This document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It discusses indicator diagrams for 4-stroke engines, two-stroke engines, valve timing diagrams, variable valve timing (VVT), supercharging, and the types of superchargers. Key points covered include the operation of two-stroke and four-stroke engines, the components and control of VVT systems, and the objectives and effects of supercharging engines.
The valve timing of modern automobiles are not constant. It varies with speed, load. Here this slide describes about the modern Variable Valve Timing system and their controls
With the development of technologies such as VVT (Variable Valve Timing) and VVL (Variable Valve lift) controlled by ECU resulted in the development of modern ivtec, multiair and other advance engines which not only improved performance but also were energy efficient with less NOx emissions.
it is a ppt on koenigsegg camless valves which are new inventions in ic engine here its principle and working have been explaned.and also working of conventional engine habe been explained.
The most important challenge facing car manufacturers today is to offer vehicles that deliver excellent fuel efficiency and superb performance while maintaining cleaner emissions and driving comfort.
This paper deals with i-VTEC(intelligent-Variable valve Timing and lift Electronic Control) engine technology which is one of the advanced technology in the IC engine
i-VTEC is the new trend in Honda's latest large capacity four cylinder petrol engine family. The name is derived from 'intelligent' combustion control technologies that match outstanding fuel economy, cleaner emissions and reduced weight with high output and greatly improved torque characteristics in all speed range. The design cleverly combines the highly renowned VTEC system.
VTC is able to advance and retard inlet valve opening by altering the phasing of the inlet camshaft to best match the engine load at any given moment. The two systems work in concern under the close control of the engine management system delivering improved cylinder charging and combustion efficiency, reduced intake resistance, and improved exhaust gas recirculation among the benefits.
i-VTEC technology offers tremendous flexibility since it is able to fully maximize engine potential over its complete range of operation. In short Honda's i-VTEC technology gives us the best in vehicle performance
The latest and most sophisticated VTEC development is i-VTEC ("intelligent" VTEC), which combines features of all the various previous VTEC systems for even greater power band width and cleaner emissions. With the latest i-VTEC setup, at low rpm the timing of the intake valves is now staggered and their lift is asymmetric, which creates a swirl effect within the combustion chambers. At high rpm, the VTEC transitions as previously into a high-lift, long-duration cam profile
The valve timing of modern automobiles are not constant. It varies with speed, load. Here this slide describes about the modern Variable Valve Timing system and their controls
With the development of technologies such as VVT (Variable Valve Timing) and VVL (Variable Valve lift) controlled by ECU resulted in the development of modern ivtec, multiair and other advance engines which not only improved performance but also were energy efficient with less NOx emissions.
it is a ppt on koenigsegg camless valves which are new inventions in ic engine here its principle and working have been explaned.and also working of conventional engine habe been explained.
The most important challenge facing car manufacturers today is to offer vehicles that deliver excellent fuel efficiency and superb performance while maintaining cleaner emissions and driving comfort.
This paper deals with i-VTEC(intelligent-Variable valve Timing and lift Electronic Control) engine technology which is one of the advanced technology in the IC engine
i-VTEC is the new trend in Honda's latest large capacity four cylinder petrol engine family. The name is derived from 'intelligent' combustion control technologies that match outstanding fuel economy, cleaner emissions and reduced weight with high output and greatly improved torque characteristics in all speed range. The design cleverly combines the highly renowned VTEC system.
VTC is able to advance and retard inlet valve opening by altering the phasing of the inlet camshaft to best match the engine load at any given moment. The two systems work in concern under the close control of the engine management system delivering improved cylinder charging and combustion efficiency, reduced intake resistance, and improved exhaust gas recirculation among the benefits.
i-VTEC technology offers tremendous flexibility since it is able to fully maximize engine potential over its complete range of operation. In short Honda's i-VTEC technology gives us the best in vehicle performance
The latest and most sophisticated VTEC development is i-VTEC ("intelligent" VTEC), which combines features of all the various previous VTEC systems for even greater power band width and cleaner emissions. With the latest i-VTEC setup, at low rpm the timing of the intake valves is now staggered and their lift is asymmetric, which creates a swirl effect within the combustion chambers. At high rpm, the VTEC transitions as previously into a high-lift, long-duration cam profile
Since the invention of internal combustion engines, camshafts have been used to operate the valves on the cylinder head to bring in air and fuel and expel exhaust gases. The conventional valve train has its limitations: the single lobed cam is designed to operate the valves at only specific periods of the Otto cycle, thus preventing the engine from achieving maximum torque at higher rpms. The opening and closing of the valves is constrained by the geometry of the cam profile. The concept of camless engines allows for greater optimization of overall engine performance during different phases of running.
An i-VTEC is new technology introduce by the honda in the field of automobile. This technology is most famous and installed in all cars of the honda. In this presentation on i-VTEC you will find all about it like its working principle, its performance, its advantages and disadvantages and further development in this technology. A complete illustration about this technolgy is given in this presentation.
Rack And Pinion Mechanism for Continuous Variable Valve Timing of IC EnginesIJERA Editor
The valve timing is a very closely studied event and effects the performance of an IC Engine greatly with
respect to the Brake Power Produced, Volumetric Efficiency and Emissions etc. The valve event if varied and
experimented with, can result in higher efficiencies and overall improved performance of the Engine. Hence,
various researchers have attempted to temper with the valve timing and thus many Variable Valve Timing
systems have been proposed till date with many of them being implemented by various manufacturers.
However, on reviewing the presently employed systems, the lack of existence of a single system capable of
independently altering both the timing and the lift of the valves was recognized. Thus, a single system capable
of achieving the above was thought of and designed. A rack and pinion mechanism powered by a programmed
servo motor mounted vertically seemed most practical in achieving this within the size and space constraints. A
single cylinder diesel Engine was simulated with „Lotus Engine Simulation‟ software to derive the optimum
valve angles and lifts for a range of the Engine operating speed and the system was accordingly programmed
and designed to achieve them. The system was designed in „Creo‟ software and analysed correspondingly in
„Ansys‟ software and then finally assembled on a Diesel Engine in the lab.
Since the invention of internal combustion engines, camshafts have been used to operate the valves on the cylinder head to bring in air and fuel and expel exhaust gases. The conventional valve train has its limitations: the single lobed cam is designed to operate the valves at only specific periods of the Otto cycle, thus preventing the engine from achieving maximum torque at higher rpms. The opening and closing of the valves is constrained by the geometry of the cam profile. The concept of camless engines allows for greater optimization of overall engine performance during different phases of running.
An i-VTEC is new technology introduce by the honda in the field of automobile. This technology is most famous and installed in all cars of the honda. In this presentation on i-VTEC you will find all about it like its working principle, its performance, its advantages and disadvantages and further development in this technology. A complete illustration about this technolgy is given in this presentation.
Rack And Pinion Mechanism for Continuous Variable Valve Timing of IC EnginesIJERA Editor
The valve timing is a very closely studied event and effects the performance of an IC Engine greatly with
respect to the Brake Power Produced, Volumetric Efficiency and Emissions etc. The valve event if varied and
experimented with, can result in higher efficiencies and overall improved performance of the Engine. Hence,
various researchers have attempted to temper with the valve timing and thus many Variable Valve Timing
systems have been proposed till date with many of them being implemented by various manufacturers.
However, on reviewing the presently employed systems, the lack of existence of a single system capable of
independently altering both the timing and the lift of the valves was recognized. Thus, a single system capable
of achieving the above was thought of and designed. A rack and pinion mechanism powered by a programmed
servo motor mounted vertically seemed most practical in achieving this within the size and space constraints. A
single cylinder diesel Engine was simulated with „Lotus Engine Simulation‟ software to derive the optimum
valve angles and lifts for a range of the Engine operating speed and the system was accordingly programmed
and designed to achieve them. The system was designed in „Creo‟ software and analysed correspondingly in
„Ansys‟ software and then finally assembled on a Diesel Engine in the lab.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdf
Internal combustion Engine.pptx
1. SHARAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, POLYTECHNIC,
YADRAV
POWER ENGINEERING AND REFRIGERATION
A
LECTURE ON
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
BY
MS. VIDDYA S.PATIL
(ASSI.PROF. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING)
2. CONTENTS-
• Indicator diagrams for 4 stroke Engine
• Two stroke Engine
• Comparison of Two stroke and four stroke Engine
• Valve timing diagrams
• VVTI Engine- concept and arrangement
• Supercharging – Objectives and advantages
3. Indicator diagrams for 4 stroke Engine-
Indicator diagrams of two types- 1. Theoretical or Hypothetical diagram
2. Actual
Indicator diagrams for 4 stroke SI Engine-
5. Two stroke Engine-
• Two stroke- 1. Compression stroke
2. Power or expansion stroke
• One power stroke completes in one revolution
• Piston motion controls opening and closing valves
• Ports control the exhaust and inlet flows while the
piston is close to BDC
• Applicable to both SI and CI Engines
• High power to weight ratio
• Simple valve design
1. Compression stroke-
Compress the cylinder contents and draws fresh
charge into the crankcase
Initiation of combustion near TDC
2. Power or Expansion Stroke-
Exhaust ports and intake ports are uncovered
sequentially.
Induction of fresh charge compressed in the
crankcase
6. Types of two stroke engine–
Depending upon the scavenging method used there
are basically two types of two-stroke engines:
(i) crankcase scavenged engine
(ii) separately scavenged engine
I ) crankcase scavenged engine-
There are three ports in this engine.
(i) intake port at the crankcase
(ii) transfer port
(iii) exhaust port
12. VVTI Engine- concept and arrangement
WHAT IS VVT ? • Variable Valve Timing (VVT) ,is a generic term for an automobile piston engine technology •
VVT allows the lift or duration or timing (some or all) of the intake or exhaust valves (or both) to be changed while
the engine is in operation • Two stroke engines use a power valve system to get similar results to VVT
WHAT IS VVT-i • The VVT-i system is designed to control the intake camshaft with in a range of 50°(of
Crankshaft Angle ) to provide valve timing i.e. optimally suited to the engine condition .This improves the torque
in all the speed ranges as well as fuel economy ,and reducing exhaust emissions. • This system controls the intake
camshaft valve timing so as to obtain balance between the engine output, fuel consumption & emission control
performance. The actual intake side valve timing is feed back by means of the camshaft position sensor for constant
control to the target valve timing.
13. CONSTRUCTION The Variable Valve Timing (VVT) system includes
ECM
OCV
VVT controller
• The ECM sends a target duty-cycle control signal to the OCV. This control signal regulates the oil
pressure supplied to the VVT controller. Camshaft timing control is performed according to engine
operating conditions such as the intake air volume, throttle valve position and engine coolant
temperature.
• The ECM controls the OCV, based on the signals transmitted by several sensors. The VVT controller
regulates the intake camshaft angle using oil pressure through the OCV. As a result, the relative
positions of the camshaft and crankshaft are optimized, the engine torque and fuel economy improve,
and the exhaust emissions decrease under overall driving conditions. The ECM detects the actual intake
valve timing using signals from the camshaft and crankshaft position sensors, and performs feedback
control. This is how the target intake valve timing is verified by the ECM.
•The ECM optimizes the valve timing using the VVT system to control the intake camshaft. The VVT
system includes the ECM, the OCV and the VVT controller. The ECM sends a target duty-cycle control
signal to the OCV. This control signal regulates the oil pressure supplied to the VVT controller. The
VVT controller can advance or retard the intake camshaft.
14.
15.
16. 1.VVT-i Controller
• It consist of the housing driven from the timing chain & the vane coupled with the intake camshaft.
• The oil pressure sent from the advance or retard side path at the intake camshaft causes rotation in the VVT-i
controller vane circumferential direction to vary the intake valve timing continuously.
• When the engine is stopped the intake camshaft will be in the most retard state to ensure start ability.
• When hydraulic pressure is not applied to the VVT-i controller immediately after the engine has been started,
the lock pin locks the movement of the VVT-i controller to prevent a knocking noise.
17. 2.Camshaft Timing Oil Control valve
• The camshaft timing oil control valve controls the spool valve position in accordance with the duty-cycle control from
the ECM. This allows the hydraulic pressure to be applied to the VVT-i controller advance or retard side
18. OPERATION •
The camshaft timing oil control
valve selects the path according to
the advance, retard or hold signal
from the ECM. The VVT-i
controller rotates the intake
camshaft in the timing advance or
retard position or holds it according
to the position where the oil pressure
is applied.
19. In proportion to the engine speed, intake air volume throttle position and water temperature, the ECM calculates optimal
valve timing under each driving condition & controls the camshaft timing oil control valve. In addition ECM uses signal
from the camshaft position sensor & the crankshaft position sensor to detect the actual valve timing, thus performing
feedback control to achieve the target valve timing
22. Supercharging -
Objectives-
1.To increase the power output of the engine by increasing the density of charge at intake.
2. To reduce the weight to power ratio.
3. To overcome the loss of power at high altitudes either in case of static engines or in case of aircraft
applications.
4. To reduce the bulk of the engine where weight and space are important considerations like in case of
locomotives and marine engines.
EFFECTS OF SUPERCHARGING
Higher power output
Greater induction of charge mass
Better atomization of fuel
Better mixing of fuel and air
Better scavenging of products
Better torque characteristic over the whole speed range
More complete and smoother combustion
Smoother operation and reduction in diesel knock tendency
Increased detonation tendency in SI engines
Improved cold starting
23. Reduced exhaust smoke
Reduced specific fuel consumption, in turbocharging
Increased mechanical efficiency
Increased thermal stresses
Increased heat losses due to increased turbulence
Increased gas loading
Increased valve overlap period of 60 to 160◦ of crank angle Increased cooling requirements of pistons and valves
Limitations-
1. Increase in intake pressure increases the maximum pressure attained in the cylinder. This increases the weight of
cylinder since the engine has to be designed to withstand higher pressure.
2. Increased maximum pressure in the cylinder tend to increase detonation tendency in case of SI engines.
3. Higher peak pressure increases the friction losses
4. Higher peak pressure increases the bearing loads and frictional losses
5. Excessive supercharging may result into higher mean cylinder wall temperatures and it may cause the melting of
piston top and pre-ignition problems
6. Higher peak temperatures will lead to higher exhaust gas temperatures. It causes overheating of exhaust valves.
24. 1. TYPES OF SUPERCHARGERS-
1. Centrifugal type
2. Root’s type
3. Vane type