvassed among the respondents to obtain the information. This study is based on databases obtained both from primary and secondary sources. The information through primary sources has been collected with the help of interview schedule. The secondary data on Human Capital Investment and the Impact of Socio- Economic Status on Human Resources have been collected from various sources in Chennai City. In the health sector, this study focuses its attention to reporting illness, amount spent, days lost. Some of the opted econometric techniques have been used to examine the objectives of the study. Our empirical strategy has applied the following tools of analysis. The statistical tools like OLS, PROBIT and LOGIT techniques are used to analyze the indicator ‘selfreported illnesses. And, ‘Health expenditure’ and ‘number of days lost’ are estimated by OLS and TOBIT techniques, besides by applying correlation, regression analysis.
The health of a people to a very large extent determines their productivity and wealth. The 2010
Population and Housing Census indicates that a significant proportion of the Bunkpurugu-Yunyoo District in
Ghana (over 75%) are living below the poverty line of GH¢228.00 per annum (approximately US $120 per
annum). It then implies that approximately the same proportion or even a little above that might not be able to
access health care under the ‘cash and carry’ system. Inability to access health care will lead to poor health
status of the residents and thus lower their productivity.
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM IN IMPROVING THE HEALTH OF INDIANSShalvi Shankar
Public Health helps achieve the discovery, test and dissemination of health threat and problems. India is a nation that comprises many languages, religions, life styles and food habits which accounts one sixth of the world’s population occupying less than 3% of the world’s area
Health Action Sustainable Development Goals April 2019. ISSN: 0970-471XVIBHUTI PATEL
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs-2015-2030) are a derivative of the Millennium Development Goals (2000-2015), which spell out the following values: freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, respect for nature, and shared responsibility. They are a clarion call of 189 governments, on behalf of their citizens, to “free our fellow men, women and children from the abject and dehumanizing conditions of extreme poverty, to which more than a billion of them are currently subjected”.
Community-based health financing: CARE India's experience in the maternal an...Siddharth Agarwal
Abstract
In a rural Indian population beset with inadequate health access to people owing to socio-cultural and economic factors, CARE India under the Maternal andInfant Survival Project encouraged village women to form Community Based Oragnisations (CBOs) and collectively save funds for health.
15 months of implementation showed that CBOs were formed in 345 of 447 project villages and health funds were operational in 203. 292 persons benefited from health funds through loans for treatment. 56% loans being repaid within the grace/low interest period.
The experience shows that village women when appropriately encouraged are capable of evolving rules and managing health funds. The process empowers village women (through access to resources and information and the strength of social capital) to take decisions and act to improve their well being.
Health funds have been have proved to be useful in addressing obstetric complications, infant illnesses and have also led to additional initiatives (social marketing of disposable delivery kits, village drug bank and plugging gaps in government supplies), that improve health care.
Similar to Health System in India: Opportunities and Challenges for Enhancements (20)
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This paper examined microfinance and the challenge of financial inclusion for SMEs development in Nigeria. The study adopted two separate econometrics models for capturing and testing for significance in the stated objectives between 2005 and 2015. The first model determined whether financial inclusion improve the financial well-being of low-income savers in the study period. The second investigated the impact that micro finance has on the performance of small and medium scale enterprises. Each of the models was subjected to the Ordinary Least Square regression to determine the appropriateness of models estimated. Findings from the empirical results in model one (1) and two (2) indicated relationship between financial inclusion in Nigeria, microfinance, and small business enterprises over 10 years period of study. The study found out that there is a significant relationship between financial inclusion and financial well – being of the low income earners. Empirical finding that examines the relationship between microfinance and small business in Nigeria indicates that there is a negative significant relationship between loan to small enterprises and loan to rural areas in Nigeria in the period under study. The study suggests therefore that financial inclusion will have a positive significant impact on the development of small business if the plan to include everyone works in Nigeria.
Corporate Capital of Domestic and Foreign Firms in Africa – An Empirical ReviewIOSRJBM
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The purpose of this research was to test and analyze the effect of TQM practices impelementation which consists of leadership, strategic planning, customer focus, information and analysis, people management, and process management to product quality performance. The population were 108 food and beverage companies in Makassar, Indonesia. Respondents are production managers or operation managers. Sample technique which used is population sampling. Method of analysis which use both descriptive statistic and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Data processing uses two statistic tools i.e: IBM SPSS and AMOS 19.00. The findings of research indicate that leadership has significant effect on product quality performance, strategic planning has significant effect on product quality performance, customer focus has significant effect on product quality performance, information and analysis has significant effect on product quality performance, people management has significant effect on product quality performance, and process management has significant effect on product quality performance. Leadership factor has dominant effect on product quality performance (critical ratio = 9.760 > t-table = 1.960; and probability = 0.000 < α = 0.05).
The Influence of Work Culture, Work Stress to the Job Satisfaction and Employ...IOSRJBM
This research was carried out starting from the phenomenon of the performance which was not maximized by the employees of State Treasury Service Office in Jakarta. Based on the literature there was a suspicion that the performance which was not maximized due to a weak work culture, work stress and the decreasing of job satisfaction. The purpose of this research was to quantify and explain the relationship between variables of work culture, work stress, job satisfaction and employees performance in the State Treasury Service Office Jakarta. The research method was using quantitative methods. Research locations were located in six State Treasury Service Offices in Jakarta with samples of 152 employees. Data analysis technique was using Partial Least Square (PLS) with the help of Smart program. The results showed that the work culture has no effect on job satisfaction. Work stress has no effect on job satisfaction. Work culture affected to the employee performance. Work stress had no effect on employee performance. Job satisfaction had no effect on performance. The implication of this research was to establish a strong working culture to decrease work stress and increase job satisfaction which ultimately improved employee performance.
Work-Life of Indian Railway's Drivers (Loco-Pilots)IOSRJBM
Railways’ Drivers / Loco-Pilots are the most important person in executing the huge task of transporting nearly 25 Million passengers and more than 2.8 Million Tons of freight daily with the help of 2,29,381 wagons, 59,713 coaches and more than 9,213 locomotive engines of various kinds(www.Indian railways, Wikipedia).To transport 25 million passengers and millions of tons of freight and that too with taking care of both the traveler’s convenience and safety is not a mean task, the driver on whose sincerity the journey of a train depends. If he is not capable of carrying his responsibilities then the efforts of the other employees go waste, in this sense we can say that he is the most important person of the railways. The job of a Railway Driver demands hard work and great presence of mind along with courage to handle diverse conditions. For this one should have discipline, patience, responsibility, punctuality, commitment, courage and above all self-confidence. The job requires lots of hard work, stamina, alertness of mind, adaptability to follow difficult time schedules too. But the main and remarkable, highly appreciable role of Railway drivers is the only who works with full honesty, in day & night, in heavy cold, hot & Rainy weather. For Railways’ drivers operating on long distance routes, overnight stays in various locations will be necessary. Furthermore, it can be stressful, as delays and hazards on the track are not uncommon. His cab of the train should be relatively comfortable but it may be quite cold, hot and noisy.
Liquidity Determinants of Sharia and non Sharia StocksIOSRJBM
This study was conducted to analyze and testing stock liquidity differences of sharia and non sharia stock and determinants of sharia and non sharia stock of manufacturing industry at Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2009-2010. Dependent variable of this study is stock liquidity, measured by relative spread and depth. The Independent variable are insider ownership, institutional ownership, blockholder ownership, and foreign institutional ownership, trading volume, stock price, return volatility, Market to book value, dividend policy and size. In addition, this research is also supported by qualitative data obtained from in-depth discussions with key informants, including investment managers, stock exchanges institution and stock brokers. The results showed there is no liquidity difference, both for relative spread and depth of sharia a non sharia stocks. In sharia stocks, trading volume and dividend policy has a negative effect on relative spread, whereas in non sharia stock the trading volume, stock prices and company size has a negative effect on relative spread. Institutional ownership has negative effect, while foreign institutional ownership, trading volume, dividend policy, and size has positive effect on sharia stock liquidity. For non sharia stock, the trading volume, stock prices and company size has a positive effect on depth.
Motivating Employees Creativity through Suggestion System – An Empirical StudyIOSRJBM
Employees are treated as assets in the organization. In a competitive business environment, one of the key elements of an organization success is their employees’ intellectual capability to improve the organizational performance by way of reducing cost, new product development, generate new ideas related to product, process and other areas of management. The employees are find novel ideas and proposed these ideas to management through suggestion system. Suggestion system is technique which is motivating the employees to participate in decision making process and improve the organization performance.The primary data was collected through structure questionnaire based on convenience sampling method. This research paper focus on employee creativity and its impact on suggestion system and the aims of this article are to find an answer for two questions: 1. what are the factors motivating employee creativity? and 2. What is the impact of creativity on employee suggestion system? Finally this article conclude that both organizational factors and individual factors influencing creativity and there is a positive relationship between employee creativity and suggestion system.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Health System in India: Opportunities and Challenges for Enhancements
1. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)
e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 9, Issue 2 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 74-82
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 74 | Page
Health System in India: Opportunities and Challenges for
Enhancements
1
Nassir Ul Haq Wani, 2
Kanchan Taneja, 3
Nidhi Adlakha
1,2,3
Research Scholar Lovely Professional University
Abstract: One of the basic vitalities of good living is quick access to essential services like health care. But
many times it could mean a condition of life and death for an individual who is unable to get the access to these
services. Thus an important part of social sector development is incomplete without adequate health care
facilities. The quality of human health is the foundation upon which the realization of life goals and objectives of
a persona, the community or nation as whole depends. It is both an end and means of development strategy. The
relationship between health and development is mutually reinforcing- while health contributes to economic
development, economic development, in turn, tends to improve the health status of the population in a country.
India as a nation has been growing economically at a rapid pace particularly after the advent of New Economic
Policy of 1991. However, this rapid economic development has not been accompanied by social development
particularly health sector development. Health sector has been accorded very low priority in terms of allocation
of resources. Public expenditure on health is less than 1 per cent of GDP in India. This research paper focuses
on the current status of the Indian healthcare industry, the challenges faced plus the comparison of few selected
Indian states based on health indicators. Furthermore comparison of India with some developed and developing
countries is also employed in order get the clear picture of the health sector. In order to boost the development
line, some opportunities in the health care industry are also discussed and necessary policy implications.
Regarding in this connection India lags behind in regard of health improvement as compared to U.S.A, Canada,
China, and Brazil, but contrary to other developing countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh the scenario is better
with life expectancy, Mortality ratios, health care spending speak volumes about the healthcare status. When
analyzed through the prism eye, within India there are large disparities amongst states in achieving health
outcomes as well. Before liberalization the improvement was at a snail’s pace, but after liberalization the whole
picture changed because the key initiatives to improve the current healthcare standard a two prong strategy
focusing on the infrastructure needs and the technology solution were implemented, which resulted in the
healthy scenario of the healthcare industry. Healthcare sector, a leading weapon as the contributor to GDP
(approx.8%) is thus the matter to be deeply looked into, so that golden harvest is reaped.
I. Introduction:
Health is a fundamental human right and a worldwide social goal. Health is necessary for the
realization of basic human needs and to attain the status of a better quality of life. Improving the quality of
growth is an important goal of the development archetype in many developing countries. Better health,
education, equal and wider job opportunities to all, trustworthy and transparent people‟s intuition, sustainable
and cleaner environment, dignity, self-esteem and life security, among others, are key manifestations of the
quality of growth (WB, 2000).
If the quality of human capital is not good, physical capital and natural resources cannot be properly
utilized and growth neither be sustained nor be qualitative. According to WHO, “Health is a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. The health status is
usually measured in terms of life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate, fertility rate, crude birth rate and
crude death rate. These indicators of health are determined by numerous factors such as per capita income,
nutrition, housing, sanitation, safe drinking water, social infrastructure, health and medical care services
provided by government, geographical climate, employment status, incidence of poverty (Reddy, 1994). It is in
reality the quality of human health upon which the realization of life goals and objectives of a persona, the
community or nation as whole depends. Health is multi-dimensional phenomenon as it is both an end and means
of development strategy. The relationship between health and development is mutually reinforcing- while health
contributes to economic development, economic development, in turn, tends to improve the health status of the
population in a country. Health is also an important entitlement that enhances “capabilities” of the poor people
leading to increase in “commodities” and further improvement in health status (Bloom, 2004). As investment on
health increases, the productive capacity of the working population, and hence the level of income tends to rise
and to that extent it contributes to a decline in the incidence of poverty (Reddy, 1994). With rapid improvement
in health particularly of the poor “vicious circle” of poverty can be converted into “virtuous circle” of prosperity
(Mayer, 2000). Although there has been a two-way relationship, a strong causal link from adult health to
2. Health System In India: Opportunities And Challenges For Enhancements
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economic growth is observed by many studies (Mayer, 1999). Further, Knowles and Owen (1997) and Jamison
and Wang (1998) find that life expectancy contributes to economic growth more than education. In addition to
its direct impact on productivity, health has other effects on economic development and demographic transition.
Good infant health and nutrition directly increase the benefits of education (WB 1993; WHO 1999).
However, India is one of the major countries where diseases are still not under control. India‟s
healthcare sector, however, falls well below international benchmarks for physical infrastructure and manpower,
and even falls below the standards existing in comparable developing countries. This study examines the
opportunity and the major challenges in the key segments of the healthcare sector. The rest of the paper is
structured as follows: Section II presents the literature review while section III presents the data base and
research methodology. We describe the data and present the results in section IV .The conclusion of the study
and the policy implications are presented in the final section
II. Review Of Literature:
Due to intensified competition, government of India have started realising the significance of
improving health system for economic growth. In this context, the present study reviews the literature relating to
the study so as to formulate the problem precisely and develop a rationale for its undertaking. The basic
objective is to indicate in a general way the type of work done in this direction rather than to give exhaustive
review of all the research work done on the problem. The review of various studies done will provides a broad
spectrum about the health system in India which would be helpful to design the appropriate methodology for the
present study.
Barro (1996) points out that by increasing longevity; health reduces the depreciation rate of human
capital, making investment in education more attractive. It is a well-known fact that India is, next only to China,
the second largest country in terms of population in the world. But the health status of a great majority of the
people is far from satisfactory as compared to China and other developed countries. However, over the last five
decades or so, India has built up health infrastructure and manpower at primary, secondary and tertiary care in
government, voluntary and private sectors have made considerable progress in improving the health of its
population (Ray 2003; Bhatt and Babu 2004).Health is also an important entitlement that enhances
“capabilities” of the poor people leading to increase in “commodities” and further improvement in health status
(Dadibhavi and Bagalkoti 1994; Bloom et al 2004). As investment on health increases, the productive capacity
of the working population, and hence the level of income tends to rise and to that extent it contributes to a
decline in the incidence of poverty (Reddy and Selvaraju 1994). With rapid improvement in health, particularly
of the poor “vicious circle” of poverty can be converted into “virtuous circle” of prosperity (Mayer 1999; Mayer
2000; Bloom et al 2004). Grossman and Rand (1974) treat prevention and cure as separate inputs into the
household health production function. They assume that groups with low depreciation rate of the health capital
stock demand preventive health care and groups with high depreciation rate of the health capital stock demand
curative health care. This allows for prevention and cure to be treated as substitutes by consumers. A higher
endowment of health increases demand for health investment, so differences in endowed health are magnified in
terms of attained longevity. Cropper (1977) gets the same results for preventive health care with endogenous
length of life and depreciation rate rising with age. In general, since the risks of different illnesses show
different lifecycle patterns, the demand for prevention depends on the specific intervention, where intervention
is defined as any attempt to intervene or interrupt the usual sequence in the development of a disease. For some
preventive actions like exercises, the health benefits are realized much more quickly by older people and so will
be not as heavily discounted as when young people consider the intervention. In addition to models that take the
human capital approach, models of insurance and behaviour under uncertainty also analyze prevention
decisions. Intuitively, health is an irreplaceable commodity given the incompleteness of the technology of cure.
Despite insurance for curative care, prevention is attractive because the choice is between completely preventing
the illness or incompletely curing it. Many large firms pay healthcare claims of their employees. These firms
have an added incentive to invest in prevention for improving employee productivity and reducing absenteeism
(Kenkel, 2000)
OBJECTIVES:
To examine the status and problems of health services in India;
To examine the quality of health services in India; and
To compare health system of India with other nations.
DATA SOURCES AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
The present study is based upon secondary data of 15 major states and All India level. Sources of data
collection relating to health indicators and health infrastructure collected form Ministry of Health and Family
3. Health System In India: Opportunities And Challenges For Enhancements
www.iosrjournals.org 76 | Page
Welfare, Government of India, National Human Development Report, Planning Commission, Government of
India and Population Census of India and World Health Statistics. Whereas, data related to socio-economic
indicators collected from the Central Statistical Organization.
CURRENT STATUS:-
Healthcare is India‟s one of the largest part of service sector in terms of revenue and employment, and
is expanding rapidly. During the 1990s, Indian healthcare grew at annual compound growth rate of 16%. Today
the total value of the sector is more than $34 billion. This translates to $34 per capita, or roughly 6% of GDP
(India‟s Health Report 2012). By 2013, India‟s healthcare sector is projected to grow to nearly $47 billion. Not
only right to healthcare has been recognized as a fundamental right in India, there are several international
obligations for India to pursue 'access and equity' in this regard. In 2009, the number of beds available per 1000
people in India was only 1.27, which is less than half the global average of 2.6. There are 369,351 government
beds in urban areas and a mere 143,069 beds in rural areas. The number of qualified doctors in the country is not
sufficient for the growing requirements of Indian healthcare. Moreover, rural “doctors to population” ratio is
lower by 6 times as compared to urban areas. As of FY10, India had approximately 300 medical colleges, 290
colleges for Bachelor of Dental Surgery and 140 colleges for Master of Dental Surgery admitting 34,595, 23,520
and 2,644 students annually respectively. India needs to open 600 medical colleges (100 seats per college) and
1500 nursing colleges (60 seats per college) in order to meet the global average of doctors and nurses(Indian
Health Statistics Report 2011).However the scenario is different as the medical personnel are concentrated in
urban areas. Around 74 percent of the graduate doctors in India work in urban settlements which account for
only approximately one-fourth of the population. The countrywide distribution of these institutes is also skewed
as 61 percent of the medical colleges are in the 6 states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh and Pondicherry, while only 11 percent are in Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal and the north-
eastern states.
In addition, India is a signatory to the Millennium Development Goals. MDGs represent the will of the
world's nations to achieve development objectives by the year 2015. The importance of healthcare in the MDGs
is highlighted by the fact that providing healthcare to all is the duty of the Central and State Governments.
Unfortunately, India is far from providing a universal healthcare coverage. Not only the improvements in health
indicators have not only been slow, India lags far behind in world, including most developing countries and few
least developed countries with respect to health indicators. In addition, within India there are large disparities
amongst states in achieving health outcomes as well.
TABLE 1
HEALTH INDICATORS IN INDIA, 1951-2011
Indicator/year Birth rate Death rate Infant
Mortality Rate
Maternal
Mortality Ratio
Total Fertility
Rate
1951 40.8 25.1 148 1321 6
1961 38.7 20.6 129 1180 5.9
1971 36.9 14.9 120 853 5.2
1981 33.9 12.5 110 810 4.5
1991 29.5 9.8 80 424 3.6
2001 23.8 7.6 58 254 2.9
2011 21.7 6.9 44 197 2.5
AAGR -1.103*** - 2.246 -2.016 -3.386 -1.577
AAGR stands for Average Annual Growth Rate in Percent
Note: *** represents that coefficient is significant at 1 percent level of significance.
Source: Author‟s Calculations
Table 1 reveals that in the period from 1950 to 1971, India was engulfed in health deterioration as the values
speak so high. The trend continued with the gradual decrease in the values of the health indicators. The annual
growth rate after every ten years declined. From the values of AAGR, all the indicators have shown a declining
trend with death rate decreased twice the birth rate, and same situation followed in other indicators as well. Thus
a dramatic change resulted with an improvement in health sector.
4. Health System In India: Opportunities And Challenges For Enhancements
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TABLE 2
SELECTED HEALTH STATUS OUTCOMES IN MAJOR INDIAN STATES
. Source: Indian Health Statistics Report 2012
Table 2 portrays the health status of selected states on the basis of health indicators. Life expectancy values of
all the states lie above 57 Yrs., with the highest value attributed to Kerala followed by Punjab having value 73.5
and 68.5 Yrs. and with least life expectancy value acknowledged to Assam having 57.9Yrs.Neonatal Mortality
Rates is highest in Uttar Pradesh with 47.6 per 1000 births die followed by Odhisa with 45.4 per 1000 births.
The least Neonatal Mortality Rates is in case of Kerala with 11.5 per 1000 births. Other states like Andhra
Pradesh also witness the high Neonatal Mortality Rates with 40.3 per 1000 births. In case of Punjab and J&K
the values stand at 28.8 and 19.6.Contrary to the Infant Mortality Rates trend, Madhya Pradesh and Odhisa rank
first with highest IMR rates equal to 67 per 1000 births respectively. However Kerala is the best performer in
the segment with least IMR rate having 12 per 1000 births. Under 5 mortality rate is quite at peak level in case
of Odhisa with 933.8 per 1000 births followed by Bihar, while as Kerala witnessed low value 16.7 per 1000
births. In case of total fertility rates, Kerala, Tamil Nadu performs well with value equal to 1.7 followed by
Punjab having 1.9 total fertility rates. Maximum number of underweight of children is found in Uttar Pradesh
followed by Bihar. Thus, Kerala suits as a best sample having acceptable values of life indicators. In case of
poorly developing states like Odhisa, U.P., and Bihar, the health indicators portray a dark and fussy picture as
the values lie well below the unacceptable levels.
COMPARISION OF HEALTH STATUS IN INDIA WITH SELECTED COUNTRIES
This section deals with indicators of life expectancy and mortality rates, including overall life
expectancy at birth, as well as infant and under-five mortality (the probability of dying between birth and 1 and
5 years of age, respectively), and adult mortality (the probability of dying between 15 and 60 years of
age).Neonatal mortality (death during the first 28 days of life per 1000 live births) accounts for a large
proportion of child deaths in many countries, especially in low-income countries.
State Life
Expectancy
Neonatal
Mortality
Infant
Mortality
Rate
Under five
Mortality
Rate
Total
fertility
Rate
Underweigh
t children
(%)
Andhra Pradesh 63.53 40.3 49 63.2 1.8 42.7
Assam 57.9 45.5 61 85 2.6 46.5
Bihar 60.8 39.8 52 84.8 3.9 55.6
Gujarat 63.4 33.5 48 60.9 2.5 51.7
Haryana 65.2 23.6 51 52.3 2.5 45.7
J&K 61.3 19.6 49 54.6 3.4 48.8
Karnataka 64.5 28.9 41 54.7 2.0 24.5
Kerala 73.5 11.5 12 16.3 1.7 50.0
Madhya Pradesh 56.9 44.9 67 94.2 3.3 46.3
Maharashtra 66.2 31.8 31 46.7 2.8 45
Odhisa 58.5 45.4 67 93.8 2.7 36.7
Punjab 68.5 28.8 38 52.8 1.9 43.7
Tamil Nadu 65.2 19.5 28 35.5 1.7 30.9
Uttar Pradesh 59.1 47.6 67 96.4 4.2 56.8
West Bengal 63.9 37.6 33 59.6 1.9 44.6
5. Health System In India: Opportunities And Challenges For Enhancements
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TABLE 3
SELECTED HEALTH INDICATORS
Source: WHO Report 2011
Table 3 depicts the comparison of India with other countries. It seems quite injustice to compare India with
countries like U.S.A, Canada, Australia, Brazil, because on every parameter regarding status of health India lags
far behind. In case of IMR per 1000 India is at the top with IMR of 50 per 1000 births followed by its neighbor
Pakistan having IMR of 43 per 1000.In other health indicators like percentage of fully immunized India‟s 66
percent of population is immunized, where as in case of Pakistan 77 percent of population is fully immunized
where as U.S., Canada and Australia are fully immunized. The grim picture of the health sector in India is
attributed to the less government spending in the health care facilities. In case of India the government share of
total health expenditure is 32.4 percent, in case of Pakistan it is 49.8 percent and if we look at the values of per
capita spending, the trend continues with India lagging behind followed by Pakistan.
TABLE 4
PER CAPITA HEALTH EXPENDITURE
Member Per Capita Total
Expenditure at
Average Expenditure
Rate US $
Per Capita Total
Expenditure at
Average Expenditure
Rate in PPP in US $
Per Capita Govt.
Expenditure on
Health at Average
Expenditure Rate in
US $
Per Capita Govt.
Expenditure on
Health at Average
Expenditure Rate in
PPP in US$
2000 200
7
2012 2000 200
7
201
2
200
0
200
7
201
2
200
0
200
7
201
2
India 20 40 63 66 109 124 5 17 38 16 29 43
China 43 108 123 2516 3900
4400
140
5
308
6 4321
177
0
273
0 3234
Brazil 267 606 879 506 837 1123 107 252 361 202 348 423
Australia 1728 3986 4345 2263 335
7
4897 115
5
269
1 3489
151
2
226
6 3215
USA 4703 7285 8987 4703 728
5
9867 203
2
331
7 4567
203
2
331
7 4012
Canada 2082 4409 5467 2516 390 4876 140 308 177 273
Indicator India China Brazil Srilanka Thailand US Canada Australia Pakistan
IMR/1000 live-
births
50 17 17 13 12 7 5 4 43
Under 5
mortality/1000 live
births
66 19 21 16 13 7 6 5 46
Fully Immunized
(%)
66 95 99 99 98 100 100 100 71
Health
Expenditure as
percentage of GDP
4.2 4.3 8.4 4.1 4.1 9.7 13.8 15.7 3.7
Birth by skilled
attendants
47 96 98 97 98 99 98 98 43
Govt.share of total
health expenditure
(%)
32.4 47.3 44 43.7 74.3 81.8 72.7 81.3 49.8
Govt. health
spending share of
total
Govt.spending (%)
4.4 10.3 6.0 7.9 14.2 16.8 19.7 21.8 12.8
Per capita
Spending (in US $)
122 265 875 187 328 942 886 1012 124
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0 5 6 4087 0 0 3212
Banglade
sh
9 14 45 22 42 65 3 5 9 8 14 31
Pakistan 15 28 54 48 64 123 3 7 14 10 19 43
Source: WHO Statistics Report 2012
Table 4 throws light on the per capita health expenditure. India‟s spending on health in 2000 was 20 $ while it
is increased to 40 $ in 2007 and in 2012 to $ 63, while in case of Pakistan it was 15 $ to 28 $, 48 $ , thus giving
a poor picture of Pakistani economy, Contrary to other developed countries like that of U.S.A., Canada and
Australia, India stands no where.
HEALTH WORKFORCE AND INFRASTRUCTURE:
This section presents data on the resources available to the health system – this includes physicians; nurses,
dentists and hospital beds. Estimates of the numbers and density of the health workforce refer to the active
health workforce – i.e. those currently participating in the health labor market..
TABLE 5
COMPARISON OF HEALTH FORCE AND INFRASTRUCTURE OF INDIA
Source: WHO Report 2011
Table 5 deals with the healthcare infrastructure in India plus the comparison of selected countries. Health
infrastructure in India is inadequate when compared with the global standards. It lags behind the global average
in terms of healthcare infrastructure and manpower. India has an average 16 doctors per 10000 population
against the global average of 12.3 17 which suggests an evident manpower gap. The penetration of healthcare
infrastructure in India is much lower than that of developed countries. The lack of an efficient and accountable
public health sector has led to the escalating of a highly variable private sector, which accounts for around 68
percent of overall health spending. This is despite the fact that India's economy has been growing at a
reasonably faster rate that many other countries and is only behind China in this regard. Compared to the
number of Physicians China is at the top with density of 14 physicians per 10000 populations, where as
Bangladesh at lowest level amounting to 3 physicians per 10000. Hospital bed ratio is highest in China with 30
beds available per 100000, where as India is having 1.8 bed ratios. Thus in all parameters India is lagging
behind when compared with China,U.S.A,Brazil,Canada but an improvement is visible when compared with
developing countries like that of Pakistan and Bangladesh.
OPPURTUNITIES IN HEALTHCARE INDUSTRY:-
The Indian healthcare sector is ripe for the expansion and significant growth. One of the main factors is
increase in the space of medical tourism in India. Medical tourism in India is growing at a compounded annual
growth rate of over 27 per cent during 2009-2012. Medical tourism market is valued to be worth USD 310
million and is expected to generate USD 2.4 billion by 2012 and is growing at 30 per cent a year (Indian Health
Report 2011).Due to increasing medical tourism and greater clinical trial activities in India, there is a need to
upgrade the service standards and provide the state-of-the-art facilities to bring the service levels on par with
Country Physicians Nurses Dentists Hospital
density/100
00
Number Density/
100000
Number Density/1000
00
Numb
er
Density/1
00000
Brazil 320013 17 549423 29 21721
7
12 24
China 1862363
0
14 1259240 10 13652
0
1 30
India 643520 16 1372059 13 55344 1 1.8
Canada 62307 19 327224 100 38031
0
12 38
U.S.A 793648 27 2927000 98 43663 16 31
Australia 19612 10 222133 109 29624 15 39
Pakistan 127859 8 62651 4 15790 1 6
Banglades
h
42881 3 39471 3 2344 <0.5 4
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global standards. This changed outlook has created an excellent opportunities for the investors to provide much
needed managerial and financial support.
Given the growing demand, the emergence of reputed private players, and the huge investment needs in
the healthcare sector. In recent years, there has been growing interest among foreign players and non resident
Indians to enter the Indian healthcare market. There is also growing interest among domestic and international
financial institutions, private equity funds, venture capitalists, and banks to explore investment opportunities
across a wide range of segments. Healthcare sector is a social sector, where right to use and equity are as
important as the need to have further investment. Health is major segment of human capital. The opportunity to
enter India‟s healthcare industry is very attractive. The estimated 4.2% of GDP generated from the healthcare
market to reach over 1.2 billion denizens is underdeveloped and seems like a great opportunity for growth. The
Indian healthcare delivery market is estimated at US$ 18.7 billion and employs over four million people,
making it one of the largest service sectors in the economy today. Total national healthcare spending reached
5.2% of GDP, or US $54.9 billion in 2011 and is expected to rise to 5.5% of GDP or US $80.9 billion by 2012.
This includes the pharmaceuticals market, government and private spending. Private segment constitutes bulk
and growing rapidly, to reach $38 billion by 2012. There are various gaps in the Indian healthcare market, which
also present a vast opportunity. Good healthcare in India is in extreme short supply. Hospitals in India are
running at 80-90 per cent occupancy. There are some economic factors which make India such an exciting
market. Since healthcare is dependent on the people served, India‟s huge population of a billion people
represents a big opportunity; mainly the middle income group representing 300 million. A significant portion of
the population receives inadequate or no health care, specifically 25.7% living below the poverty line and those
who have only the public health system to rely on. Thus Indian healthcare sector represents a deal to transform
the opportunity into potential, so that social sector plus the overall economy flourishes.
CHALLENGES IN THE INDUSTRY
Changes in the health policy of a country have to be modified to the needs and prevailing situation.
This is best explained when we discuss health reforms in India. India, with its unique demography, diversity,
political and social systems and a recent leap in economy can be a challenge to the policymakers. This section
discusses the problems in healthcare delivery in India and social, economic and political fundamentals for
undertaking reforms in Indian healthcare system. Problems in healthcare delivery in India can be broadly
divided into problems of inequality, socio-economic-political problems and unregulated growth of private
healthcare.
Problems of Inequality:
The effect of social and economic inequality on health is insightful. Poverty, which is a result of social
and economic inequality in a society, is detrimental to the health of population. The outcome indicators of health
(mortality, morbidity and life expectancy) are all directly influenced by in-equality in a given population. More
so, it is not the absolute deprivation of income that matters, but the relative distribution of income. There is no
other country where the distribution of the healthcare resources is abysmally unequal as in India. Only five other
countries in the world are worse off than India regarding public health spending (Burundi, Myanmar, Pakistan,
Sudan, and Cambodia). The growing inequalities in health and health care are taking its toll on the marginalized
and socially disadvantaged population.
Socio-economic problems
The state of economy has a direct effect on the state of health in a country. The healthcare
infrastructure directly depends on the economic strength. The recent changes in the economic policies had a
definite effect on the healthcare in India. In 1991 a program of economic policy reforms was launched with a
view to attain macroeconomic stability and higher rates of economic growth. Since India's economic reforms
were launched in 1991, the Indian economy has sustained an annual average growth rate of over 6 per cent. In
2003-04, GDP growth was around 7.5 per cent. Health Sector policies in India have tended to stress on reducing
population growth. Stabilizing growth of population is a matter of importance for a large country like India, as
there are links between overall health status of population and population growth rate. In many of the Indian
states where stabilization of population growth is not a priority, their health and social status is among the worst
in the world. Diseases of poverty continue to affect more than half the population while environmental
degradation; occupational hazards and new contagious diseases such as AIDS have a serious impact on the
population. The phenomenon of Urbanization has intensified problems of healthcare. Illiteracy and lack of
awareness amongst masses pose constant threat to the fabric of the society, thus tilts the band of health in the
wrong direction. Persistence of poverty in the social structure also complicates the health scene. The poor suffer
excessively because of the double burden of traditional diseases as well as modern diseases that are caused by
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industrialisation and rapid resource depletion. As a result, social inequalities persist and these affect the health
of the poor more severely than it does the more well-heeled groups.
Political will
India is a representative rather than a participatory democracy. Once the elections are over, the
politicians who run the federal and state governments don‟t really need to go back to the electorate for every
major decision. So, in the five years between one election and another there hardly are any means available to
the citizens to voice their opinions on any decision taken by a government. In India, there are numerous gaps left
by the government in the development process - sometimes by intention or due to lack of funds and sometimes
due to lack of awareness. Most Indian politicians are hesitant to take harsh but healthy decisions as the politics
of vote dominates the agenda. In the process, equality and social justice is an unavoidable subject. As in any
reforms, a strong political will is of essence in health policy reforms too. The political will should be genuine
and continual over a period of at least one to two decades to bring about any appreciable change in the system.
Emergence of private Healthcare
Medical care in India has been in recent past prolific by private healthcare providers. The role of the
private sector is getting stronger in view of the government‟s financial constrains in expanding the health
infrastructure and increasing healthcare costs. A rapidly increasing middleclass prefer private medical care. The
understandable inadequacy of resources in government-run medical care infrastructure has also shifted the
demand towards private concerns. Besides, the emergence of private insurers and increasing spread of medical
insurance is also giving a boost to private medical care. The rapid growth of private sector has given rise to
some concerns. The necessity, appropriateness and efficiency of care delivered by medical care facilities are
increasingly under question. There is a widespread belief that most facilities overcharge by way of unnecessary
diagnostic tests and by stretching the patient's length of stay. The problem is exacerbated by lack of regulation
and institutional pressure to lower 'cost per illness episode. Inspite of these concerns, the private healthcare
sector is growing and becoming stronger. The growth of private healthcare sector has been largely seen as a
boon, however it adds to ever-increasing social dichotomy. The dominance of the private sector not only denies
access to poorer sections of society, but also skews the balance towards urban-biased, tertiary level health
services with profitability overriding equality, and rationality of care often taking a back seat. The increasing
cost of healthcare that is paid by „out of pocket‟ payments is making healthcare unaffordable for a growing
number of people. One in three people who need hospitalization and are paying out of pocket are forced to
borrow money or sell assets to cover expenses. Over 20 million Indians are pushed below the poverty line every
year because of the effect of out of pocket spending on health care. In the absence of an effective regulatory
authority over the private healthcare sector the quality of medical care is constantly deteriorating. Powerful
medical lobbies prevent government from formulating effective legislation. A recent World Bank report
acknowledges the facts that doctors over-prescribe drugs recommend unnecessary investigations and treatment
and fail to provide appropriate information for patients even in private healthcare sector. Although services
offered are excellent but are unaffordable for a common man. This re-emphasizes the role, socio-economic
inequality plays in healthcare delivery.
Other Challenges
Many hospitals and healthcare providers are struggling with outdated information technology in India
today. A major challenge for our nation and the healthcare industry would be not only to retain the healthcare
workforce but also to develop an environment, which would attract those abroad to return (reverse brain drain).
The growing demand for quality healthcare and the absence of matching delivery mechanism pose a great
challenge. There is an acute shortage of faculty of medical teachers all over the country. One of the pivotal
factors to sustain the projected growth of the healthcare industry in India would be the availability of a trained
workforce, besides cheaper technology, better infrastructure etc. Another challenge will be to find good talent in
India to provide the ancillary healthcare services; especially the voice based ones which require not only good
English communication skills but also very good analytical skills
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
With a view to take optimal advantage of demographic dividends and knowledge as a source of growth,
it is essential to improve quality of human resources. For enhancing quality of human resources through health
sector the following policy recommendations must be made:
First very meagre funds are allocated to health sector in India. The level of public expenditure on health
in India should be enhanced considerably. Most of the policy documents including National Health Policy 2002;
and the National Rural Health Mission (2005-2012) have recommended increasing health expenditure to around
9. Health System In India: Opportunities And Challenges For Enhancements
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3 per cent of GDP (Choudhury, 2006). This recommendation should be adopted with immediate effect, and not
mere lip service
Secondly, it is recommended to reduce regional disparities in the provision of health services. With a
view to ensure health services across states, expenditure on basic health services should be State wise. Poor and
backward states lagging behind need quantum jump in the level of funding of health services. The expenditure
on health services should be stepped up to the level of 5 per cent of State Domestic Product in most backward
states like Bihar and Jharkhand, Odhisa.
Thirdly, with a view to reduce rural-urban divide in the provision of health services, the government of
India has launched a programme known as National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). The pace of
implementation of the Mission is very slow. It must be speeded up so that the access to health services by the
rural people in general and poor in particular gets improved. For improving the quality of health services the
government on priority basis should fill all the vacant posts of medical personnel particularly doctors and
nurses, improve the quality of infrastructure and availability of medicines. Although Private sector has emerged
as the major provider of health services in India, but to control sector on account of price, quality of services,
unethical practices, it is recommended to draft an effective regulatory mechanism.
III. Conclusion:
„Every area of trouble gives out a ray of hope; and the one unchangeable certainty is that nothing is
certain or unchangeable‟. These words of John F.Kennedy offer a ray of hope when we look at the healthcare
system in India. While considerable progress has been made in improving the health of the Indian population,
the current status still portrays a grim picture. This is ironical, considering that India spends a comparatively
large share of its gross domestic product (GDP) on health and despite this achievements are not optimal. The
responsibility of the government to provide primary healthcare is a part of a larger goal to create „equal society‟
as repeatedly emphasized in the Preamble and Directive Principles of the Constitution of India.
However there have been significant advances in the healthcare system in India over last few decades.
Despite these recent strides the health system remains ineffective in providing basic minimum care as promised
in the Indian Constitution. The fiscal constraints on the government make it obligatory for the private healthcare
providers to take over part of the responsibility. New ways for establishing, strengthening and sustaining the
private- public co-operation are essential for rejuvenating the system. With the increasing population and the
growth of middle income group, the access of medical services has gained prime importance. With several
initiatives taken by government to address the infrastructure requirements the need for technology solutions
have grown rapidly. In the absence of technology solutions the healthcare sector cannot achieve its full potential
as there would be cases of excess and insufficient capacity of specialized services at various locations. All this
can be achieved with the help of integration and thus helping our own economy to be at the zenith
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