Proposed changes in health care payment, from fee-for-service to alternative, risk-sharing payment models, can have a substantial impact on health services for children, especially those with complex care needs. In addition, tying payment to value can increase use of ambulatory and preventive services and encourage creative outreach. However, abrupt changes can interrupt continuity and reduce access to care.
Proposed changes in health care payment, from fee-for-service to alternative, risk-sharing payment models, can have a substantial impact on health services for children, especially those with complex care needs. In addition, tying payment to value can increase use of ambulatory and preventive services and encourage creative outreach. However, abrupt changes can interrupt continuity and reduce access to care.
Driving Health Equity into Action: The Potential of Health Equity Impact Asse...Wellesley Institute
This presentation provides a critical analysis of the potential of a health equity impact assessment.
Bob Gardner, Director of Policy
www.wellesleyinstitute.com
Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWI
Virginia AFP's lobbyist Hunter Jamerson's presentation from the 2013 SLC on the unique Medicaid reform approach being followed in the state of Virginia.
Because everyone matters.
IBM Health and Social Programs Summit, October 2014
Craig Rhinehart’s Blog
Insights from NASHP Conference in Atlanta
Trick or Treating for State Healthcare Innovation Treats
http://craigrhinehart.com
Universal Health Coverage: Frequently Asked QuestionsHFG Project
This brief answers several “frequently asked questions” (FAQ) on universal health coverage (UHC):
What is Universal Health Coverage (UHC)?
How does UHC align with USAID’s priorities?
How does UHC relate to broader goals for development, including the Sustainable Development Goals?
How is UHC measured?
What progress has been made towards UHC?
How does USAID support countries’ UHC efforts?
The FAQ accompanies Universal Health Coverage: An Annotated Bibliography, which presents resources that provide an overview of UHC and also delve into specific topics within UHC, such as measurement, health financing, and benefit plans. The bibliography also includes links to relevant websites that can provide additional resources.
Affordable Care Act Briefing, Joanne Grossi, LWVMCVAcalindstrom
Presentation made to LWV of Montgomery County, VA and friends on Aug. 7, 2012. Speaker, Joanne Grossi, Director Region U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. (Shared with her permission)
Training Goals:
1. Improve awareness of and receptivity to using Technology-Assisted Care (TAC) for the treatment of Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)
2. Identify effective TAC interventions for SUDs
3. Demonstrate exemplary TAC interventions
4. Identify strategies/approaches for adoption and integration of TAC into routine clinical practice
5. Explore implementation and integration challenges (e.g., cost, reimbursement, security)
Driving Health Equity into Action: The Potential of Health Equity Impact Asse...Wellesley Institute
This presentation provides a critical analysis of the potential of a health equity impact assessment.
Bob Gardner, Director of Policy
www.wellesleyinstitute.com
Follow us on twitter @wellesleyWI
Virginia AFP's lobbyist Hunter Jamerson's presentation from the 2013 SLC on the unique Medicaid reform approach being followed in the state of Virginia.
Because everyone matters.
IBM Health and Social Programs Summit, October 2014
Craig Rhinehart’s Blog
Insights from NASHP Conference in Atlanta
Trick or Treating for State Healthcare Innovation Treats
http://craigrhinehart.com
Universal Health Coverage: Frequently Asked QuestionsHFG Project
This brief answers several “frequently asked questions” (FAQ) on universal health coverage (UHC):
What is Universal Health Coverage (UHC)?
How does UHC align with USAID’s priorities?
How does UHC relate to broader goals for development, including the Sustainable Development Goals?
How is UHC measured?
What progress has been made towards UHC?
How does USAID support countries’ UHC efforts?
The FAQ accompanies Universal Health Coverage: An Annotated Bibliography, which presents resources that provide an overview of UHC and also delve into specific topics within UHC, such as measurement, health financing, and benefit plans. The bibliography also includes links to relevant websites that can provide additional resources.
Affordable Care Act Briefing, Joanne Grossi, LWVMCVAcalindstrom
Presentation made to LWV of Montgomery County, VA and friends on Aug. 7, 2012. Speaker, Joanne Grossi, Director Region U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. (Shared with her permission)
Training Goals:
1. Improve awareness of and receptivity to using Technology-Assisted Care (TAC) for the treatment of Substance Use Disorders (SUDs)
2. Identify effective TAC interventions for SUDs
3. Demonstrate exemplary TAC interventions
4. Identify strategies/approaches for adoption and integration of TAC into routine clinical practice
5. Explore implementation and integration challenges (e.g., cost, reimbursement, security)
This is a presentation about including self advocates in conferences. You can find more information at
http://www.includeme.org.au/
The website includes resources, checklists, video and audio
Coordinating Publicly Funded Behavioral Health and Physical Health Services: ...nashp
Presented at the National Academy for State Health Policy's 20th Annual State Health Policy Conference in Denver, Colorado. Author: Aniko Laszlo, MBA, MA
Lesson 10 Integrated mental healthhealthcare and future of menta.docxSHIVA101531
Lesson 10: Integrated /mental health/healthcare and future of mental health services in public sector
Readings:
Schuffman, D., Druss, B.G., & Parks, J.J. (2009). Mending Missouri’s safety net: Transforming systems of care by integrating primary and behavioral health care. Psychiatric Services, 60(5), 585-588.
Hogan MF, Sederer LI, Smith TE, & Nossel IR. (2010). Making room for mental health in the medical home. Prev. Chronic Dis. 7(6):A132 [Erratum appears in Prev Chronic Dis 2010;8(1). http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2011/jan/10_0249.htm.]
Mechanic, D. (2012). Seizing opportunities under the Affordable Care Act for transforming the mental and behavioral health system. Health Affairs, 31(2), 376-382. http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/31/2/376.short
View the short video on the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) website about a primary care program in Tennessee. Available at: http://www.hrsa.gov/publichealth/clinical/BehavioralHealth/
Introduction
Goal 1 of the President’s New Freedom Commission Report states that: “Americans understand that mental health is essential to overall health.” This seems like a simple enough goal. It is, however, not as easy to achieve as it appears.
The link between mental and physical health has long been a subject of interest to theorists and practitioners and has been studied in the general population. For example, in a general population study, Sederer et al. (2006) found that those New Yorkers who reported nonspecific psychological distress suffered more physical health problems, were more likely to smoke, be inactive and have a poor diet than those who didn’t report distress. They noted that these individuals were much more likely to have hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, asthma, and diabetes.
The link with physical health is especially important for those suffering from serious mental illness. We learned in a previous lesson that persons with serious mental illness were likely to die 25 years earlier than adults in the general population (Colton & Manderscheid, 2006). Of those who die, 87% do so because of medical illnesses (Parks, Radke, & Mazade, 2008). These studies, results from Sederer et al. in a general population, and others show that physical and psychological problems not only co-exist, but also have a relationship. Treating one without addressing the other will result in inadequate care for the individual who suffers from both. Not much in terms of practice, however, has been done to address this issue until fairly recently.
Why Integrate Care?
Addressing the physical health needs of persons with mental illness has become increasingly important as more evidence becomes available of the link between them. An account of a recently held forum at the Robert Graham Center for Policy Studies in Family Medicine and Primary Care noted:
“For years, the prevailing notion in medicine held that the body is treated in a physician's office and the mind in a ...
Developing non-clinical approaches and are pathways to fundamental socioeconomic issues that are presented in the primary care and secondary care settings
Read and respond to each peer initial post with 3-4 sentence long re.docxniraj57
Read and respond to each peer initial post with 3-4 sentence long response
Peer #1
For the Research Assignment, I have chosen to focus on an area of Healthcare that rarely gets the
attention it deserves.
Mental health.
I
chose this topic because I am personally effected by it and so are many millions of Americans. Mental illness is also one of the leading causes of
death in our nation and one life is lost as a result of suicide, abuse or incarceration every 17mins in the United States. Mental illness has been my
area of focus throughout this program and the advocacy and participatory philosophy will be useful for the final project because it suggests that
“
that research inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political agenda” (Creswell, p.9). I do believe that mental health has a specific
agenda for a study and that there has been constant aim for reform in healthcare and mental health. This social issue is definitely pertinent right
now and topics that address it such as “empowerment, inequality, oppression, domination, suppression, and alienation” (Creswell, p.9), and are
really the focus of the study. The goal of this project for me, is to provide a voice to participants and give them the ability address the concerns that
will lead to reform.
According to Kemmis and Wilkinson (1998) this philosophy offers four key features of the advocacy/participatory framework of inquiry:
1. Participatory actions are focused on bringing about change, and at the end of this type of study, researchers create an action agenda for change.
2. It is focused on freeing individuals from societal constraints, which is why the study begins with an important issue currently in society.
3. It aims to create a political debate so that change will occur.
4. Since advocacy/participatory researchers engage participants as active contributors to the research, it is a collaborative experience.
Research Problem Statement
My Vision is to Provide members of the community with the opportunities and education needed to prevent death due to suicide, acts of self-harm
and the traumatic impact of mental illness. By promoting resilience, the enhancement of community resources, conflict resolution and support for
individuals, families and the communities of those who suffer with mental disorders, illness or have a sudden mental health crisis. The target
population includes all individuals within Chatham County, with unmet mental health needs.
These individuals are currently not being served by
traditional methods due to financial, structural, and personal barriers including access and stigma. Untreated mental health
issues of these
individuals put them at risk for exacerbation of physical health problems, suicide attempts, premature moves to long-term care settings, and
psychiatric hospitalization, incarceration, residential alcohol/drug treatment or homelessness. The target population is all individuals within
Chatham County, ...
Improving the Health Outcomes of Both Patients AND PopulationsCHC Connecticut
NCA Clinical Workforce Development, Team-Based Care 2019 Webinar Series
Webinar broadcast on: May 23, 2019 | 2 p.m. EST
In this webinar experts will share their journey in planning, preparing and launching a population health initiative. With the goals of impacting population health outcomes while ensuring cost effectiveness, our experts designed interventions to eliminate gaps in care, particularly among special populations.
CommunityPublic Health NursingPromoting the Health ofLynellBull52
Community/Public Health Nursing
Promoting the Health of Populations
SEVENTH EDITION
Mary A. Nies, PhD, RN, FAAN, FAAHB
Director of Nursing Research and Professor College of Nursing, Joint Appointment MPH Program, Kasiska
Division of Health Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho
Melanie McEwen, PhD, RN, CNE, ANEF
Professor, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Cizik School of Nursing, Houston, Texas
2
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
About the Author
Acknowledgments
Contributors
Preface
Unit 1. Introduction to Community Health Nursing
1. Health: A Community View
Definitions of Health and Community
Determinants of Health and Disease
Indicators of Health and Illness
Definition and Focus of Public Health and Community Health
Preventive Approach to Health
Definition and Focus of Public Health Nursing, Community Health Nursing, and Community-
Based Nursing
Population-Focused Practice and Community/Public Health Nursing Interventions
Public Health Nursing, Managed Care, and Health Reform
Summary
Evolve Website
2. Historical Factors: Public Health Nursing in Context
Evolution of Health in Western Populations
3
kindle:embed:0006?mime=image/jpg
Advent of Modern Health Care
Consequences for The Health of Populations
Social Challenges and Public Health Nursing
Challenges for Public Health Nursing
Summary
Evolve Website
3. Thinking Upstream: Nursing Theories and Population-Focused Nursing Practice
Thinking Upstream: Examining the Root Causes of Poor Health
Historical Perspectives on Nursing Theory
How Theory Provides Direction to Nursing
Microscopic Versus Macroscopic Approaches to the Conceptualization of Community Health
Problems
Assessing a Theory’s Scope in Relation to Community Health Nursing
Review of Theoretical Approaches
Healthy People 2020
Summary
Evolve Website
4. Health Promotion and Risk Reduction
Health Promotion and Community Health Nursing
Determinants of Health
Theories in Health Promotion
Risk and Health
The Relationship of Risk to Health and Health Promotion Activities
Summary
Evolve Website
Unit 2. The Art and Science of Community Health Nursing
5. Epidemiology
Use of Epidemiology in Disease Control and Prevention
Calculation of Rates
Concept of Risk
4
Use of Epidemiology in Disease Prevention
Use of Epidemiology in Health Services
Epidemiological Methods
Summary
Learning Activities
6. Community Assessment
The Nature of Community
Healthy Communities
Assessing the Community: Sources Of Data
Needs Assessment
Diagnosing Health Problems
Summary
Evolve Website
7. Community Health Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation
Overview of Health Planning
Health Planning Model
Health Planning Projects
Health Planning Models in Public Health
Health Planning Federal Legislation
Nursing Implications
Summary
Evolve Website
8. Community Health Education
Connecting With Everyday Realities
Health Education in ...
Post Acute Care: Patient Assessment Instrument and Payment Reform Demonstration nashp
Presented at the National Academy for State Health Policy's 20th Annual State Health Policy Conference in Denver, Colorado. Authors: Judith Tobin and Barbara Gage.
Presented at the National Academy for State Health Policy's 20th Annual State Health Policy Conference in Denver, Colorado. Author: Jean Moody Williams
Blazing New Trails: Shifting the Focus on Alcohol and Drugsnashp
Presented at the National Academy for State Health Policy's 20th Annual State Health Policy Conference in Denver, Colorado. Authors: Barbara Cimaglio, Sally Fogerty, BSN, M.Ed., John C. Higgins-Biddle, Ph.D.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path