Renal Replacement Therapy: modes and evidenceMohd Saif Khan
Renal replacement therapy is a supportive care often required in critically ill patients who develop acute renal failure and its complications. Complexity arises when such patients become hemodynamically unstable and pose special challenge to critical care clinicians in ICU to carefully choose dialytic modality to tackle volume and solute overload. This presentation is about short description of modalities of RRT and current evidence regarding initiation, dose and type of modality.
Renal Replacement Therapy: modes and evidenceMohd Saif Khan
Renal replacement therapy is a supportive care often required in critically ill patients who develop acute renal failure and its complications. Complexity arises when such patients become hemodynamically unstable and pose special challenge to critical care clinicians in ICU to carefully choose dialytic modality to tackle volume and solute overload. This presentation is about short description of modalities of RRT and current evidence regarding initiation, dose and type of modality.
A very simple yet comprehensive presentation to understand the concept of CRRT and its implementation in Intensive Care Unit. Intended for the very beginners in ICU. After going through the presentation you will be able to say "Now I know it!"
A very simple yet comprehensive presentation to understand the concept of CRRT and its implementation in Intensive Care Unit. Intended for the very beginners in ICU. After going through the presentation you will be able to say "Now I know it!"
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sudden episode of kidney failure or kidney damage that happens within a few hours or a few days.It's most common in those who are critically ill and already hospitalized.
Acute kidney injury is important topic for students.
the presentation covers all aspects including guidelines from KDIGO, harrison 20th edition and relevant articles.
COURTSEY - DEPARTMENT OF CRITICAL CARE
ABVIMS & DR RML HOSPITAL NEW DELHI.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?
Intensive care nephrology
1. Intensive Care Nephrology
Dr. Osama El-Shahat
Head of Nephrology Department
New Mansoura General Hospital (international)
ISN Educational Ambassador
3. By AKI we actually mean “loss of small solute
clearance” (urea/creatinine increase in
blood)
This implies loss of GFR
So…clinically we actually mean
“acute decrease in GFR”
What do we mean by AKI?
4. Lameire N, Van BW, Vanholder R. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2006; 2: 364–377.
Can we do staging for AKI?
5. What is the advantages of RIFLE Criteria?
Applying the RIFLE criteria revealed new insights.
Firstly, the RIFLE classification is feasible and
fairly straightforward.
Secondly, the patients categorized as RIFLE-F had a
far higher mortality than RIFLE-I and -R patients.
Max Bell et al; Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005 20:354 –360
6. Number of ARF Hospitalizations: 1979 to 2002
Rates per 1,000 persons
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Source: National Center for Health Statistics, National Hospital Discharge Survey
8. Causes of AKI
Pre renal Intrinsic renal Post renal
Decrease in
effective
blood volume.
Arterial
occlusion
Or
stenosis.
Homodynamic
Form.
Vascular
Vasculitis.
Malignant
hypertension
Acute
Glomerulo
nephritis
Acute
Interstitial
nephritis
Acute
Tubular
necrosis
Ischemic. Nephrotoxic.
Obstruction
Of
Collecting
System
Or
Extra renal
drainage
Exogenous
Antibiotic
Radio contrast
cisplatin
Endogenous
Intra tubular pigment
Intra tubular protein.
Intra tubular crystal.
10. Timing nephrology consultation
(Mehta, Am J Med 2002)
In-hospital mortality
Early
consult
Delayed
consult
P
40% 67% <0,001
Early nephrologist involvement in patients with AKI
may reduce the risk of a further decrease in kidney
function.
Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;57(2):228-234
12. Biomarkers are foot prints of actual organ
damage
Creatinine Not A Biomarker
The creatinine level is influenced by multiple non-
renal factors, such as age, gender, muscle mass, muscle
metabolism, diet, medications, and hydration status
In AKI, the serum creatinine level can take several
hours or days to reach a new steady state and thus does
not reflect the actual decrease in GFR in the acute
setting
Because of renal reserve, the serum creatinine level
may not rise until more than half of the kidney
function has been lost
13. New urinary biomarkers for the early detection of acute
kidney disease
Han, Bonventre,Current Opin Crit Care 2004, 10:476–482
Neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin
14. Early detection of AKI by Cystatin C
Definition of AF
Area under the ROC
Day - 2 Day - 1 Day 0
≥ 50 % increase 0.82 0.97 0.99
≥ 100 % increase 0.92 0.98 0.98
≥ 200 % increase 0.97 0.99 0.99
•Changes in cystatin C were able to detect the onset of AKI
one to two days earlier than comparable changes in serum creatinine
1. RIFLE- R ( ≥ 50 % increase ): 1.5 ± 0.6 days earlier
2. RIFLE- I ( ≥ 100 % increase): 1.2 ± 0.9 days earlier
3. RIFLE- F ( ≥ 200 % increase): 1.0 ± 0.6 days earlier
Herget-Rosenthal et al, Kidney Int 2004, 66: 1115- 1122
15. Indications of Renal Biopsy
1
Urine
No cast
FENa<1%
Muddy
brown cast
FENa>1%
Red cell
cast
White cell
cast
eosinophil
Pre-renal
ATN Glomerular Interstitial
Biopsy
2. Unknown cause
3. Prolonged ATN
16. Loop diuretics in AKI
Diuretics, particularly high doses of loop diuretics, are frequently
administered to patients with acute renal failure. This is done in part
in an attempt to convert oliguric to nonoliguric acute renal failure.
However, a retrospective observational report found that the use of
diuretics in this setting may increase the risk of death and no
recovery of renal function.
3.4.1: We recommend not using diuretics to prevent AKI. (1B )
3.4.2: We suggest not using diuretics to treat AKI, except in the
management of volume overload. (2C )
17. There is insufficient evidence that the low-dose dopamine
improves survival or obviates the need for dialysis in persons with
acute renal failure. The routine use of low-dose dopamine should be
discouraged until a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
establishes its safety and efficacy.
Is the administration of dopamine associated with adverse or
favorable outcomes in acute renal failure? Auriculin Anaritide
Acute Renal Failure Study Group.
Low Dose Dopamine in AKI
3.5.1: We recommend not using low-dose dopamine to prevent or
treat AKI. (1A)
18. IV Fluids in AKI
3.1.1: In the absence of hemorrhagic shock, we
suggest using isotonic crystalloids rather than
colloids (albumin or starches) as initial
management for expansion of intravascular
volume in patients at risk for AKI or with AKI.
(2B)
19. Contrast Induced AKI
4.4.1: We recommend i.v. volume expansion with either isotonic sodium
chloride or sodium bicarbonate solutions, rather than no i.v. volume expansion,
in patients at increased risk for CI-AKI. (1A)
4.5.1: We suggest not using prophylactic intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) or
hemofiltration (HF) for contrast-media removal in patients at increased risk for
CI-AKI. (2C)
4.4.3: We suggest using oral NAC, together with i.v. isotonic crystalloids, in
patients at increased risk of CI-AKI. (2D)
4.3.2: We recommend using either iso-osmolar or low-osmolar iodinated
contrast media, rather than high-osmolar iodinated contrast media in patients
at increased risk of CI-AKI. (1B)
20. Bicarbonate or Saline
Among the large
randomized trials there
was no evidence of benefit
for hydration with sodium
bicarbonate compared
with sodium chloride for
the prevention of CI-AKI.
Contrast Induced AKI
21. Stage-based management
General Principles
Stage 1 (Risk)
Risk for more severe AKI
Monitor (prevent
progression)
Stage 2 (Injury)
Risk of AKI-related
mortality/morbidity high
Conservative therapy)
Stage 3 (Failure)
Highest risk of death
Consider RRT
Avoid subclavian catheters if possible
Discontinue all nephrotoxic agents when possible
Consider invasive diagnostic workup
Consider Renal Replacement Therapy
1 2 3
Non-invasive diagnostic workup
Ensure volume status and perfusion pressure
Check for changes in drug dosing
AKI Stage
Consider functional hemodynamic monitoring
Monitoring Serum creatinine and urine output
Consider ICU admission
Avoid hyperglycemia
Consider alternatives to radiocontrast procedures
22. Indications for RRT in critically ill AKI patients
Renal Indications
Life-threatening indications
Hyperkalemia
Metabolic Acidosis
Pulmonary edema
Uremic omplications
23. Dialysis Interventions for Treatment of AKI
5.1.1: Initiate RRT emergently when life-threatening
changes in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
exist.(Not Graded)
5.1.2: Consider the broader clinical context, the presence
of conditions that can be modified with RRT, and trends
of laboratory tests—rather than single BUN and
creatinine thresholds alone—when making the decision
to start RRT. (Not Graded)
24. Indications for RRT
Renal Indications
Life-threatening indications
Hyperkalemia
Metabolic Acidosis
Pulmonary edema
Uremic complications
Non Renal Indications
Fluid removal in congestive heart
failure& Fluid management in
multiorgan failure
Cytokine manipulation in sepsis
Treatment of drug overdose
Nutrition support
25. Hyperkalemia
Renal failure is the most common cause of
Hyperkalemia in E.R.
Clinically significant Hyperkalemia occurs in
10–15% of patients requiring hemodialysis
(H.D.).
The rate of rise of serum K in ARF is usually
rapid and RX must be aggressive.
31. Management
Ca gluconate.
Antagonizes cardiac membrane excitability
and does not affect the plasma K level.
10% Ca gluconate IV over 5-10 min. and to
be repeated if necessary.
Onset of action is immediate but its duration
is only a few min.
33. Comparison of Clinical studies of
Insulin with Glucose
Reference
Sample
Size
Dose
of
Soluble
Insulin
Dose
Glucose
Mean
Initial
K(mmol)
Peak
Reduction
in K
(mmol)
Time of
Maximal
Action
(min)
Duration
of Effect
(min)
Hypogly
cemia
(%)
Kim HJ 8 5 40g 6.3 0.7 60 >60 0
Lens
XM
10 10U 40g 6.7 1.0 60 >360 20
Allon M 5 5* 60g 4.28 0.85 60 >60 0
Allon M 12 10U 25g 5.48 0.65 45 >60 75
Blombe
rg A
10 5* 5† 5.62 0.92 60 >60 50
34. Management (Cont)
Salbutamol:
Binds to β2 receptors in liver and muscle cells
stimulating adenylate cyclase that converts
ATP to 3,5 CAMP.
3,5 CAMP stimulates the Na-K ATP pump
resulting in intracellular K uptake.
35. Comparison of Clinical Studies of
salbutomol
Duration of
effect /min
Time of
Maximal
action/min
Peak
Reduction
K (mmol)
Mean
Initial K
(mmol/L)
Dose
Sample
Size
ReferenceRoute
>120401.486.74ug/kg13Kim HJIV
>360301.47.00.5mg24Lgutic DIV
>180300.925.530.5mg15Allon MIV
>120900.625.9310mg10Salem MMNeb
>120900.985.8120mg10Wrenn KDNeb
>180900.855.6610mg15Du-PLooyNeb
36. Comparison of studies of combined
Salbutamol and Insulin with Glucose
Size
Dose
Soluble
Insulin
Dose
Gluc
Route
Salb
Dose
Mean
Initial
K
(meq)
Peak
Reduct
K (meq)
Time of
Maximal
Action
(min)
Duration
of
Effect
(min)
Liou
HH
10 10U 40g IV 0.5mg 7.1 1.5 60 >360
Allon
M
10 10U 25g Neb 20mg 5.89 1.21 60 >60
37. Management (Cont)
Sodium Bicarbonate.
Na HCO3 has been recommended in
textbooks for many years.
It has no significant action on plasma K in
the first 60 min. after administration
38. Management (Cont)
Sodium polystyrene sulphonate (Kayexelate)
It may be indicated if HD is delayed (>2-3
Hs).
50 g kayexalate in 100-200 ml of 30%
sorbitol or 10% glucose at 37o C is given
rectally and left at least 60 min.
The onset of action is slow ( 1-2 hours ).
39. Management (Cont)
Hemodialysis.
The definitive and most effective measure in
treatment of hyperkalemia.
Indicated in severe hyperkalemia.
K concentrations show a rebound after
dialysis has finished and this rebound may
require several hours to reach a plateau.
40. Fluid Overload
Interventions that are useful in patients
with functioning kidneys also are useful in
patients with ESRD before dialysis can be
initiated.
Patients on CAPD with volume overload are
managed differently.
41. Serious Complications Of Hemodialysis.
Central line related complications.
Disequilibrium syndrome.
Dialyzer reaction type A (anaphylactic).
Hemolysis.
Air embolism.
42. Disequilibrium Syndrome
During or immediately after dialysis.
Acute increase in brain water or acute changes
in pH of CSF during dialysis.
Minor symptoms: nausea, vomiting, dizziness,
headache, blurred vision, restlessness, cramps,
tremors.
Major symptoms: confusion, psychosis, seizures,
coma.
43. Disequilibrium Syndrome (cont)
Management.
If seizures, obtundation or coma occur
during dialysis.
Stop dialysis.
Protect airway.
Blood work for Gluc, Ca, U&E.
Differential diagnosis?
44. Disequilibrium Syndrome (cont)
Management.
Treat hypoglycemia.
Seizures (valium – phenytoin).
Prevention is better
short dialysis session
small surface area dialyzer
avoid low Na dialysate.
46. Management of Pericarditis
Uremic Pericarditis
Stable Hemodynamics
Intensive Dialysis
Signs of Tamponade,
Enlarging effusion,
Unchanged effusion
Pericardiotomy
or
Pericardiectomy
Resolution
Unstable hemodynamics
Signs of Tamponade
Emergency
Pericardiocentesis
Pericardiotomy
Or
Pericardiectomy
47. Drug Overdose
Recognition of poisoning and drug overdose
require high index of suspicion and careful
clinical evaluation.
Multiple drugs overdose is common.
49. Peritoneal Dialysis (P.D.)
Not very effective in removing drugs from the
blood.
It is 1/8 to 1/4 as effective as hemodialysis.
When HD is difficult to be used quickly as in
small children, P.D. can be used.
50. Hemodialysis
Great for water soluble drugs especially
those of low MW .
(Salicylates, Ethanol, Methanol, & Lithium)
Not very useful in removing lipid soluble
drugs or with drugs with extensive protein
binding
51. Serum Concentrations of Common Poisons in Excess of
Which hemodialysis or hemoperfusion Should Be
Considered
Drug
Serum Conc
mg/L
Method of
choice
Phenobarbital 100 HP>HD
Glutethimide 30-40 HP
Methaqualone 40 HP
Salicylates 80 HD
Theophylline 40 HP>HD
Paraquat 0.1 HP>HD
Methanol 500 HD
Trichloromethanol 500 HP>HD
Meprobamate 100 HP
52. Conclusions
Early detection and treatment of AKI may improve outcomes.
Even a minor acute reduction in kidney function has an
adverse prognosis.
Hunting AKI in ICU….use a RIFLE .
Early referral will improve outcome
In emergency cases medical treatment must be initiated until
dialysis started.
Dialysis therapy is invasive procedure with many
complications, some of them are very serious
Renal replacement therapy has important role in
management of drug over dose.