Interior Methods of Water Control

A Structural Group Company
Interior Methods of Water Control
Brent Anderson, PE
November 5, 2010
Los Angeles, Ca.

Agenda
 Positive versus Negative Side Waterproofing
 Negative Side Techniques*:
 Interior Coatings / Overlays
 Surface Sealing & Crack Routing
 Crack / Joint Grouting
 Water Management / Drainage
 Electro-Osmotic Pulse (EOP)

Does Water Leakage Cause you Pain?
 Joint Leakage
 Soil Particle Flow
 Water Treatment Required
 Mold & Musty Smells
 Corrosion
 Slip Hazards
 Ice Buildup

Mold—Gives off VOC’s
Indoor Air Quality
Trapped Water + Heat = Mold Growth
Mold Growth

15% Water Creates Micro-voids
 Aggregate (75%) + Cement (10%)
+ Water(15%)
 Microscopic cracks and voids
exist everywhere in concrete.
 Concrete is a “HARD SPONGE”
 Aggregates and hydrated
cement is net negative---Voids
are net positive

AGGREGATE
70%
MIX 1
LEAN
RICH
MIX 4
MIX 3
LEAN
15% 18% 8% 28% 31%
70%
30%
BY VOLUME
BY VOLUME
PASTE
AGGREGATE
70%
30%
20%
30%
40%
40% ROCK) ARE 70% OF THE MIX.
BAR 4
NON-AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE
CEMENT WATER AIR SAND COARSE AGG.
AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE
NON-AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE
AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE
PASTE
AGGREGATE
BAR 3
PROPORTIONS OF CONCRETE
10 + 20 + 30 + 40 = 100%
RANGE IN PROPORTIONS OF MATERIALS USED IN
CONCRETE, BY ABSOLUTE VOLUME. BARS 1 AND 3 REPRESENT
RICH MIXES WITH SMALL SIZE AGGREGATES. BARS 2 AND 4
REPRESENTS LEAN MIXES WITH LARGE AGGREGATES.
CONCRETE IS BROADLY DESCRIBED AS AIR OR NON-AIR
ENTRAINED. AIR ENTRAINED CONCRETE USUALLY REQUIRES
SLIGHTLY LESS WATER FOR A SIMILAR SLUMP, AS COMPARED
TO NON-AIR ENTRAINED. CONCRETE IS BASICALLY PROPORTIONED
(10-20-30-40 = 100 %). THE CEMENT PASTE IS ABOUT 30% OF THE MIX,
(10% CEMENT, 15% WATER AND 5% AIR), AGGREGATES (30% SAND,
10%
20%
30%
40%
CEMENT WATER AIR SAND COARSE AGG.
RICH
MIX 2
BAR 1
BAR 2
10% 15% 5% ~ 30% 40%~
7% 14% 4% 24% 51%
40%
ROCK
10%
CEMENT
30%
SAND
15%
WATER
5%
AIR
15% 21% 8% 30% 31%
7% 16%
1%
25% 51%
10% 18% 2% 30% 40%~~
40%
ROCK
10%
CEMENT
30%
SAND
18%
WATER
2%
AIR

AIR BUBBLE
AVERAGE
10 µm
TO
OVER 1,000µm
ENTRAPPED AIR
ENTRAINED AIR - 10 TO 1000 µm
100 µm
ROCK
GRAVEL
COARSE SAND
FINE SAND, ENTRAINED AIR BUBBLE, MACRO VOIDS
SILT, CEMENT, AIR BUBBLE OF ENTRAINED AIR
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
µm
1" SIEVE
3/8" SIEVE
#4 SIEVE,
#100 SIEVE,
#200 SIEVE,
#325 SIEVE,
25,000
9,500
4,750
150
75
45
25
20
15
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.00025
SLAG, SILT, CEMENT
1 mil CRACK, CEMENT, SILT, LARGE PORE CAPILLARY
.02 mm SILT, CEMENT, FLYASH, ENTRAINED AIR BUBBLE
FLY ASH, MICROFINE CEMENT, MACRO VOIDS
SILICA, CALCITED CLAY, MACRO VOIDS
MICRO SILICA, BLEED WATER TRACKS
MICRO SILICA, MICRO VOIDS, CAPILLARIES
MICRO-VOID, MICRO PORE
WATER, CATION, ANION
RELATIVE PARTICLES SIZE

SG = 2.32 SG = 2.25
OTHER THAN AIR (ENTRAINED AND/OR ENTRAPPED), WATER IS THE
LIGHTEST MATERIAL IN CONCRETE. CEMENT IS THE HEAVIEST. THIS IS
WHY BLEED WATER RISES AND COARSE AGGREGATE TENDS TO SETTLE
IN FRESH CONCRETE.
FIGURE 4: SHOWS AREA OF TWO DIFFERENT CEMENT PASTE MATRIX
UNITS. THE w/c = 0.4, IS CONSIDERABLY MORE DENSE THAN w/c = 0.7.
HIGHER DENSITY CONCRETE MEANS LESS INTERCONNECTING VOIDS.
c
c
=
=
FINE
FINE SAND
CEMENT PARTICLES
& WATER
145 pcf-+ 140 pcf-+
PARTICLES
SAND
PARTICLES
FINE
SAND
PARTICLES
w/c = 0.7 w/c = 0.7w/c = 0.4
DENSITY DENSITY
DENSITY OF CONCRETE
w/c = 0.4
FIGURE 4
WHEN w < 0.4, WET CURING MAY BE NEEDED TO HYDRATE ALL CEMENT
WHEN w > 0.4, EXCESS WATER IS LEFT BEHIND IN THE PORES
IN THEORY - ONLY ABOUT 22% TO 27% BY WEIGHT OF WATER IS NEEDED
TO HYDRATE CEMENT

ENTRAINED
AIR BUBBLE
CEMENT
ENTRAINED
AIR BUBBLE
CEMENT
PARTICLE
CEMENT
ABSORBING
WATER AND
VOLUME
INCREASE
HYDRATING
CEMENT
PARTICLE
AS CEMENT PARTICLE
ABSORBS WATER IT
SLIGHTLY EXPANDS.
THE VOLUME LEFT BY
WATER IS TAKEN UP
BY EXPANDING CEMENT
PARTICLES
CEMENT + WATER => CEMENT HYDRATION
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CAPILLARY
SAND PARTICLE
GEL PORES
PORE SPACE
FIGURE 5B
SAND
PARTICLE
TOWELED SURFACE
INLET / EXIT POINT OF
CAPILLARY

ENTRAINED
AIR BUBBLE
SAND PARTICLE
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CAPILLARY
GEL PORES
PORE SPACE
FIGURE 5B
SAND
PARTICLE
TOWELED SURFACE
INLET EXIT POINT OF
CAPILLARY

Concrete @ 3500 psi is Watertight
 Except at:
 Joints
 Cracks, and
 Honeycombs

Water Leakage Paths
FORMED
OBJECTS
POUROUS
AVENUES
SINGLE OR
MULTIPLE
CRACKS
Form Ties Joints M / E / P Single
Cracks
Multiple
Cracks
Rock
Pockets
Shadowing

Outrigger Reef Hotel Parking Garage
Built in 1953, 50 yrs of leakage
 Joint leakage
 Crack leakage
 Slab at Mean Sea Level
 Black and Green Algae Growth

7'-6"
HIGH TIDE
MEAN SEA LEVEL
LOW TIDE
ELEVATION OF FLOOR

1” Concrete = 2.3” Water
 Top of floor is at mean sea level
 High tide is +/- 2 ft above floor slab
 Low tide is +/- 2 ft below floor slab
 Slab is 6” thick, #4@ 12” o.c., w/ inverted
beams at column lines

Positive / Negative Side
+
Positive
Side
-
Negative
Side

First Hawaiian Bank
 Excavation is 52 ft.
deep, 42 ft. below Sea
Level
 11 Dewatering Wells, 8
ft. Thick Structural Slab
 Soil Mixed Wall
Retention System

Tracked Man-liftTracked ManTracked Man--liftlift

Grids and Secondary Grouting

Drilling Holes Thru the Concrete ?

Negative Side Systems
Coatings Water
Management
Electro
Osmosis
Injection

The Three (3) Common And Basic Types of Grouting
SurfaceInterceptionBackside

Side Walls of Cracks
Expansion & Contraction Due
to Temperature and Shrinkage
Contamination on side walls of crack
pH of liquid in crack (3.5 – 13)
Shadows at steel interface
Corrosion at steel interface

Injection Ports
Surface Mounted Injection
 Low Pressure
 10 PSI to 50 PSI
 Epoxy
 Urethanes
 (Foams or Gels)

Surface Mounted Porting
Gel epoxy for sealing surface

Epoxy Injection
 Epoxy resin @ 1-to-1 or 2-to-1 ratio
 Use moisture insensitive resin
 Tight cracks require low viscosity resin

Waste Water Treatment Sludge Tank
 Existing Coating Wore loose
 Surface Mounted Urethane
Injection
 Cracks Filled with
Decomposed Sludge
 Difficult to Seal Contaminated
Cracks

Interception Grouting
 Pressure from 100 PSI to 3000 PSI
 Urethanes
 Micro Fine Cement
 Acrylamides Injection into
center third of
leakage plane

Crack / Joint Grouting
 Epoxy
(High mod, low mod, viscosity)
 Urethane
(One part, two part, viscosity)
 Hydrophobic
 Hydrophilic
 Bentonite
(Water or plasticizer activated)
 Polymeric Gel
(Rubber polymers, viscosity)
 Acrylamide or Acrylic
(Powder or liquid pre-polymer)

Excessive Porting, and Injection Pressures

Soil Boring Data After Pool Settlement

Existing Excavation Adjacent to Pool Structure
 Soil Anchors relaxed and ground settled
 Adjacent Foundation Settlement
 Pool Structure Cracks
 Water Drains from Pool
 Water comes thru Wood lagging
activates bentonite
 Crack Repair on Pool Cracks

General Porting Procedure
 Drill holes at 45*
 Hole spacing ½ the wall thickness
 Alternate each side of crack
 Core or hammer drill
 Blow out dust and debris from cracks
 Flush cracks with water

Packer inserted into hole @ 45*

Interception Grouting
 Drill holes in mortar joints
 Use 3/8” ports
 Hole pattern about 6” o.c.
 Crack in concrete substrate may not
match crack in tile

Needle Injection Thru Caulk joints

Backside Grouting thru a Shotcrete Tank Wall
at an Aquarium Acrylic Panel

Be Careful Where You Drill

The Void You Hit May Be A Pipe

Backside Grouting
 Thru-Structural Element Grouting
 Polymeric Gel
 Bentonite
 Acrylamides
 Urethane Gels
 Sodium Silicate

Three Steps to Grouting
 Stage 1 grouting, drill through floor, fill
1” void between concrete and sand
 Stage 2 grouting, drill and intercept
cracks and joints
 Stage 3 grouting, inject into sand and
solidify it for future excavation

Stage 3 Grouting
 Drill through floor and deep into soil
 Alternate drill hole pattern
 Create grouted soil columns

3'-0"
13'-0"
7'-6"
18'-0"
GROUT TUBES
MANSHEETS
DRIVE GROUT TUBES INTO SOIL

3'-0"
13'-0"
7'-6"
18'-0"
SOLIDIFY A SPECIFIED ZONE

3'-0"
7'-6"
18'-0"
13'-0"
EXCAVATE LOOSE SOIL

Grouted soil columns
 Excavate un-grouted material between
soil columns
 Needle inject soil if leakage occurs

Lowering the Pipe Sections into Place

Two Story Food Production Facility
 Wet Processing on Upper Floor
 Storage on Lower Floors
 No Real Waterproofing Between
Floors

Food Packaging Area

SECTION THROUGH ACID BRICK FLOOR
5'-0"
FUREN JOINT
ACID BRICK
SLOPED CONCRETE
10 MIL POLY
2" EXTRUDED INSULATION
2" EXTRUDED INSULATION
10 MIL POLY
CONCRETE
STEEL PAN DECKING

Grouting & Ratio Checks

Two-Part Acrylic Grout

Grout Comes Up Thru Floor Where Water Was
Previously Leaking

Interior Coatings / Overlays
 Polyurea Based
 Urethane Based
 Methyl Meth- acrylic
 Epoxy Based
 Polyester Based
 Portland Cement with additives:
 Silica Sand
 Fibers or Mesh
 Latex Additives
 Metal Oxide
 Chemical Reactants
 Sodium Silicate
Interior
Coating
Water Close
to Interior

Cementitious Mortar Coating
Most Mortars are Latex Based

Interior Coating & Penetrants
 1” x 1-1/2” Slot Cut-Out in Concrete
 Dry-pack Crack or Joint
 Hydraulic Cement Plugs
 Crystalline Growth Mortar Plugs
Chip Out &
Dry Pack
Interior
Coating

Crystalline Growth, Penetrating Agent
Sodium Silicate Based

Dry-Packing of Routed Out Cracks
Cracks are routed out 1.5” x 1.5” and dry-packed
with crystalline mortar

Dry Packing Techniques
BEST GOOD ADEQUATE MARGINAL POOR
1” - 1½” 1” - 1½” 1” - 1½” ¾” - ¾” Surface

Integral Waterproofing

Water Management / Drainage
 Interior Drain Tile Methods
 Dimpled Sheet Membrane
 Double Wall Construction

Water Management / Drainage
 Let Water Leak In
 Manage it to Collection Point

Cored Slot in an Expansion Joint
Sump Pump Provides Temporary Dewatering

Issues with Water Management
 Iron Oaker in Soil
 Bacteria consumes iron in soil when it
contacts oxygen
 Forms a “jelly-like” substance
 Will plug up drainage systems
 It is not harmful to the touch

Perched Water On Top Of Bedrock

Grouting Leaking Joints In Rock

Placing Concrete on Dimpled Sheet Membrane

Common Use Of EOP- Leaking Construction
Joints & Static Cracks
Static Cracks in
Floor/Wall
Leaking CJ’s

EOP as a Negative Side Technique
 Electro Osmosis is created by an
electric field
 Creates a “virtual” positive side
membrane
 EOP dries the concrete around
areas of repair
 Provides Cathodic Protection to
reinforcing steel

15% Water Creates Micro-voids
Aggregate (75%) + Cement (10%) + Water(15%)

Electro Osmotic Pulse (EOP)
Inject cracks and treat penetrations
to create monolithic concrete
Install EOP System Components
• Anodes (+)
• Construction joints
• Significant cracks
• Cathodes (-)
• Rebar connections (-) to provide
cathodic protection
• Power supply and monitoring
Cathode (-)
Rebar
Connection (-)
Anode (+)
Power
Supply
+
-

Electro Osmotic Pulse (EOP)
 Voltage => 20 to 28 Volts
 Very Little Energy Usage
 Pulsating Current
 Anodes at Point of Leakage
 Cathodes About Every 50'

Alkali Metals Ca, Mg, Na, K

Cat-ion / An-ion Atoms Connect & Disconnect
Continuously
 Sodium atom gives up electron “-”, becomes net “+”
 Chlorine atom takes electron “-”, becomes net “-”
 Sodium atom contracts, “+” core pulls electrons in
 Chlorine atom expands, “-” electron cloud expands

Water is a Polar Molecule

Water Forms Weak Bonds to Other Water
Molecules

Water Forms Stronger Bonds to Cations

Water Molecules Form Hydration Shells
Around Cations (solvation)

Osmotic Pressure Builds Where Cations are
Concentrated

Crack Repairs are Protected by the Concrete
Drying Process

Essence – Restoration Economics
Moisture & Vapor Control - Waterproofing
Difficulty
Of
Solution
Investment Required
Interior
CoatingsCrack
Filling
“Injection
Drainage
(sump pumps;
etc.)
“EOP”
“electrical
barrier”
Exterior
Membranes
Only solutions
when high water
table!
low
low

Case Studies
 Military Storage Bunkers
 Hydraulic Structures- Locks and Dams
 Governmental/Institutional Buildings
 Tunnels, Roadways, Transportation
 Private Buildings

Ammunition Storage Bunker
Wet Concrete Causes Corrosion of Material and
Equipment

High RH—Leads to Corrosion

Locate Reinforcing Steel

Cut Anode Slots

Install Anodes

Install Cathodes

EOP Installed in Joints and Cracks

Install / Connect Power
 28 volt, DC power supply, with a pulsating square wave

Case Study: Lock & Dam
 Lock & Dam No. 27
 Alton, Illinois

Case Study: Lock & Dam
Before After

Case Study: US Treasury
 U.S. Treasury Building
 Washington D.C.
 Moisture migrating up through floor
 Water leakage through deck planter
 Stackybotris mold under VCT flooring

Case Study: US Treasury
Before After

Case Study: Elevator Pits
Marsh’s Edge, St. Simons Island, Georgia

Case Study: Elevator Pits
Before After

Highway 101 and Castillo Street
Santa Barbara, CA
US Highway
101
US Highway
101
Castillo
St.
Castillo
St.
Exit Ramp
Exit Ramp
On Ramp
On Ramp
US Highway
101
US Highway
101
Castillo
St.
Castillo
St.
Exit Ramp
Exit Ramp
On Ramp
On Ramp
Roadways

Underpass Before EOP
Highway 101/Castillo St.
 Pavers Placed Over Concrete to Improve Skid Resistance.

Expansion Joint Before EOP
 Water Leakage at Joints

Off-Ramp Before EOP
 Water Leakage at Cracks

Underpass Before EOP
 Hydrostatic Conditions

 EOP Applied in Strips @ 2’ oc

 New Pavement Installed After EOP

Thank You! Questions?
 Other Presentation Topics
 Building Envelope Technology (1 Hour)
 High-Rise Repair Strategies (1 Hour)
 Introduction to Concrete Repair and Maintenance
 Structural Strengthening of Concrete Structures
 Post-Tensioning Systems
 Concrete Repair Materials, Part 1 & 2
 www.structural.net
 For more information on Electro-Osmosis:
www.eopsystem.com

Interior Methods of Water Control

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