The document discusses moisture intrusion through concrete slab-on-grade foundations and the need for vapor retarders. It describes how groundwater and vapor can enter buildings through concrete slabs and cause issues like mold, decreased indoor air quality, and flooring failures. It also discusses how vapor retarders can help control moisture, improve indoor environments, and save on energy costs associated with high humidity.

1. Controlling Water Vapor Moisture Intrusion through Concrete Slab-on-Grade Barrier-Bac Inteplast Group, Ltd. 9 Peachtree Hill Road Livingston, NJ 07039 P: (800) 452-2117 F: (800) 709-6002 www.barrierbac.com www.inteplast.com

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11. Barrier-Bac is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available upon request. This program is registered with the AIA /CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include the content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

12. Copyright Materials This presentation is protected by US and International copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is prohibited.

13. AIA Program Objectives Provide each attendee with: An understanding of moisture related problems associated with concrete slab-on-grade, Current industry standards established to help resolve these problems, Sustainable design features associated with using moisture vapor barriers beneath concrete slab-on-grade construction, A look at new vapor barrier peel adhesion technology.

14. The Need for Vapor Retarders Industry experts in the construction field agree that under slab vapor retarders are needed beneath slab on grade construction , to protect the flooring system and reduce energy requirements for heating and cooling, when subjected to the following conditions: Concrete slab on grade construction beneath conditioned space. Concrete slab on grade construction covered with a moisture sensitive flooring system (i.e. floor covering material and, if applicable, its adhesive.)

15. Ground water, in either its liquid or gaseous form, can enter a building through the slab on grade and, if present, the below grade foundation walls via: 1. Hydrostatic Pressure (Liquid Moisture) Water pressure created by a column of water. Capillary Action ( Liquid Moisture) The ability of liquid moisture to move upward through a material due to the adhesive and cohesive properties of the liquid and barometric pressure. Vapor Migration (Gaseous Moisture) The movement of gaseous moisture from an environment of high humidity to an environment of low humidity through the process of diffusion. The Need for Vapor Retarders

16. Table 1. Vapor Pressure for Various Temperatures and Relative Humidity's Dry bulb Relative humidity (in percent) temperature 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 ° F 100 0.948 0.085 0.758 0.663 0.569 0.474 0.379 0.284 0.189 0.095 90 0.698 0.628 0.558 0.489 0.419 0.349 0.279 0.209 0.140 0.070 80 0.506 0.455 0.405 0.357 0.303 0.253 0.202 0.152 0.101 0.051 75 0.429 0.386 0.343 0.300 0.258 0.214 0.172 0.129 0.086 0.043 70 0.362 0.326 0.290 0.253 0.217 0.181 0.145 0.108 0.072 0.036 65 0.305 0.274 0.244 0.213 0.183 0.152 0.122 0.091 0.061 0.030 60 0.256 0.230 0.205 0.179 0.153 0.128 0.102 0.077 0.051 0.026 55 0.214 0.192 0.171 0.149 0.128 0.107 0.085 0.064 0.042 0.021 50 0.178 0.160 0.142 0.124 0.107 0.089 0.071 0.053 0.036 0.018 45 0.147 0.132 0.118 0.111 0.088 0.073 0.059 0.044 0.029 0.015 40 0.122 0.110 0.098 0.085 0.073 0.061 0.049 0.037 0.024 0.012 35 0.100 0.090 0.080 0.070 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.030 0.020 0.010 30 0.080 0.072 0.064 0.056 0.048 0.040 0.032 0.024 0.016 0.008 25 0.063 0.057 0.050 0.044 0.037 0.032 0.025 0.019 0.012 0.006 20 0.052 0.047 0.042 0.036 0.031 0.026 0.020 0.015 0.010 0.005 10 0.031 0.028 0.025 0.022 0.018 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.006 0.003 0 0.018 0.016 0.014 0.013 0.010 0.009 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.002 -10 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 -15 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 Ref: HUD Research Paper No. 28, Moisture Migration from the Ground • P = .106 psi or 15.264 psf

17. • P of 15.264 = +/- 12 gallons of moisture Every 24 hours For every 1,000 sf of slab Based on 4” thick concrete slab of 4,000 psi concrete poured at a 5 - 6 inch slump.

18. Energy Savings Through Sustainable Design In a 100,000 square foot building built using slab-on-grade design, assume the below grade temperature is 55 degrees F and humidity is 100%. Also, the indoor air environment is 70 degrees F and 30% relative humidity. At $0.17/KWH (NJ Central Power & Light Co. Rate) x 3000 KWH = $510.00/Day, $18,600.00/Year

19. In a building without a moisture protection system, 80% of its internal moisture originates from building site ground water. HUD Research Paper #28

20. Detrimentally High Moisture Content Within the Slab is Caused By: The infiltration of ground water moisture into slab Lack of adequate drying time for the slab Dew points occurring within the slab and flooring system

21. Table 2 Drying Time to reach 3.0 lbs/1000 sq ft / 24 hrs Water-Cement Ratio Bottom Sealed Bottom Exposed to Bottom In Contact Water Vapor with Water 0.40 46 52 54 0.50 82 144 199 0.60 117 365 >>365 0.70 130 >>365 >>365 0.80 148 >>365 >>365 0.90 166 >>365 >>365 1.00 190 >>365 >>365 4 inch thick specimen dried at 73 o F and 50% relative humidity

22. Moisture Infiltration Through a Slab on Grade Can Cause: Indoor air quality and occupant health issues due to the onset of mold, mildew and fungus. Damage to the slab on grade and its components. Increased heating costs due to high humidity levels within the building and loss of heat through increased thermal conductivity (k – value) due to moisture in the slab. Flooring system failures.

23. Moisture Related Flooring Problems Adhesive failure Distortion (warping, blistering) Discoloration Deterioration Degradation due to the transport of calcium compounds to the top of the slab Rust stains Odors

24. Due to excessive moisture and a high pH in the concrete surface, the adhesive under this vinyl backed carpet tile has re-emulsified and lost most of its holding strength. Moisture Related Flooring Problems

25. Osmotic blistering in epoxy floor coating Moisture Related Flooring Problems

26. Figure 3-6 - Residential carpeting contaminated by the mold Stachybotrys Atra can cause severe allergic and toxic reactions. (Photo courtesy of Floor Seal Technology, Inc.) Moisture Related Flooring Problems

27. Moisture Related Flooring Problems

28. Alkali has infected this vinyl flooring, causing the yellow discoloration in this medical facility’s floor. The bottom portion of this photo shows older concrete flooring that has a lower pH; it is not discolored. Moisture Related Flooring Problems

29. A living room floor shows a heavy concentration of sulfate salts on the slab. Water from outside garden sprinklers breeched the exterior walls. When the water evaporated, salts were deposited – this attracted moisture and led to mold growth in the carpet and backing. Moisture Related Flooring Problems

30. Rubber floor tiles placed over a floor made with lightweight aggregate concrete bubbled after several months in service Moisture Related Flooring Problems

31. Standing water is visible under this vinyl-backed carpet tile on a concrete slab-on-grade floor. Moisture Related Flooring Problems:

32. Carpet tiles curl and de-bond in a large commercial cafeteria, due to infiltrating rain, creating a tripping hazard at an emergency exit. Moisture Related Flooring Problems:

33. How to Prevent Moisture Infiltration Not all waterproof materials are vapor-proof, but all vapor-barrier materials are inherently waterproof. Type of Infiltration Preventative Measure Hydrostatic Pressure Proper site drainage or drainage layer Waterproof barrier Capillary Action Capillary break layer (drainage layer) Waterproof barrier Vapor Pressure Vapor retarder

34. Detailing around pipe banks can be best accomplished using granular sodium bentonite. This is how not to detail a pipe bank.

36. Industry Codes and Standards American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) ASTM E 1745 – 09: Plastic Vapor Retarders ASTM E 1643 – 98 Standard Practice for Vapor Retarders American Concrete Institute (ACI) ACI 302.1R – 04

37. ASTM E 1745 - 09 4. Classification 4.1 - Materials shall be specified to conform to one of three classes: A, B, or C or specific requirements shall be specified in one or more of the properties listed in Table 1. 6. Lap Sealing 6.1 - The producer shall provide instructions for lap sealing, including minimum width of lap, method of sealing, and either supply or specify suitable products for lap sealing.

38. ASTM 1745-09 E-1745-09 Table 1 Properties for Specified Performance Classes ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Class A Class B Class C ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IP Units SI Units IP Units SI Units IP Units SI Units Water vapor 0.1 perms 0.1 perms 0.1 perms permeance (Test Methods (0.1 gr/[h-ft²-in.·Hg]) (6 ng/[s·m²·Pa]) (0.1 gr/[h-ft²-in.·Hg]) (6 ng/[s·m²·Pa]) (0.1 gr/[h-ft²-in.·Hg]) (6 ng/[s·m²·Pa]) E 154, Section 7, or Test Method F 1249), max Tensile strength (Test 45.0 lbf/in. 7.9 kN/m 30.0 lbf/in. 5.3 kN/m 13.6 lbf/in 2.4 kN/m Methods E 154 Section 9),  min Puncture Resistance no inch-pound 2200 g no inch-pound 1700 g no inch-pound 475 g (Test Methods equivalent used equivalent used equivalent used D 1709, Test Method B), min ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________  Refer to Practice E 1643 for assessing suitability of use based on reported perm rating of material. Tensile strength per unit width for the total sample thickness is used instead of tensile strength per unit area because vapor retarder materials are never used in unit thickness

39. Flow Chart for Location of Vapor Retarder

40. Slab Moisture Can Be Measured By: Taping pieces of polyethylene plastic to the floor in several locations and determining whether condensation forms on the underside of the plastic after 24 hours (ASTM D 4263). The “calcium chloride” or dry bulb test. Weight gain due to moisture absorption of calcium chloride crystals determines slab moisture emissions in lbs/sf every 24 hours. Flooring manufacturers and installers recommend slab moisture emission rates of either 3 or 5 lbs/1,000 sf every 24 hours (ASTM F 1869). The relative humidity of the slab is measured with an electronic measuring device (ASTM F 2170).

41. Under Slab Vapor Retarder Materials (In ascending order of cost) Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) membranes Composite LDPE and asphalt coated kraft paper membranes “ State of the art” LDPE membranes (includes polyolefin) Cross-laminated LDPE membranes High-density polyethylene (HDPE) membranes Fiber-reinforced LDPE membranes Fiber-reinforced composite LDPE membranes Multi-ply bituminous membranes

42. Multi-Ply Asphaltic Membrane

49. Peel Adhesion to Concrete ASTM D 903-98

51. Standard Test Method for Peel or Stripping Strength of Adhesive Bonds Test Results - ASTM D 903-98(2004) Testing performed by TSI on 10/14/04, Test Report # 28444 Specimen Peak Load – lb/in Type of Failure 1 6.89 Peel/Strip 2 6.13 Peel/Strip 3 13.84 Peel/Strip 4 6.51 Peel/Strip 5 10.22 Peel/Strip 6 10.43 Peel/Strip 7 8.07 Peel/Strip 8 8.25 Peel/Strip 9 6.80 Peel/Strip 10 6.88 Peel/Strip 11 4.97 Peel/Strip Avg. 8.09 Peel/Strip

57. Self adhering sheet membrane waterproofing adhered to the ground is probably not good waterproofing or vapor retarder system.

58. Properties for Specified Performance Classes (ASTM E 1745) * Tensile strength per unit width for the total sample thickness is used instead of tensile strength per unit area because vapor retarder materials are never used in unit thickness. Class A Class B Class C US Units SI Units US Units SI Units US Units SI Units Water Vapor Permeance 0.3 perms 0.3 perms 0.3 perms (E154, Section 7 or F 1249), max (0.3 gr/[h/ft 2/ in./Hg]) (17 ng[(s/m2/Pa]) (0.3 gr/[h/ft 2/ in./Hg]) (17 ng[(s/m2/Pa]) (0.3 gr/[h/ft 2/ in./Hg]) (17 ng[(s/m2/Pa]) Tensile Strength (E 154, Section 9), * min 45.0 lbf/in. 7.9 kN/m 30.0 lbf/in. 5.3 kN/m 13.6 lbf/in. 2.4 kN/m Puncture Resistance (D 1709, Mehod B, min) No inch-pound equivalent used 2200 g No inch-pound equivalent used 1700 g No inch-pound equivalent used 475 g

59. Recommendations Under slab vapor retarders are recommended for slabs below conditioned spaces and slabs that are covered with flooring systems. Under slab vapor retarders should have a perm rating at least equal to the flooring system’s, inclusive of its adhesive. Cushions and blotters of sand, gravel or trimmable fill should not be installed on top of under slab vapor retarders. The vapor retarder should have all laps, seams, penetrations and terminations sealed. It should either carry across footings, pile caps, grade beams and foundations or be turned up to the top of the slab at these elements and sealed.

60. Leed ® Green Building Certification

61. Leed ® Green Building Certification Leed - Leadership in Energy and environmental design. - Voluntary rating system developed by the United States Green Building Council. - Provides a design guideline, as well as, national third-party certification for what constitutes green building.

62. Leed Credits Sustainable sites Water efficiency Energy and atmosphere Materials and resources Indoor environment quality Innovation and design process A total of 69 points are available

63. Leed IEQ 7.1 Credit 1: Thermal Comfort The intent of this credit is to encourage the use of materials that contribute to energy savings while creating thermal comfort for building inhabitants. Under slab vapor barrier contributes to indoor moisture control and therefore helps reduce the amount of energy required to heat and cool buildings

64. Leed EA Credit 1: Optimize Energy Performance The intent of this credit is to achieve increasing levels of energy performance above the baseline in the prerequisite standard to reduce environmental and economic impacts associated with excessive energy use. Project teams may contribute to the number of points accumulated in this category by using vapor retarders to optimize energy Performance. Vapor Retarder products play a key role in maintaining the structure’s energy efficiency and aiding in the reduction of heating and cooling costs. The use of these products contributes to reduced energy consumption and humidity within a building therefore improving indoor air quality

65. Leed Credits for Barrier-Bac/ Moisture vapor barrier Innovation and design process – Use of moisture vapor barrier decreases environmental impact by introducing a reinforced barrier that uses no solvents in installation

66. QUESTIONS?? Thank you for your time! This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Program

68. Barrier-Bac

70. Benefits of Oriented, Cross-Laminated Construction Puncture resistance Tear strength – tears do not propagate Extremely low permeability

71. Surface Texture Benefits of ribbed surface: Much greater adhesion with concrete Less slippery during construction Mechanical interface for parallel seaming

72. Laminated Composites

73. Barrier-Bac Composite Lamination Only high-speed, 18 ft. wide lamination plant in the U.S. “ Destruct Bond ” capability Consistent quality Easily runs customized products

76. Barrier-Bac Laminated Composites - Applications Landfill Covers

77. Barrier-Bac Laminated Composites - Applications Tunnel Linings

78. Barrier-Bac Laminated Composites - Applications

79. Barrier-Bac Laminated Composites - Applications Green Roof

81. Summary Reasons to Specify Barrier-Bac : Consistent quality Unique product attributes Nationwide distribution network Technical services available Competitive pricing Made in the USA ISO 9001:2000 certified

82. Recommended Specification Format for Under Slab Vapor Retarder Division 3 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE 03300-8 Moisture Barrier: Provide a flexible, performed sheet membrane having a water vapor permeance rate no greater than 0.012 perms when tested in accordance with ASTM 154, Section 7 and otherwise conforming to ASTM 1745, Class A. Products subject to compliance with requirements provide one of the following products: A. Barrier-Bac 11mil (VB-250), Inteplast Group, Ltd. B. Premolded Membrane with Plasmatic Core, W. R. Meadows C. Floorpruf, Grace Construction Products Note : Should greater mil thickness be desired, or lower water vapor permeance, Barrier-Bac 16 mil (VB-350) should be substituted for Barrier-Bac 11 mil (VB-250)