A survey of 357 bus drivers from the city of Salvador in order to understand the working conditions under which they are submitted and their impact on the work performance of these professionals
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
Getting Our Transportation System Back on Its Feet
Link to this issue: http://tti.tamu.edu/2016/03/01/getting-our-transportation-system-back-on-its-feet/
Satisfaction with public transport: the case of an university accessIJERA Editor
This study presents the results of a diagnostic survey on the users satisfaction with the public transportation
system which enables access to a higher education institution (HEI), relating it to some socio-bio-demographic
characteristics. The research instrument, based on fuzzy logic, was answered by 184 randomly selected
passengers. The statistical analysis was performed with non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis, Man Whitney,
Friedman and Wilcoxon). The results for the level of satisfaction were considered reasonable and it was
identified that the factors ''terminal/stops'' and ''comfort/service for passengers'' were the worst evaluated. It was
also identified that the age of the passengers, travel time and distance from the terminal/stop to the
origin/destination are associated with the level of satisfaction.
Sustainable Urban Transport Planning Considering Different Stakeholder Groups...BME
Sustainable urban transport requires smart and environmentally-friendly technical solutions. It also needs to meet the demands of different user groups, including current and potential future users, in order to avoid opposition of the citizens and to support sustainable development decisions. While these requirements are well-known, conducting full surveys of user needs and preferences are tedious and costly, and the interests of different user groups may be contradictory. We therefore developed a methodology based on the prevalent Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is capable of dealing with the inconsistencies and uncertainties of users’ responses by applying an Interval Analytic Hierarchy Process (IAHP) through comparing the results of passengers to reference stakeholder groups. For a case study in Mersin, a coastal city in southern Turkey with 1.7 Million inhabitants, three groups were surveyed with questionnaires: 40 users of the public transport system, 40 non-users, and 17 experts. Based on interval pairwise comparison matrices, consisting of whole judgments of all groups, the IAHP methodology could attain a consensual preference ranking for a future public transportation system between the three groups. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the factor ranking was very stable.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
Getting Our Transportation System Back on Its Feet
Link to this issue: http://tti.tamu.edu/2016/03/01/getting-our-transportation-system-back-on-its-feet/
Satisfaction with public transport: the case of an university accessIJERA Editor
This study presents the results of a diagnostic survey on the users satisfaction with the public transportation
system which enables access to a higher education institution (HEI), relating it to some socio-bio-demographic
characteristics. The research instrument, based on fuzzy logic, was answered by 184 randomly selected
passengers. The statistical analysis was performed with non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis, Man Whitney,
Friedman and Wilcoxon). The results for the level of satisfaction were considered reasonable and it was
identified that the factors ''terminal/stops'' and ''comfort/service for passengers'' were the worst evaluated. It was
also identified that the age of the passengers, travel time and distance from the terminal/stop to the
origin/destination are associated with the level of satisfaction.
Sustainable Urban Transport Planning Considering Different Stakeholder Groups...BME
Sustainable urban transport requires smart and environmentally-friendly technical solutions. It also needs to meet the demands of different user groups, including current and potential future users, in order to avoid opposition of the citizens and to support sustainable development decisions. While these requirements are well-known, conducting full surveys of user needs and preferences are tedious and costly, and the interests of different user groups may be contradictory. We therefore developed a methodology based on the prevalent Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is capable of dealing with the inconsistencies and uncertainties of users’ responses by applying an Interval Analytic Hierarchy Process (IAHP) through comparing the results of passengers to reference stakeholder groups. For a case study in Mersin, a coastal city in southern Turkey with 1.7 Million inhabitants, three groups were surveyed with questionnaires: 40 users of the public transport system, 40 non-users, and 17 experts. Based on interval pairwise comparison matrices, consisting of whole judgments of all groups, the IAHP methodology could attain a consensual preference ranking for a future public transportation system between the three groups. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the factor ranking was very stable.
Analysis of Saturated Intersection towards Volume Capacity in the section of ...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study to analyze the saturation level of the intersections, given the level of congestion on the tolerance within 0, 5-1 km, takes 15-30 minutes in the mornings and afternoons .Some suggested recommendations based on observational studies, while the need to get a decision strategic and as the foundation of permanent and long-term nature of 10-20 years. Through the concept of Management of Transport Demand, integrated concept between the infrastructure according to volume ratio and capacity ideal, so avoid the congestion and accidents, also can meet market demand by customers in every segment of transport demand for transportation services of all things: Quality of Service .Also created: their steady flows, are free to choose the speed, ease of access and movement / mobility, free of cost / efficiency in fuel costs due to traffic jams and accident-free facilities and infrastructure reasons not support the Transport network.
Predicting the use of public transportation: A case study from Putrajaya, Mal...UCSI University
Putrajaya is a new federal administrative capital of Malaysia which has been set to achieve a
70% share of all travels by public transport in the city area. However, the current modal split
between the public transport and private transport is 15:85. In order to understand travelers’
willingness to use the public transport, a conceptual model has been developed to determine
the factors that affect them to use the public transport instead of travelling in their own cars.
The conceptualized relationship model was analyzed and tested using an analytical technique,
known as the structural equation model (SEM). Various variables such as service quality,
environmental impact, attitude and behavior intention were used in the structural model. The
database consisted of a survey of 290 car users in the Putrajaya city and all of them are
workers working in Putrajaya. Results indicate that the service quality and attitude are found
to have positive effects on the behavioral intention of taking the public transport. Other than
this, this study also shows that the service quality and environmental impact have some
positive influences on the attitude in using the public transport. However, environmental
impact has no significant, positive and direct effect on behavioral intention. The results of this
study demonstrate that the model that was developed is useful in predicting the public transport and it could provide a more complete understanding of behavioral intention towards public transport use.
A research report by ITS, commissioned by Greener Journeys in partnership with the UK Department for Transport, highlighting the role played by the bus in driving jobs and economic prosperity.
The research, Buses and the Economy II, conducted by Professor Peter Mackie and Dr Dan Johnson, investigates the link between bus services and the wider economy, including access to jobs, shopping and leisure facilities, and in wider social cohesion.
www.greenerjourneys.com/2014/07/buses-economy-ii
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/research/themes/economicappraisal
MODE CHOICE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ONLINE RIDE-HAILING AND PARATRANSIT IN BANJARMAS...IAEME Publication
Nowadays, application-based transportation is in great demand by the public. Public transport users began to switch to private-hire transportation. This is influenced by the increasingly sophisticated communication tools, making it’s easier for people to mobilise. Another reason for the large number of private-hire transportation use is due to the disappointment that arises on the insufficient of public transportation facilities. This raises the competition between both transporation modes—providing people with a choice in choosing the most appropriate one to use in supporting their activities. The aim of this research is to get a model that can explain the probability of Banjarmasin people’s preference in choosing between online ride-hailing and paratransit in banjarmasin city. In addition to this, the research also aims to find out about the factors or attributes that affect their preference, analyze the influence of travel costs and other attributes reviewed from different travel distance. This research was analyzed using multinomial logite method in Limdep Nlogit 4.0 software. Further analysis is done by multinomial logic analysis to obtain utility and probability on the transportation preference. After obtaining the best utility model,the data on cost sensitivity, travel time and convenience in choosing between both type of transporation, were obtained. Based on the result, the researcher found that the greater the cost and the travel time are, the greater the probability for the private-hire transportation to be choosen will be. Another aspect that makes people tend to choose private-hire transporation rather then public one is the convenience. The result shows that even if public transporation tries to improve its convenience from what it has now, it won’t cause any significant change on the number. In conclusion, private-hire transportation has the highest probability value compared to others. Based on the sensitivity of convenience, then it can be concluded that if the convenience of public transport is improved from its existing conditions, the probability may increase but the raise in the probability value isn’t going to be significant. Therefore, the largest probability value of the three modes belongs to online taxibike.
Creating Better Places with Transportation Demand Management (TDM)Mobility Lab
A “transit premium” can increase property values by anywhere between a few percentage points up to more than 150 percent.
TDM focuses on shifting travelers away from single occupancy-vehicle modes like biking, walking, bus, and rail. In many cases, however, TDM solutions and programs may address only a single alternative mode, or ignore the increasing diversity in how people – particularly younger generations – are traveling.
There is strong evidence of this narrow focus occurring frequently. Residential buildings may tout their WalkScore as a measure of pedestrian-friendliness. Or a commercial building may earn a Bicycle Friendly Business’ designation from the League of American Bicyclists. While these tools and designations are certainly valuable, sustainable buildings should have an an equitable distribution of transportation options and opportunities.
Most property owners and managers (and the business leaders who operate within them) can find ways to better promote and encourage a range of multi-modal options.
My contribution to helping them do so is the Multi-Modal Transportation Score (or what I like to call ModeScore for short). It measures the total accessibility of a given building, taking into account all possible sustainable transportation modes. My overarching goal is that building users will create and embrace programs to encourage and increase alternative travel.
Analysing Stakeholder Consensus for a Sustainable Transport Development Decis...BME
In any public service development decision, it is essential to reach the stakeholders’ agreement to gain a sustainable result, which is accepted by all involved groups. In case this criterion is violated, the impact of the development will be less than expected due to the resistance of one group or another. Concerning public urban transport decisions, the lack of consensus might cause lower utilisation of public vehicles, thus more severe environmental damage, traffic problems and negative economic impacts. This paper aims to introduce a decision support procedure (applying the current MCDM techniques; Fuzzy and Interval AHP) which is capable of analysing and creating consensus among different stakeholder participants in a transport development problem. The combined application of FAHP and IAHP ensures that the consensus creation is not only based on an automated computation process (just as in IAHP) but also on the consideration of specific group interests. Thus, the decision makers have the liberty to express their preferences in urban planning, along with the consideration of numerical results. The procedure has been tested in a real public transport improvement decision as a follow-up project, in an emerging city, Mersin, Turkey. Results show that by the application of the proposed techniques, decision-makers can be more aware of the conflicts of interests among the involved groups, and they can pay more attention to possible violations.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Analysis of Saturated Intersection towards Volume Capacity in the section of ...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study to analyze the saturation level of the intersections, given the level of congestion on the tolerance within 0, 5-1 km, takes 15-30 minutes in the mornings and afternoons .Some suggested recommendations based on observational studies, while the need to get a decision strategic and as the foundation of permanent and long-term nature of 10-20 years. Through the concept of Management of Transport Demand, integrated concept between the infrastructure according to volume ratio and capacity ideal, so avoid the congestion and accidents, also can meet market demand by customers in every segment of transport demand for transportation services of all things: Quality of Service .Also created: their steady flows, are free to choose the speed, ease of access and movement / mobility, free of cost / efficiency in fuel costs due to traffic jams and accident-free facilities and infrastructure reasons not support the Transport network.
Predicting the use of public transportation: A case study from Putrajaya, Mal...UCSI University
Putrajaya is a new federal administrative capital of Malaysia which has been set to achieve a
70% share of all travels by public transport in the city area. However, the current modal split
between the public transport and private transport is 15:85. In order to understand travelers’
willingness to use the public transport, a conceptual model has been developed to determine
the factors that affect them to use the public transport instead of travelling in their own cars.
The conceptualized relationship model was analyzed and tested using an analytical technique,
known as the structural equation model (SEM). Various variables such as service quality,
environmental impact, attitude and behavior intention were used in the structural model. The
database consisted of a survey of 290 car users in the Putrajaya city and all of them are
workers working in Putrajaya. Results indicate that the service quality and attitude are found
to have positive effects on the behavioral intention of taking the public transport. Other than
this, this study also shows that the service quality and environmental impact have some
positive influences on the attitude in using the public transport. However, environmental
impact has no significant, positive and direct effect on behavioral intention. The results of this
study demonstrate that the model that was developed is useful in predicting the public transport and it could provide a more complete understanding of behavioral intention towards public transport use.
A research report by ITS, commissioned by Greener Journeys in partnership with the UK Department for Transport, highlighting the role played by the bus in driving jobs and economic prosperity.
The research, Buses and the Economy II, conducted by Professor Peter Mackie and Dr Dan Johnson, investigates the link between bus services and the wider economy, including access to jobs, shopping and leisure facilities, and in wider social cohesion.
www.greenerjourneys.com/2014/07/buses-economy-ii
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/research/themes/economicappraisal
MODE CHOICE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ONLINE RIDE-HAILING AND PARATRANSIT IN BANJARMAS...IAEME Publication
Nowadays, application-based transportation is in great demand by the public. Public transport users began to switch to private-hire transportation. This is influenced by the increasingly sophisticated communication tools, making it’s easier for people to mobilise. Another reason for the large number of private-hire transportation use is due to the disappointment that arises on the insufficient of public transportation facilities. This raises the competition between both transporation modes—providing people with a choice in choosing the most appropriate one to use in supporting their activities. The aim of this research is to get a model that can explain the probability of Banjarmasin people’s preference in choosing between online ride-hailing and paratransit in banjarmasin city. In addition to this, the research also aims to find out about the factors or attributes that affect their preference, analyze the influence of travel costs and other attributes reviewed from different travel distance. This research was analyzed using multinomial logite method in Limdep Nlogit 4.0 software. Further analysis is done by multinomial logic analysis to obtain utility and probability on the transportation preference. After obtaining the best utility model,the data on cost sensitivity, travel time and convenience in choosing between both type of transporation, were obtained. Based on the result, the researcher found that the greater the cost and the travel time are, the greater the probability for the private-hire transportation to be choosen will be. Another aspect that makes people tend to choose private-hire transporation rather then public one is the convenience. The result shows that even if public transporation tries to improve its convenience from what it has now, it won’t cause any significant change on the number. In conclusion, private-hire transportation has the highest probability value compared to others. Based on the sensitivity of convenience, then it can be concluded that if the convenience of public transport is improved from its existing conditions, the probability may increase but the raise in the probability value isn’t going to be significant. Therefore, the largest probability value of the three modes belongs to online taxibike.
Creating Better Places with Transportation Demand Management (TDM)Mobility Lab
A “transit premium” can increase property values by anywhere between a few percentage points up to more than 150 percent.
TDM focuses on shifting travelers away from single occupancy-vehicle modes like biking, walking, bus, and rail. In many cases, however, TDM solutions and programs may address only a single alternative mode, or ignore the increasing diversity in how people – particularly younger generations – are traveling.
There is strong evidence of this narrow focus occurring frequently. Residential buildings may tout their WalkScore as a measure of pedestrian-friendliness. Or a commercial building may earn a Bicycle Friendly Business’ designation from the League of American Bicyclists. While these tools and designations are certainly valuable, sustainable buildings should have an an equitable distribution of transportation options and opportunities.
Most property owners and managers (and the business leaders who operate within them) can find ways to better promote and encourage a range of multi-modal options.
My contribution to helping them do so is the Multi-Modal Transportation Score (or what I like to call ModeScore for short). It measures the total accessibility of a given building, taking into account all possible sustainable transportation modes. My overarching goal is that building users will create and embrace programs to encourage and increase alternative travel.
Analysing Stakeholder Consensus for a Sustainable Transport Development Decis...BME
In any public service development decision, it is essential to reach the stakeholders’ agreement to gain a sustainable result, which is accepted by all involved groups. In case this criterion is violated, the impact of the development will be less than expected due to the resistance of one group or another. Concerning public urban transport decisions, the lack of consensus might cause lower utilisation of public vehicles, thus more severe environmental damage, traffic problems and negative economic impacts. This paper aims to introduce a decision support procedure (applying the current MCDM techniques; Fuzzy and Interval AHP) which is capable of analysing and creating consensus among different stakeholder participants in a transport development problem. The combined application of FAHP and IAHP ensures that the consensus creation is not only based on an automated computation process (just as in IAHP) but also on the consideration of specific group interests. Thus, the decision makers have the liberty to express their preferences in urban planning, along with the consideration of numerical results. The procedure has been tested in a real public transport improvement decision as a follow-up project, in an emerging city, Mersin, Turkey. Results show that by the application of the proposed techniques, decision-makers can be more aware of the conflicts of interests among the involved groups, and they can pay more attention to possible violations.
Similar to working conditions of bus drivers in a large brazilian metropolis (20)
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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2. 2506 Anastácio Pinto Gonçalves Filho et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 3 (2015) 2505 – 2509
and, consequently, a high level of accidents. It is no coincidence that, due to their nature, the bus driver's job has
been identified as one of the most stressful. This is justified largely by the existence of a conflict between three
pressure sources: to be able to fulfill the tight schedules of working scales, drive safely and serve well the
passengers and, on the other hand, the driver has little control over the external environment.[1]
The act of driving is a highly painful and stressful task, especially for professional drivers of public transport in
Brazil, who suffer with irregular working hours, rude passengers, insecurity (exposed to robbery and accidents),
high noise levels both inside and outside the vehicle, high ambient temperatures, company’s requirements, bad road
conditions, equipment failure, excessive stops during travel, among others.
Recent research in the city of Salvador, one of the main Brazilian cities, shows that more than half of the
population disapproves the public transportation system and also affirms that there is anything positive on that,
emphasizing its inefficiency and disorganization. One of discontent size causes includes negligence with the bus
drivers, who go through many hostile situations and are exposed to various pressure factors, compromising their
physical and mental health and the integrity of the entire population that depends on the services.
This project aimed, therefore, to know the working conditions of bus drivers in the city of Salvador, their routine
and the types of problems faced by them in the exercise of their profession, showing how the health and welfare of
these professionals affect the lives those who rely on buses to get around in the city. It also aimed to contribute to
society, collecting data for the bus drivers to permit assessment of their working conditions in the light of
ergonomics, to look for quick and effective interventions in order to implement improvements in the living
conditions of these professionals benefiting not only workers of this segment but also the whole population of
Salvador using this form of transportation.
2. Method
A closed type questionnaire was prepared and applied. The subject (bus driver) marked the alternative that they
considered the most correct, and each question had five response alternatives ranging from: fully agree, partially
agree, neutral, disagree partially, strongly disagree. The questionnaire consisted of 36 questions on the following
topics: comfort, influencing factors of driving the vehicle, human-machine interaction. There is a reservation that
these 36 questions, three of which have different types of response (ranging from "never", "once", "twice", "3
times", "4 or more") to allow more information of the issues and correlate certain types of data that we consider
useful for the analysis development of the research.
According to the Bahia Road Workers Union, the questionnaire should be applied at a bus station, because there
would more bus drivers available. They have a break to rest, with more time to answer the questionnaire and not
suffer influence by owners of bus companies to complete the questionnaire. Thus, it was decided to apply the
questionnaire at Mussurunga, Pirajá and Lapa stations, because it is where there are the most bus drivers and public
buses per day. However, the research could not be performed at Lapa station, because there was no pause for rest of
the bus drivers. Therefore we used bus terminals at Pituba, Cajazeiras 11 and Ribeira, and Mussurunga and Pirajá
stations.
The number of bus drivers who completed the questionnaire was 357, taking into account the total number of five
thousand bus drivers in Salvador and sample size produced a confidence level of 95% and maximum error of 5%.
This questionnaire took into account issues such as: drivers could answer it in a short time, because they have a few
minutes rest between trips; use a vocabulary that is appropriate for bus drivers so that they could understand the
issues and therefore respond with full conviction.
Table 1 demonstrates the working time of bus drivers in Salvador, divided into 4 groups, according to the Union
of Workers Road Transport of the state of Bahia.
Table 1. Percentage of bus drivers versus working time.
Working time as bus driver Percentage of bus drivers in Salvador (%)
Up to 4 years 29.1%
Between 5-9 years 22%
Between 10-14 years 19%
Greater than or equal to 15 years 29.9%
3. 2507Anastácio Pinto Gonçalves Filho et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 3 (2015) 2505 – 2509
As can be seen in table 2, the bus drivers selected for the interviwes were distributed into 4 groups according to
year of service, based on the table 1.
Table 2. Total of bus drivers by stations and service time.
Stations x Service Time Until 4 years 5-9 years 10 -14 years Over 15 years Total of bus drivers by stations
Pirajá 28 21 18 29 96
Mussurunga 18 13 12 19 62
Lapa 58 44 38 59 199
Total of bus drivers 104 78 68 107 357
3. Analysis and data validation
Originally, the questionnaire was composed by 36 questions, but it was necessary to relieve some issues to keep
the quality of research. Before any preliminary analysis three questions that had other codes than the default answers
were excluded; to keep them would be inconsistent.
Therefore, the processing of data was started with 33 questions using the SPSS software STATISTICS 19,
however the huge dimension of the block limited the detailing and the deepening. Working with cluster analysis was
thus the means to classify data according to its intrinsic characteristics, that is, allowing the linking of the issues at
successively larger groups by using measures of similarity or distance. In this case, Euclidian distance for the
construction of the dendrogram was chosen. The dendrogram is similar to a structure of branches and leaves, and is
useful in determining the division of groups of questions in quantitative terms.[2]
According to the distance linkage it was possible to establish the formation of three blocks and to run the K-
means method to determine the questions that should compose each of them. This method of division consisted in
minimizing the variability within clusters and maximizing the variability between sets by means of the individual
questions.[2]
After that, it was noted that some issues had variations that jarred with others belonging to the groups,
which revealed randomness in the responses and consequently reduced the value of Cronbach's Alpha coefficient
used to validate the data.
The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient is an internal consistency measure, which adds a set of items as a group by the
average correlation among them - items. It is considered, therefore, a statistic that measures the consistency and / or
reliability of a questionnaire on a numerical scale from zero to one, where 0 would represent no consistency and 1
high reliability.[3,4,5]
Although it was obtained through software in this study, the calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient is given
by:
2
1
2
1*
1 t
k
i i
S
S
k
k
a (1)
Where:
k is the number of questionnaire items;
2
iS corresponds to the variance of each item;
2
tS is the total variance of the questionnaire, determined as the sum of all the variances.
Aiming an Alpha coefficient as close as possible to the reliability, the questions which had trends of randomness
in the responses were selected and excluded and the analysis was restarted now as a single block consisting of 26
uniform and consistent questions. Since the hypothesis of the formation of three groups was maintained, there is a
need to name them according to their themes.
The first group of questions related to the activity of driving with multiple factors, such that: security, stress,
health, etc., and was called "influencing factors in driving"; the second, smaller and clear theme, was entitled
"Comfort"; and the third was aimed at the car on the driver's perspective, and named "Man-machine interaction."
4. 2508 Anastácio Pinto Gonçalves Filho et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 3 (2015) 2505 – 2509
Finally, the questionnaire as a single block of 26 questions presented a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of 0.80, so
it was taken as reliable as the other blocks.[5]
As shown in the table below.
Table 3. Cronbach’s Alpha.
Group Number of questions Name of group Cronbach’s Alpha
1 18 Influencing factors in driving 0.73
2 2 Comfort 0.72
3 6 Man-Machine Interaction 0.64
Total 26 Questionnaire 0.80
4. Results
Some results, as mentioned below, are very important and show uniformity that certain questions were answered
by the drivers:
The question "Have you driven a bus that stopped working in the street by a defect presented?" presented fully
affirmative response of 89% of drivers (319 of the total 357 respondents), which tends to be more a factor that
leads the driver to stress because beyond all external factors, they have to deal with the constant breaking down
of the bus as they themselves state;
97% of drivers (348 of the total 357 respondents) fully agreed with the question "Am I concerned with urban
violence during my work day?” demonstrating the concern that these drivers have especially with the lack of
public safety in the city of Salvador. One of the reports of the drivers was that he was working frightened because
he had been robbed 25 times while working and attacked on several of these occasions;
93% of drivers who responded to the questionnaire (332 of the total 357) affirmed agree absolutely to the
question: "Is the traffic in Salvador stressful?". As the drivers themselves reported, the increase of the vehicle
fleet in the city, combined with constant traffic jams and bad manners in traffic, are some of the causes of the
chaotic city traffic;
96% of drivers (341 of the total 357 respondents) agreed with conviction to the following question: "Have I been
insulted by a passenger or another driver during the job?". This tends to make the driver more worn out during
transit, become more stressed and eventually lose their attention and cause some sort of accident, endangering the
lives of users, their own and that of other drivers.
The question "Have I failed to stop at a bus stop for fear of assault?" had fully positive response of 87% of
drivers (311 of the total 357 respondents), demonstrating that the vast majority of drivers feel frightened and as
reported, there are certain bus stops that they do not stop the vehicle during certain times, claiming these to be
more dangerous.
84% of drivers (299 of the total 357 respondents) fully agreed with the question "Have you felt pain in the back,
neck or arms during or after work?", which shows that the position that they work turns out to be painful for
health of the drivers, who constantly see themselves in pain throughout the body, as informed numerous times.
77% of drivers (274 of the total 357 respondents) agreed with conviction with the question "Does the temperature
in my job bother me?", which shows that the temperature of the city allied to the proximity of the engine, and the
cab space with little ventilation are reasons of discomfort for the driver.
5. Conclusion
It was concluded that the mental and physical health, and welfare aspects are very important for the healthy
performance of bus driver profession, confirming thus the link between activity and two areas of ergonomics:
cognitive and physical. The continuous mental activity, over long periods, can be exhausting, especially if combined
with other factors - temperature, noise, etc. - and although some of these processes are inherent to the activity, they
should be minimized through features that make it more satisfying.
One of the factors appointed as inconvenient was the high temperature, especially in older vehicles. Due to the
proximity between the driver's seat and the engine, there is excessive release of heat to the lower members of the
drive, causing the loss of the leg hair as well as more serious illnesses. However, an appropriate sealing or addition
5. 2509Anastácio Pinto Gonçalves Filho et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 3 (2015) 2505 – 2509
of an insulating reinforcement could reduce the temperature in workspace. In some current vehicles measures have
already been adopted to minimize the problem.
In addition, global warming makes the capitals true heat islands. Close to peak times - a period in which there is a
greater flow of people on the buses - high temperatures are felt with greater intensity and allied to traffic congestion
generates discomfort both for users and for the driver. Even if the vehicles are equipped with fans and operate
properly, the ambient temperature remains high. Many drivers believe that this high temperature hinders the
performance of their activities and the other parties reported to have become used to it. The use of air conditioners
was identified as a solution to this issue.
The reported noise is caused by two elements: the front engine and the windows of the vehicle. Although they
presented improvement in newer buses due to acoustic insulation, this could be further minimized with the change to
rear or side motor and rubber screens avoiding friction between the glass and the frame.
The lack of public security was observed as the main factor hindering the development of the activity. The
concern with urban violence is daily, whether inside or outside the vehicle. Discussions occur between passengers,
between passenger and driver, or between conductors. Although not directly linked to the problem, drivers often
have to intervene to prevent further conflicts on the bus.
The professionals stated that citizens have difficulty in understanding that there are rules in the development of
the activity and that these must be followed. Due to insecurity, the company's orders are sometimes abandoned to
attend to the passenger requests, such as the stopping points and rides, especially at night.
In conclusion, the tension caused by all this could only lead to a state of stress at the end of the day, as evidenced
in the form of fatigue, exhaustion and pain in various parts of the body, since these professionals are put to the test
daily.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the bus drivers' union of Bahia for the information provided and send an accompaniment
to go with us to the first contact with the bus drivers, and so, so we could start the interviews; thank the bus drivers,
because they are always willing to help us and the transparent way they responded to the questionnaire and showed
us the hard work rotinal; we would also like to thank the concessionaire responsible for managing some of the
stations where we were for letting us perform the research on these sites.
References
[1] Gardell, B. Aaronson , G. Barkloff , K. The Working Environment for Local Public Transport Personnel. 1982.
[2] von Wangenheim, A. Análise de agrupamentos [Internet]. [last updated on October 20th, 2006; accessed on March 18th, 2015]. Available on:
http://www.inf.ufsc.br/~patrec/agrupamentos.html
[3] Cronbach’s alpha using SPSS [Internet]. United Kingdom: Laerd Statistics. [accessed on March 21th, 2015] Available on:
https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/cronbachs-alpha-using-spss-statistics.php
[4] Statistical Consulting Group. What does Cronbach’s alpha mean? [Internet]. Los Angeles (CA): UCLA Institute for Digital Research
Education. [accessed on March 21th, 2015]. Available on: http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/spss/faq/alpha.html
[5] Vieira, S. Alfa de Cronbach [Internet]. February 28th, 2013. [accessed on March 16th, 2015] Available on:
http://soniavieira.blogspot.com.br/2013/02/alfa-de-cronbach.html