Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or both. It can be short-term (less than a month) or long-term (lasting over a month). Insomnia is associated with daytime sleepiness, low energy, irritability, and depressed mood. It negatively impacts physical and mental health and is linked to conditions like depression, hypertension, and diabetes. Insomnia places a significant burden on individuals and society due to its effects on health, productivity, and costs of healthcare.

1. 1
Chapter I. Introduction
Insomnia is a general clinical term that refers to difficulty initiating or
maintaining sleep. Insomnia may be the only presenting symptom (primary
insomnia) or it can co-occur with other physical or mental disorders (comorbid
insomnia). Both primary and comorbid insomnia can be acute (duration less than
30 days) or chronic. Chronic insomnia is defined as difficulty falling or staying
asleep on a daily or nearly daily basis for at least 1 month and causes significant
distress or has a negative impact on important areas of functioning. Sleep
problems are one of the most common complaints for adults in primary care. They
are associated with a decline in overall health status and perception of poor health
and can have negative personal and social consequences.
Insomnia is a sleep disorder where people have trouble sleeping. People
tend to have difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep as long as
desired. Insomnia is typically followed by daytime sleepiness, low energy,
irritability, and a depressed mood. It may result in an increased risk of motor
vehicle collisions, as well as problems focusing and learning. Insomnia can be
short term, lasting for days or weeks, or long term, lasting more than a month.
Insomnia can occur independently or as a result of another problem. Conditions
that can result in insomnia include psychological stress, chronic pain, heart
failure, hyperthyroidism, heartburn, restless leg syndrome, menopause, certain
medications, and drugs such as caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. Other risk factors
include working night shifts and sleep apnea. Diagnosis is based on sleep habits
and an examination to look for underlying causes. Insomnia has a negative impact

2. 2
on the psychological and physical health of those who suffer from it. Insomnia is
correlated with self-report of depression.
The term insomnia is variously defined and can describe a symptom and/or
a disorder. It involves dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality and is
associated with one or more of the following subjective complaints: difficulty with
sleep initiation, difficulty maintaining sleep, or early morning waking with
inability to return to sleep.3 Individuals with sleep problems also report higher
levels of anxiety, physical pain and discomfort, and cognitive
deficiencies.4Insomnia may be associated with long-term health consequences,
including increased morbidity, respiratory disease, rheumatic disease,
cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular conditions, and diabetes.

3. 3
1.1 Background of the Study
Sleep problems are one of the most common complaints for adults in
primary care. They are associated with a decline in overall health status and
perception of poor health and can have negative personal and social consequences.
The term insomnia is variously defined and can describe a symptom and/or a
disorder. It involves dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality and is associated
with one or more of the following subjective complaint(s): difficulty with sleep
initiation, difficulty maintaining sleep, or early morning waking with inability to
return to sleep. Individuals with sleep problems also report higher levels of
anxiety, physical pain and discomfort, and cognitive deficiencies. Insomnia may
be associated with long-term health consequences, including increased morbidity,
respiratory disease, rheumatic disease, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular
conditions, and diabetes.
While insomnia is typically transient, some cases are persistent and can
last for years. ‘Insomnia disorder’ should be diagnosed using diagnostic criteria
from the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
and/or the International Classification of Sleep Disorders. Both have been recently
updated. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual is geared
towards primary care and general mental health providers. Criteria for insomnia
disorder require that sleep symptoms cause clinically significant distress or
impairment(s) in functioning (social, occupational, educational, academic,
behavioral, or other) and occur despite adequate opportunity for sleep on at least
3 nights per week for at least 3 months. Diagnosis also requires that symptoms not

4. 4
be primarily linked to other sleep disorders or occur exclusively during the course
of another sleep-wake disorder (narcolepsy, breathing-related sleep disorder,
circadian rhythm disorder); not be attributable to the physiological effects of a
substance; and not be explained by coexisting mental disorders or medical
conditions.
Dysfunction associated with insomnia disorder includes fatigue, poor
cognitive function, mood disturbance, and distress or interference with personal
functioning. Both criteria recognize sleep-related complaint(s) despite adequate
opportunity for sleep combined with distress or dysfunction created by the sleep
difficulty in their current and previous versions. Until recently, diagnostic criteria
classified insomnia as primary or comorbid, depending on the absence or presence
of other conditions. However, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5 now uses
the term “insomnia disorder” and International Classification of Sleep Disorders
-III uses the term “insomnia;” both eliminate the distinction between primary and
secondary insomnia. The distinction had questionable relevance in clinical
practice, and revisions reflect this understanding by suggesting a diagnosis of
insomnia disorder for patients who meet diagnostic criteria, despite any coexisting
conditions, unless the other condition explains the sleep problems.
Depending on how insomnia is defined, prevalence estimates range from
nearly 33 percent in an international sample of primary care patients to 17 percent
of U.S. adults reporting “regularly having insomnia or trouble sleeping in the past
12 months” to 6–10 percent of adults meeting established diagnostic
criteria. Insomnia disorder in the general population consists of difficulties getting

5. 5
to sleep and maintaining sleep. Previous diagnostic criteria for insomnia did not
specify a minimum timeframe for sleep difficulties; chronic insomnia was used to
describe cases that lasted from weeks to months, and insomnia was considered
chronic in 40 – 70 percent of cases. When chronic, as with insomnia disorder,
duration ranges from 1 to 20 years across longitudinal studies. Females are 1.4
times more likely than males to suffer from insomnia. Older adults also have
higher prevalence of insomnia; aging is often accompanied by changes in sleep
patterns (disrupted sleep, frequent waking, and early waking) that can lead to
insomnia.
Older adults typically report difficulty maintaining sleep. Many insomnia
cases coexist with other conditions (especially psychiatric diagnoses and pain
disorders); however, current diagnostic criteria suggest that insomnia disorder
includes sleep problems that cannot be explained by another mental or medical
condition.
Insomnia disorder is associated with medical and psychiatric morbidity
including hypertension and depression. Insomnia disorder is also linked to reduce
productivity, disability, and health care costs. Annual cost estimates for insomnia
in the United States range from $30 – $107 billion. Direct costs of $12 – $14
billion cover expenses such as medical appointments, over-the-counter sleep aids,
and prescription medication. The remainder includes indirect costs such as lost
productivity due to absenteeism and presenteeism (attending work while sick,
fatigued), reduced quality of life, accidents, and injuries. These costs and
consequences highlight the importance of treating this condition. Treatment

6. 6
decisions would greatly benefit from an enhanced understanding about the
efficacy and comparative effectiveness of the wide variety of treatments available.
Insomnia is often not diagnosed and may remain untreated. Other
individuals suffering from sleep problems tend to seek treatment when symptoms
become bothersome (e.g., distress, fatigue, daytime functioning, and cognitive
impairment) (MediLexicon, Intl., 2012).
1.2 Problem Statement
Insomnia places a significant burden on the individual and society.
Insomnia affects individuals of all ages. There are reports symptoms of insomnia,
and the diagnostic criteria for insomnia. Insomnia is more common among
women, shift workers, individuals with psychiatric and medical disorders, and it
is especially common among adults over the age of 55 and also experience by
adolescence nowadays. Individuals who complain of sleep disturbance are more
likely to use the health care system. Walsh and Engelhardt estimated that the total
direct US domestic cost of insomnia was billions in 1995, which resulted from
substances purchased to treat the insomnia and higher health care utilization. The
burden of insomnia is much more than financial.
Insomnia has a negative impact on the psychological and physical health
of those who suffer from it. Insomnia is correlated with self-report of depression
8, 12–14 fatigue, 9 and overall quality of life. Chronic insomnia has also been
associated with impaired cognitive function, accident risk, and absenteeism.
Further, recent research suggests that untreated insomnia may have a role in the
onset and progression of conditions such as depression, including suicide risk,

7. 7
hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Finally, daytime symptoms of
chronic disease may be exacerbated by co-occurring sleep issues.
Insomnia involves dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality. It is
associated with one or more of the following subjective complaints: difficulty with
sleep initiation, difficulty maintaining sleep, or early morning waking with
inability to return to sleep. For an insomnia disorder it gives negative results in
dealing with others socially, occupationally, educationally, academically, and
behaviours changed. Dysfunction that can accompany insomnia disorder includes
fatigue, poor cognitive function, mood disturbance, and distress or interference
with personal functioning.
1.3 Purpose Statement
The purpose of this study is give a feasible ways to people who are
suffering from Insomnia. People nowadays are suffering from it because of
different problems they are facing that leads them to stress or depression and
suffering from sleep disorder as a result. The purpose of this research is to reduce
the people who are suffering from insomnia and help ensure the highest quality
healthcare for all citizens regardless of their problem, sleep disorder. This Plan
includes the preparation by different expert groups in different websites and
participants related to this issue. This guide was produced within this framework
for the management of patients with Insomnia.
Sleep is a part of everyone’s daily life, and is a biological necessity
restoring basic physical and psychological functions to achieve satisfactory
performance. Its disorders are among the most important health problems that go

8. 8
unreported, with consequences that involve individual, work, economic and social
development. One of these disorders, insomnia, is notable because of its
widespread nature, and must be treated early and appropriately to prevent adverse
effects on the health and quality of life of the sufferer. It is important to have
common guidelines for both the diagnosis and treatment, which build on the best
scientific knowledge available.
Insomnia treatment goals include meaningful improvements in sleep and
associated distress and/or dysfunction. Improvements in sleep can be measured in
a variety of ways. Because patient complaints can encompass specific symptoms
such as sleep-onset latency, number of awakenings, wake after sleep onset, and
total sleep time, these are often measured to assess efficacy or effectiveness. Sleep
efficiency (total sleep time/total time in bed) is a broader sleep measure that may
capture the net effect of specific sleep symptoms.
1.4 Significance of the Study
Insomnia treatment outcome studies typically assess sleep onset and offset
over several nights using sleep diaries. These include bed time, time at lights off,
wake time and time out of bed. Indices of sleep disturbance are also recorded (e.g.,
sleep onset latency and time awake after sleep onset and/or derived [e.g., total
sleep time and sleep efficiency]. The average value of a given sleep parameter is
typically computed to obtain a more stable variable and therefore more reliable
measure of an insomnia symptom than a value on a single night.
However, averages of sleep parameters often fail to fully convey the nature
of an individual’s sleep disturbance or sleep schedule because variability from

9. 9
night to night in sleep continuity, quality, duration and schedule is common
among those with insomnia. Such variations in sleep constitute an important
clinical feature of insomnia disorder. In fact, intra-individual variability in sleep
duration and fragmentation appears to exceed differences between individuals
across these measures.
With increased recognition that distress about the unpredictability of sleep
may be an important determinant of sleep-related anxiety in individuals with
insomnia, there has been growing interest in the study of variability of sleep in
individuals with insomnia. Even so, up until recently, research has primarily
focused on the variability in sleep parameters that measure insomnia symptoms,
rather than sleep schedules. Night-to-night variability in insomnia symptoms is
greater among people with chronic insomnia than controls and it is greater among
individuals with insomnia related to a mental disorder than among those with
primary insomnia. Vallières et al. identified three clusters of sleep patterns among
adults with chronic insomnia unpredictable sleep pattern were present in
approximately one third of the sample (Vallières, 1988).
Variability of sleep schedules can be differentiated from variability of
insomnia symptoms, which consist of sleep parameters. Existing research has
found greater night-to-night variability in sleep schedules among certain
populations, including young adults and patients with depressive symptoms, as
well as acute suicidal distress. Additionally, individuals classified as evening
chronotypes have greater variability in their out of bed time than those classified
as morning or intermediate chronotypes. Among adolescents and young adults,

10. 10
more variable sleep patterns (less than 2 hours difference between weekday and
weekend sleep bouts) predict a variety of adverse outcomes, including short sleep
duration, daytime sleepiness, depressive symptoms, and increased risk for obesity.
Among individuals with insomnia distress about the consequences of
insufficient sleep, decisions about when to attempt sleep and when to get out of
bed are often based on the quality of sleep in the night prior. The variability in
such voluntary sleep parameters, particularly wake and rise times, is the target of
stimulus control and sleep restriction therapy for insomnia; both are central
components of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia that recommend regular
wake and out of bed times.
The variability of insomnia symptoms and sleep schedules would be
positively correlated with measures of insomnia severity, depressive
symptomatology, and evening chronotype. Based on past research, we also
expected that depression symptom severity and chronotypes independently will
account for a significant proportion of the variance for night-to-night sleep
variability. Finally, we hypothesized that night-to-night variability for both
insomnia symptoms and sleep schedules is predicted to decrease following
cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia and that individuals with high
variability exhibiting a more robust treatment response compared to those with
low variability.

11. 11
1.4 Research Questions
The proposal wants to answer these following questions:
1. Are the effects of insomnia have a big impact to people who suffered from it?
2. Does exercising regularly really help the people who suffered from insomnia?
3. Does eliminating alcohol and doing some meditation really help the people
who are suffering from insomnia?
The insomnia have a big impact to people who suffered from because if
sleep problems worsen and are not treated, complications such as psychiatric
disorders can occur. The quality of life of the individual is likely to be
compromised, the work performance effected and he or she is at significant risk
of accidents such as vehicle accidents when travelling.
Going to sleep and waking up at the same time every day can create a steady
pattern which may help to prevent or treat insomnia. Avoidance of exercise and
any caffeinated drinks a few hours before going to sleep is recommended, while
exercise earlier in the day is beneficial. The bedroom should be cool and dark, and
the bed should only be used for sleep. These are some of the points included in
what doctors call "sleep hygiene”.
Eliminating alcohol will also hinder the people to sleep because of hyper
and meditation will help the people who suffer from it because it will make the
people relax in order to cool and will make them sleep properly.

12. 12
1.5 Research Hypotheses in Null form
Insomnia has different negative impact to people who suffered from it, it
entails experiencing consistent complexities in falling asleep, and staying awake
regularly at night or waking up to early in the morning that can result to accidents
and can also raise blood pressure in women.
1.6 Identification of Variables
This proposal talks about the feasible way on how to deal with insomnia
which will help the people who suffer from it. Having a solution to this particular
issue will also benefit the people’s suffering. Thus, the independent variable is the
insomnia’s feasible ways in dealing with it while the dependent variable is the
symptoms that is experienced by the patient.
1.7 Assumptions and Limitations
The proposal is mainly about the sleep disorder or insomnia which is one of
the burden of the people nowadays. People know about this kind of disorder’s
negative impact because they have experienced this or was experienced by the
people they know are. Assumptions of this proposal would be the respondent’s
honesty and truthfulness towards answering the survey questionnaires, assures
that all participants have all experienced the same or similar issue, and participants
have a sincere interest in participating in the research.
This proposal is limited only to respondents who have experienced
insomnia. Those individuals that can relate to this issue. The place where the
respondents were surveyed from is in the Municipality of Molave only.

13. 13
Chapter II. Review of Related Literature
The review of insomnia investigated the recent knowledge/ findings on
Insomnia, the most prevalent sleep disorder in the general population. Insomnia
consequences included mortality risk, physical and mental problems, particularly
depression, cognitive impairment, work-related problems such as accidents,
injuries, absenteeism, lower productivity and diminished job satisfaction. Female
gender, aging, unemployment, lower education levels, manual occupations,
lifestyle behaviors (e.g. heavy drinking) and sleep hygiene practices (e.g.
improper sleep schedules) increased the likelihood of experiencing Insomnia. By
contrast, physical exercise improved Insomnia symptoms. Personality factors
such as Neuroticism, Perfectionism and Evening Chronotype increased the odds
of experiencing Insomnia. Conversely, Extroversion and Optimism were
associated with less Insomnia symptoms. Negative affect (depression and anxiety)
predicted new cases of Insomnia in the long term. Cognitive processes (e.g.
worry), sleep-related cognitive processes (e.g. dysfunctional sleep beliefs) and
emotional dysregulation processes were also related to Insomnia. In the
workplace, Insomnia was associated with night work and short-time duration for
recovery between shifts or work-related psychological processes such as
embeddedness, effort–reward imbalance, surface acting, low social support or
interpersonal conflict, higher over commitment, low employment level and job
insecurity.
Sleep disorders are so frequently associated with depression that, in the
absence of sleep complaints, a diagnosis of depression should be made with

14. 14
caution. Insomnia, in particular, may occur in 60%–80% of depressed patients.
Depressive symptoms are important risk factors for insomnia, and depression is
considered an important comorbid condition in patients with chronic insomnia of
any etiology. In addition, some drugs commonly prescribed for the treatment of
depression may worsen insomnia and impair full recovery from the illness. The
aim of this paper is to review briefly and discuss the following topics: common
sleep disturbances during depression (in particular pavornocturnus, nightmares,
hypersomnia, and insomnia); circadian sleep disturbances; and treatment of
depression by manipulation of the sleep-wake rhythm (chronotherapy, light
therapy, cycles of sleep, and manipulation of the sleep-wake rhythm itself).
Finally, we present a case report of a 65-year-old Caucasian woman suffering
from insomnia associated with depression who was successfully treated with sleep
deprivation.
Insomnia affects almost half of adults living in America. This is a shared
sleeping disorder that many people across the universe are diagnosed with. Several
causes of insomnia include exercising too much, stress, withdrawal from alcohol or
a certain drug, physical circumstances, and diseases. People with insomnia usually
have trouble going to sleep or staying asleep, which causes people to have poor-
quality sleep, which will affect their mood, energy, and productiveness for the next
day. More symptoms of insomnia include waking up earlier than needed, having
trouble falling back asleep, and being in a bad mood the following day. Insomnia
can cause many more problems (MediLexicon, Intl., 2012).

15. 15
2.1 History
To date, studies of the natural history of insomnia have focused on the
prevalence, incidence, and persistence of chronic insomnia. While these studies
have provided seminal information about the epidemiology of insomnia, no
studies to date, have been conducted in a manner to 1) allow for a close resolution
of the “transitions” from good sleep to acute insomnia, from acute insomnia to the
recovery of good sleep, or from acute insomnia to chronic insomnia and/or 2)
allow for a comprehensive assessment of the factors that have been theorized to
mediate or moderate these transitions. The present paper provides a review of
these issues and sets forth a research agenda.
Over the last several decades the prevalence and incidence of insomnia has
been described in great detail. These data, while essential to document the
magnitude of this health problem, infrequently provide information related to the
incidence of new-onset insomnia and even less frequently provide information on
the incidence of spontaneous remission and relapse. Of the groundbreaking
studies that document these phenomena, none have provided information about
the factors that mediate/moderate the transitions between good sleep to acute
insomnia and from acute insomnia to either recovery or chronic insomnia. In this
review, what is known about the natural history of insomnia (in terms of
prevalence, incidence, and clinical course) will be reviewed. In addition, the
leading theoretical perspectives on insomnia will be reviewed (with an eye
towards identifying the factors that may mediate/moderate the above noted
transitions) and a research agenda provided.

16. 16
Chapter III. Methodology
In this chapter, the researcher discusses the methods used and included in
the research; describe the selected research method, and describes the process of
undertaking the study and participants.
3.1 Introduction
As discussed in chapter I, insomnia is one of the burden to people since
having this kind of disorder may cause different negative impacts. This kind of
disorder is one of the most important health problems that go unreported, with
consequences that involve individual, work, economic and social development.
One of these disorders, insomnia, is notable because of its widespread
nature, and must be treated early and appropriately to prevent adverse effects on
the health and quality of life of the sufferer. The objective of this study is to
examine how sleep is experienced in the later years as well as the effects of
Insomnia and influences that support coping. This section of this research study
describe the selected research methodology, explain how the literature for review
were selected and as well as explain the ethical consideration of this research
study.
3.2 Participants
Since the topic is all about insomnia and its effects to the sufferer. Thus,
the population is the people who suffer from it. This study is for those people who
are suffering from sleep disorder or insomnia which is suitable for the study. It
was conducted in the municipality of Molave and there were 20 respondents who

17. 17
were surveyed about the research and were asked by answering the given
questionnaires.
3.3 Setting
This study was being conducted in rural area particularly in the School of
Sacred Heart Diocesan School and it was also conducted in the baranggays that
surrounds in the municipality of Molave such as: Baranggay Makuguihon,
Baranggay Madasigon, Baranggay Maloloy-on. The sample participants and the
data collected came from this area.
3.4 Instrumentation
In getting the important information of the 20 participants from the given
questionnaire regarding the proposed feasible ways in dealing with sleep disorder
or insomnia, the survey instrument using questionnaires were used.
The survey consisted of 10 binary questions which assume one of two
possible answer, yes or no. In measuring the data collected, descriptive statistics
could be used. The measures of central tendency, the mean, median and mode,
and spread such as standard deviation and variance.

18. 18
Survey Questionnaire
Directions: Please put checkmark (✔) that corresponds to your answer.
Questions YES NO
1. Do you have trouble falling asleep at
night?
2. When awakened during the night, do you
have trouble going back to sleep?
3. Do you feel nervous or worried?
4. Is your mind races with many thoughts
during bed time?
5. Is your sleep schedule irregular?
6. Are you taking pills to fall asleep?
7. Do you have any unusual behaviours or
movements during bed time?
8. Does exercising help you anyway?
9. Do you go to sleep and wake up at
different times each day?
10. Are you having trouble relaxing at
night?

19. 19
3.5 Procedures
After the all the necessary modifications, the survey was done using the
questionnaire that were administered directly to the chosen sample for the study.
The said questionnaire is answerable by yes or no. Twenty copies of the
questionnaire given out and were successfully completed and returned. The
researcher surveyed the people personally who are suitable for the study. The
questions were thoroughly explained to the respondents which persuaded them to
agree in answering the written questions. This research proposal undergoes certain
process before the data was finalized and interpreted.
Data collection was done using the pre-coded questionnaires administered
to sample respondents from the municipality of Molave, Zamboanga del Sur. To
process the data collected, first encode the data into numeric format. Second,
transfer the information from questionnaires to computer files for processing. The
researcher used statistical techniques; charts and graphs.
3.6 Design
The researcher chose a survey research design in gathering data from the
respondents because it is best served to answer the questions and the purposes of
the study. A survey research design was used to determine the people’s point of
view about the topic’s issue. Survey research design is usually done by doing
structured interview or self-administered questionnaires given to sample
respondents of the population. In this research, the researcher used the survey
questionnaires to gather data from respondents.

20. 20
3.7 Data Analysis
The data collected from the field were measured. The data collected from
the field were measured. The survey questionnaire have 20 participants. If the
respondents answer yes in every question in the questionnaire, it means that they
are really suffering from sleep disorder. This is to determine how many
respondents completely agree to the research proposal’s survey questionnaire.
Pie Chart I.
The data above counts how many respondents are able to answer yes or no
in each question. The respondents who answer either yes or no are totalled and
expressed into percentage by dividing it by 10.
80%
20%
Respondent'sResponse
Yes No

21. 21
The table below contains the information required to compute for the mean
and variance for YES answer.
Table 1. CALCULATION OF VARIANCE
N (Question) Xi(Score) Group mean (M)
(xi-m)
Variance
(xi-x)2
x1 20 4 16
x2 15 1 1
x3 13 3 9
x4 18 2 4
x5 19 3 9
x6 14 2 4
x7 13 3 9
x8 15 1 1
x9 17 1 1
x10 16 0 0
Sum =160
x (Mean)=16
Sum =20
Mean= 2
Sum = 54
Mean = 5.4
SD = 2.32

22. 22
The table below contains the information from the table 1 required to
compute for the Z-Score for YES answer.
Table 2. CALCULATION OF Z-SCORE
N (Question) X (Respondents) Group Mean (M)
( Xi- m)
Variance
( Xi – m)2/SD
x1 20 4 1.72
x2 15 1 0.43
x3 13 3 1.29
x4 18 2 0.86
x5 19 3 1.29
x6 14 2 0.86
x7 13 3 1.29
x8 15 1 0.43
x9 17 1 0.43
x10 16 0 0

23. 23
The table below contains the information required to compute for the mean
and variance for NO answer.
Table 1. CALCULATION OF VARIANCE
N (Question) Xi(Score) Group mean (M)
(xi-m)
Variance
(xi-x)2
x1 0 4 16
x2 5 1 1
x3 7 3 9
x4 2 2 4
x5 1 3 9
x6 6 2 4
x7 7 3 9
x8 5 1 1
x9 3 1 1
x10 4 0 0
Sum =40
x (Mean)=16
Sum =20
Mean= 2
Sum = 54
Mean = 5.4
SD = 2.32

24. 24
The table below contains the information from the table 3 required to
compute for the Z-Score for NO answer.
Table 2. CALCULATION OF Z-SCORE
N (Question) X (Respondents) Group Mean (M)
( Xi- m)
Variance
( Xi – m)2/SD
x1 0 4 1.72
x2 5 1 0.43
x3 7 3 1.29
x4 2 2 0.86
x5 1 3 1.29
x6 6 2 0.86
x7 7 3 1.29
x8 5 1 0.43
x9 3 1 0.43
x10 4 0 0

25. 25
Contingency Table
A Feasibility Way on How to Deal with Insomnia
Questions
Total Respondents: 20
YES % NO %
1. Do you have trouble falling asleepat night? 20 100% 0 0
2. When awakened during the night, do you
have trouble going back to sleep?
15
75%
5
25%
3. Do you feel nervous or worried? 13 65% 7 35%
4. Is your mind races with many thoughts
during bed time?
18
90%
2
10%
5. Is your sleepschedule irregular? 19 95% 1 5%
6. Are you taking pills to fall asleep? 14 70% 6 30%
7. Do you have any unusual behaviours or
movements during bed time?
13
65%
7
35%
8. Does exercising help you anyway? 15 75% 5 25%
9. Do you go to sleepand wake up at different
times each day?
17
85%
3
15%
10. Are you having trouble relaxing at night? 16 80% 4 20%

26. 26
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630964/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia
https://www.imh.com.sg/wellness/page.aspx?id=557
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