Robert Gagné is known for his theories on learning outcomes and conditions as well as his nine events of instruction. His theories have been applied to instructional design in various fields including the military, instructional systems development, and flying. Gagné focused on learning outcomes, conditions, and a nine step instructional process involving gaining attention, informing objectives, stimulating recall of prior knowledge, presenting new material, providing guidance, eliciting performance, giving feedback, assessing performance, and enhancing retention and transfer.

2. Gagné’s Theoretical Background
Robert Gagné is best known for his:
• Learning Outcomes
• Learning Conditions
• Nine Events of Instruction
Gagné’s theories have been applied to
instructional design in many other areas:
• Military
• Instructional Systems Development
• Flying
• Lots of others

7. 1. Gaining attention
Giving learner a
stimulus to ensure reception
of coming instruction
2. Informing the learner of
the objective
Telling learner what
they will be able to do for the
instruction
3. Stimulating recall of
prior learning
Asking for recall of
existing relevant knowledge
 Attention
 Expectancy
 Retrieval to
working memory

8. 4. Presenting the stimulus
Displaying the content
5. Providing learner
guidance
Supplying organization
and relevance to enhance
understanding
6. Eliciting performance
Asking learners to respond,
demonstrating learning
 Pattern recognition;
selective perception
 Chunking,
rehearsal, encoding
 Retrieval,
responding

9. 7. Providing Feedback
Giving immediate
feedback on learner's
performance.
8. Assessing performance
Assessing and providing
feedback to learners
9. Enhancing retention and
transfer
Providing diverse practice
to generalize the capability
 Reinforcement,
error correction
 Responding,
retention
 Retention, retrieval,
generalization