The document discusses why social inequality persists. It argues that in affluent nations, inequality is no longer caused by a lack of resources but by unrecognized beliefs that propagate it. These beliefs include that elitism is efficient, exclusion is necessary, and prejudice is natural. The document provides historical and statistical evidence to show how these beliefs have led to rising inequality in places like the UK over time through policies that concentrate wealth among a small minority.
Injustice: Why social inequality persistsDanny Dorling
The document discusses the persistence of social inequality and presents five renewed tenets of injustice: elitism, exclusion, prejudice, greed, and despair. It argues that these injustices are being recreated and supported by powerful groups who believe the tenets are efficient, necessary, natural, good, and inevitable. Examples are given showing how exclusion and the denial of benefits to some groups are actually unnecessary and driven by beliefs that perpetuate inequality.
Injustice - Why Social Inequality Still PersistsDanny Dorling
Slide deck showing the figures used in the book by Danny Dorling. View further details on the book companion website at http://www.dannydorling.org/books/injustice/
Injustice: Why social inequality persistsDanny Dorling
1) The document summarizes Danny Dorling's claim that five new social injustices have replaced the five evils identified by Beveridge in 1942: elitism, exclusion, prejudice, greed, and despair.
2) It argues that social inequalities are now being recreated and supported by these unjust beliefs, and that we need to think differently to address this.
3) The document then provides examples to illustrate how each of the five new social injustices has replaced one of the original five evils through increased inequality in areas like education, employment, housing, and mental health.
The 'Broken' Society: Stigmatising Poverty and Disadvantage? - Gerry MooneyOxfam GB
Dr Gerry Mooney, from the Open University, talks about the stigmatisation of poverty and disadvantage.
Stephen Boyd, Assistant Secretary of the Scottish Trade Unions Congress, talks about how the Scottish economy works.
The Whose Economy? seminars, organised by Oxfam Scotland and the University of the West of Scotland, brought together experts to look at recent changes in the Scottish economy and their impact on Scotland's most vulnerable communities.
Held over winter and spring 2010-11 in Edinburgh, Inverness, Glasgow and Stirling, the series posed the question of what economy is being created in Scotland and, specifically, for whom?
To find out more and view other Whose Economy? papers, presentations and videos visit:
http://www.oxfamblogs.org/ukpovertypost/whose-economy-seminar-series-winter-2010-spring-2011/
A keynote for the 2015 We are Museums Conference in Berlin, Germany.
Museums… why should we care? Much has been written about the changes our culture is experiencing as institutions that once held a place of primary esteem have now somehow become less important than they once were. Museums are at the crux of this change and are wondering how we might preserve and bottle the relevance we hold with our audiences. At the same time, we find that relevance to be changing, ephemeral, and eroding.
How should museums answer these fundamental questions about our impact and why we matter at all? When challenged to defend the public investment and trust that we have stewarded for so many years, are we prepared to give a good account?
In this talk, Rob will expand on his seminal article about museum impact, Museums… So What? and will provide new insights and opportunities for museums to look towards to document and demonstrate actual real impact that museums provide and the tangible benefits museums can bring to their communities.
“Museums… so what?” will follow up on his much discussed article from the CODE|WORDS series on Medium.
https://medium.com/code-words-technology-and-theory-in-the-museum/
This document discusses the information needs of homeless library patrons. It begins by defining homelessness and providing statistics on the demographics of the homeless population in the United States. It then discusses common information needs of homeless individuals, such as information about finances, health care, housing, and employment. The document also examines tensions between librarians, typical patrons, and homeless patrons. It reviews research methods used to study this topic and recommendations for how libraries can better serve the homeless, such as treating all patrons equally and getting to know the local homeless community.
This document discusses diversity and representation in the workplace over time. It argues that while representation of minorities has increased due to factors like globalization and legislation protecting against discrimination, full equality has yet to be achieved. The document provides the example of Sports Direct, which was accused of race discrimination, to show that discrimination can still exist today. Overall the document evaluates both the progress that has been made toward diversity and inclusion, and the areas where biases and inequalities still persist.
The document discusses how Charles Dickens addressed various human rights issues concerning children in his novels. It focuses on the character Jo from Bleak House, who represents the neglected children in Victorian society. Jo has no rights or agency as a child living in poverty. The document also discusses how Dickens criticized the lack of protection for children's rights in areas like labor, education, and sexual exploitation. He drew attention to society's responsibility to guarantee basic human rights for all, especially vulnerable groups like children.
Injustice: Why social inequality persistsDanny Dorling
The document discusses the persistence of social inequality and presents five renewed tenets of injustice: elitism, exclusion, prejudice, greed, and despair. It argues that these injustices are being recreated and supported by powerful groups who believe the tenets are efficient, necessary, natural, good, and inevitable. Examples are given showing how exclusion and the denial of benefits to some groups are actually unnecessary and driven by beliefs that perpetuate inequality.
Injustice - Why Social Inequality Still PersistsDanny Dorling
Slide deck showing the figures used in the book by Danny Dorling. View further details on the book companion website at http://www.dannydorling.org/books/injustice/
Injustice: Why social inequality persistsDanny Dorling
1) The document summarizes Danny Dorling's claim that five new social injustices have replaced the five evils identified by Beveridge in 1942: elitism, exclusion, prejudice, greed, and despair.
2) It argues that social inequalities are now being recreated and supported by these unjust beliefs, and that we need to think differently to address this.
3) The document then provides examples to illustrate how each of the five new social injustices has replaced one of the original five evils through increased inequality in areas like education, employment, housing, and mental health.
The 'Broken' Society: Stigmatising Poverty and Disadvantage? - Gerry MooneyOxfam GB
Dr Gerry Mooney, from the Open University, talks about the stigmatisation of poverty and disadvantage.
Stephen Boyd, Assistant Secretary of the Scottish Trade Unions Congress, talks about how the Scottish economy works.
The Whose Economy? seminars, organised by Oxfam Scotland and the University of the West of Scotland, brought together experts to look at recent changes in the Scottish economy and their impact on Scotland's most vulnerable communities.
Held over winter and spring 2010-11 in Edinburgh, Inverness, Glasgow and Stirling, the series posed the question of what economy is being created in Scotland and, specifically, for whom?
To find out more and view other Whose Economy? papers, presentations and videos visit:
http://www.oxfamblogs.org/ukpovertypost/whose-economy-seminar-series-winter-2010-spring-2011/
A keynote for the 2015 We are Museums Conference in Berlin, Germany.
Museums… why should we care? Much has been written about the changes our culture is experiencing as institutions that once held a place of primary esteem have now somehow become less important than they once were. Museums are at the crux of this change and are wondering how we might preserve and bottle the relevance we hold with our audiences. At the same time, we find that relevance to be changing, ephemeral, and eroding.
How should museums answer these fundamental questions about our impact and why we matter at all? When challenged to defend the public investment and trust that we have stewarded for so many years, are we prepared to give a good account?
In this talk, Rob will expand on his seminal article about museum impact, Museums… So What? and will provide new insights and opportunities for museums to look towards to document and demonstrate actual real impact that museums provide and the tangible benefits museums can bring to their communities.
“Museums… so what?” will follow up on his much discussed article from the CODE|WORDS series on Medium.
https://medium.com/code-words-technology-and-theory-in-the-museum/
This document discusses the information needs of homeless library patrons. It begins by defining homelessness and providing statistics on the demographics of the homeless population in the United States. It then discusses common information needs of homeless individuals, such as information about finances, health care, housing, and employment. The document also examines tensions between librarians, typical patrons, and homeless patrons. It reviews research methods used to study this topic and recommendations for how libraries can better serve the homeless, such as treating all patrons equally and getting to know the local homeless community.
This document discusses diversity and representation in the workplace over time. It argues that while representation of minorities has increased due to factors like globalization and legislation protecting against discrimination, full equality has yet to be achieved. The document provides the example of Sports Direct, which was accused of race discrimination, to show that discrimination can still exist today. Overall the document evaluates both the progress that has been made toward diversity and inclusion, and the areas where biases and inequalities still persist.
The document discusses how Charles Dickens addressed various human rights issues concerning children in his novels. It focuses on the character Jo from Bleak House, who represents the neglected children in Victorian society. Jo has no rights or agency as a child living in poverty. The document also discusses how Dickens criticized the lack of protection for children's rights in areas like labor, education, and sexual exploitation. He drew attention to society's responsibility to guarantee basic human rights for all, especially vulnerable groups like children.
Danny Dorling is a Professor of Human Geography at the University of Sheffield. He went to various schools in Oxford and to University in Newcastle upon Tyne. He has worked in Newcastle, Bristol, Leeds and New Zealand. With a group of colleagues he helped create the website www.worldmapper.org which shows who has most and least in the world.
He has published with others more than 25 books on issues related to social inequalities and several hundred journal papers. Much of this work is available open access (see www.dannydorling.org). His work concerns issues of housing, health, employment, education and poverty. His recent books include, three co-authored texts: "Identity in Britain:
A cradle-to-grave atlas", "The Atlas of the Real World: Mapping the way we live" and "Bankrupt Britain: an atlas of social change". Recent sole authored books include, "Injustice: why social inequalities persist” in 2010 and "So you think you know about Britain" and “Fair Play”, both in 2011.
In 2008/9 he was a member of the Academic Reference Group advising Ministers on the Social Mobility White Paper. In 2009 he joined the World Health Organization's Scientific Resource Group on Health Equity Analysis and Research and the advisory group of the Equality Trust. He is a Patron of the charity RoadPeace, an Academician of the Academy of the Learned Societies in the Social Sciences and, in 2008, became Honorary President of the Society of Cartographers.
Before a career in academia Danny was employed as a play-worker in children's play-schemes and in pre-school education where the underlying rationale was that playing is learning for living. He tries not to forget this by playing with data surrounding people’s lives and representing the results in new, novel and stark ways which usually reveal the inequality of the lives we each live.
Storytelling: Just Tall Tales or the Future of Museums?Robert J. Stein
This document discusses the potential role of storytelling in museums. It notes that visitor expectations have changed with the rise of social media and immersive experiences, and that storytelling can help museums address this by communicating in a familiar way, carrying culture and meaning, and building empathy. Storytelling in museums faces challenges like museums' relationship with fiction and lack of tools for transmedia stories, but it could help engage visitors in new ways.
An310 cultural anthropology exam 8 answers (ashworth college)linkingllive
This document contains 20 multiple choice questions from an exam for AN310 Cultural Anthropology from Ashworth College. The questions cover topics like indigenous populations worldwide, challenges faced by women vendors in Mexico, ethnic groups in Nigeria, structural adjustment programs of the World Bank, case studies of providing services to pastoralists in Africa, an Ogoni martyr in Nigeria, addressing domestic violence and women's issues in Kazakhstan, the male bias in development planning, improving cultural fit in reforestation projects in Haiti, distributional development versus trickle-down economics, approaches like human development used by the UN, issues surrounding Palestinian refugees, Canada's newest province of Nunavut, the modernization model of change, phases of the project
Global Cities are growing at an amazing place and are changing the ways in which we live, work, play, and relate to each other. The term Smart Cities describes a movement to apply new technological developments towards the development of these cities, but does doing so create a city that we actually want to live in? This presentation will address the role of culture and artists in creating a dynamic "place" and the role that Museums might play in promoting a cultural dialog within their local communities
The document discusses the issue of cyberbullying among youth. It defines cyberbullying and notes that a 2002 British survey found that 1 in 4 youths between ages 11-19 had been threatened online. While adults are less aware of cyberbullying than traditional bullying, the harassment can be difficult to stop and victims may get in trouble for accessing inappropriate sites. There is debate around how schools, parents, and governments should respond to and take responsibility for preventing cyberbullying.
Colorblind' Admissions Proccess in Universities KristopherKeach
This document summarizes a thesis submitted by Kristopher Keach examining the 'colorblind' admissions process in universities. It discusses the legacy of slavery and discrimination against minorities in the US education system. It describes how affirmative action was implemented in the 1940s-1960s to address this, though it faced resistance and was dismantled in California. It argues that a truly colorblind admissions system is impossible, as factors like an applicant's name and address can reveal their race, and implicit biases cannot be avoided. Studies have shown affirmative action remains the most effective way to promote equal access to education following centuries of racial inequalities.
This chapter outlines the key topics and concepts related to social work that will be covered, including definitions of social work and social welfare, distinguishing characteristics of social work, related fields like sociology and psychology, and how social work addresses problems at the personal, family, and community levels. It introduces two case examples to illustrate how social workers help individuals and address issues like mental health, substance abuse, poverty, and community conflicts. The chapter establishes that social work is focused on helping people through addressing problems caused by interactions and relationships, with the goal of improving quality of life.
Connecting the Dots: How Digital Methods Become the Glue that Binds Cultural ...Robert J. Stein
The document discusses how digital methods can connect cultural heritage institutions to contemporary society. It notes that 70% of the global population will live in cities by 2050 and that smart cities face challenges in dealing with proliferating information. The document advocates that cultural institutions should focus on using technology to better understand engagement through metrics like repeat visits and diversity. It provides examples from the Dallas Museum of Art of using free admission and membership along with mobile technologies to better measure outcomes.
1) The definition and structure of "family" has changed significantly over time due to social constructionism and historical events like the Industrial Revolution.
2) Before the Industrial Revolution, families were economic units focused on survival rather than emotional bonds. Childhood was not sentimentalized and children worked to support the family from a young age.
3) The Industrial Revolution caused families to restructure around gender roles, with men working outside the home and women focused on domestic duties. It also led to viewing the home and childhood differently.
ARC 211: American Diversity and Design: HEATHER LEVENTHALHeather Leventhal
The photographs discussed in the TED Talk and shown in the article had significant social impacts and helped shape public opinion on important issues. The "tank man" photo from Tiananmen Square exposed the world to China's human rights abuses. The "Migrant Mother" photo from the Great Depression brought attention to the struggles of farmers. And the photo of the dead Syrian boy on a beach heightened awareness of the refugee crisis. These photos had far reaching influence by spreading mass awareness through media and shifting perspectives on crucial social issues.
Reading the Tea Leaves: Global Trends and Opportunities for Tomorrow's MuseumsRobert J. Stein
A presentation to the 2014 Communicating the Museum conference in Sydney, Australia.
As our society becomes increasingly more intertwined, it is evident that global trends that once seemed remote are having a deep impact on our local communities. These same trends play out in museums around the globe as we reflect our communities both past and present. The museum audience is inherently submerged in this current of cultural change. Without pretending to predict the entire future, there are strong signals that a few important global trends will persist. What are those trends and how can museums begin to take advantage of those likely shifts to promote, advocate, and enhance their relevance to a global audience?
This document discusses efforts to decolonize and diversify university curricula. It notes that currently curricula are often dominated by knowledge produced by upper-class European men. Student movements are calling for curricula that are less "white" and address non-Western perspectives and experiences with racism. The document advocates for incorporating works by Black theorists and embracing Black feminist epistemologies to dismantle Eurocentric approaches and better reflect intersectional lived experiences. A decolonized curriculum would disrupt the dominance of Western knowledge and instead value knowledge from a variety of cultural perspectives.
Using worldmapper in teaching - discussing inequality in the classroomDanny Dorling
Lecture by Danny Dorling and Benjamin Hennig at the Prince’s Trust Summer School for Secondary School Geography teachers, Homerton College, Cambridge, 28th June 2010.
1) Inactivity is a major cause of obesity, as studies have shown fat and calorie intake declining since the 1970s while cars per household and TV viewing have increased. Walking has become less common with easier transportation options.
2) The article discusses strategies for staying active in an urban environment, including case studies of cities like Portland that encourage walking and biking through urban planning. Tricks for walking more quickly in a city are also provided.
3) Bodies of water can provide pleasant walking paths that help connect people to the environment and motivate longer walks.
Essays On Growing Up. What i want to be when i grow up essay samples - mfacou...Stephanie Davis
Childhood and Growing up Essay: Titles, Examples, & Writing Prompts .... What i want to be when i grow up essay samples - mfacourses730.web.fc2.com. Growing Up Essay. Analysis of Growing Up Documentary Thesis Example | Topics and Well .... Argumentative essay growing up. custom writing online. Essay on growing up without a father 2529 words. ≫ My Growing Up Experience Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. What i want to be when i grow up by marth brooks essay - Custom Paper .... Narrative Essay: What I want to be when I grow up by TwinEd | TpT. The Difficulty of Growing Up as the Oldest Child Essay. Breathtaking Personal Growth Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Growing up essays - Get Professional and Cheap Paper Writing Help. Essay about Growing Up - EnglishGrammarSoft. Growing Up In A Single-Parent Family - A-Level Psychology - Marked by .... Essays on growing up - Custom Paper Writing Help Deserving Your .... ⚡ Growing up essay. Essay Example On 'A Challenge I Faced Growing Up .... Growing Up in Filipino Culture Personal Essay on Samploon.com. When I grow up I want to be... - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. The Process of Growing Up - PHDessay.com.
The Power of Perception - Homelessness Thesis - PDFBill Snaddon
This document provides a summary of Bill Snaddon's 2008 Honours dissertation from Monash University titled "The Power of Perception: Debating Homelessness in Australia 1970-2008". The dissertation examines key moments in the national debate around homelessness in Australia from 1970 to 2008. It discusses the recognition of homelessness in the 1970s, debates around responsibility in the 1980s-1990s, and issues around choice and policy in the 1995-2008 period. The document provides context on previous research on homelessness in Australia and how understanding of the issue has evolved over time.
≫ Why Drinking Age Should Be Lowered to 18 Free Essay Sample on .... Alcoholic Drinking Age Should Be Lowered To 18 In The U.S Essay Example .... Should the Drinking Age Remain at 21 or Be Lowered to 18 - PHDessay.com. Why the Drinking Age Should be Lowered to 18 Essay Example | StudyHippo.com. Stunning Lowering The Drinking Age Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Should The Drinking Age Be Lowered To 18? - Argumentative Essay Example .... ≫ Drinking Age Should be Lowered Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. ⇉Should the Drinking Age Be Lowered to Eighteen? Essay Example .... Essay On Lowering The Drinking Age To 18 - Lowering The Legal Drinking .... Lowering the drinking age to 18 essay sample bla.
Theories of Potential and the Creation of InequalityDanny Dorling
This document discusses theories of potential and how inequality is created. It touches on several topics:
- How individual characteristics like looks, sex, height can affect snap judgments and influence potential but societal factors matter most.
- Potential is influenced by many factors from early life through adulthood, including family circumstances, where one lives, and access to opportunities like internships.
- While some argue only a few have great potential, the document argues potential is collective and not realizing everyone's potential perpetuates inequality. Genes may provide small advantages but no "super genes"; environment and society are larger influences on one's path in life.
EDU203 - Literacy and LanguageName __ _____________________EvonCanales257
EDU203 - Literacy and Language
Name __ _____________________
Integrated Literacy Unit Assignment
Grade Level: 2
Unit Theme: The Secret Life of Bees
Literature: “Lima & Ina: The Bee Sting” by Mason Nassah
Literacy Skills:
· Writing every day in response to learning (CC.1.4.2.X)
· Compare and contrast the most important points presented by two texts on the same topic (CC.1.2.2.I)
· Ask and answer questions such as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a text (CC.1.3.2.B)
· Choose words and phrases for effect (CC.1.4.2.E&Q)
· Recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question (CC.1.4.2.W)
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. (2020). Subject area - cc.1: english language arts. Retrieved July 13, 2020, from http://www.pdesas.org/Standard/View
Integrated Activities
· Listening/Speaking – The students will sit quietly while I read the story to them and raise their hands to answer questions they might have as we go.
· Writing – In addition to their daily journal writing, they will be answering questions about the book in small groups using the book as a reference tool.
· Art – Students will work on the adopt a bee project drawing a picture of the bee they will be adopting as well as explaining details about their bee.
· Science – Students will create their own model bee hive by following the directions and using the given to them.
· Reading Comprehension – Students will do a compare/contrast paper about the two bee books we have read. They will create lists of what is different on each side and similar in the middle (Venn Diagram)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcQg1EshfIE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzyXGUCngoU
Learning Resource
Print
Growing and Developing
Introduction
The Repository for Germinal Choice
During the 1970s, American millionaire Robert Klark Graham began one of the most controversial and unique sperm banks in the world. He called it the Repository for Germinal Choice. The sperm bank was part of a project that attempted to combat the "genetic decay" Graham saw all around him. He believed human reproduction was experiencing a genetic decline, making for a population of "retrograde humans," and he was convinced that the way to save the human race was to breed the best genes of his generation (Plotz, 2001).
Graham began his project by collecting sperm samples from the most intelligent and highly achieving people he could find, including scientists, entrepreneurs, athletes, and even Nobel Prize winners. Then he advertised for potential mothers, who were required to be married to infertile men, educated, and financially well-off. Graham mailed out catalogs to the potential mothers, describing the donors using code names such as "Mr. Grey-White," who was "ruggedly handsome, outgoing, and positive, a university professor, expert marksman who enjoys the classics," and "Mr. Fuchsia," who was an "Olympic gold medalist, tall, dark, ...
This document discusses factors that influence intellectual formation and education outcomes. It summarizes data showing that students in top-performing countries spend more time in school each year and do less homework per week compared to US students. It also notes that other countries have higher ratios of computers to students. The document suggests family breakdown is a contributing factor to challenges in intellectual formation, as stress from familial discord impacts brain development and cognitive functioning. Simply increasing school hours and homework may not address underlying issues and could increase stress levels, rather than improving outcomes. A holistic and nuanced approach is needed.
This document provides a summary of the key themes in the short story "Harrison Bergeron" by Kurt Vonnegut. It identifies three main themes: freedom, individuality, and the difficulty of achieving true equality. The story depicts a dystopian future where the United States Handicapper General forces all citizens to be equal through physical handicaps. The protagonist, Harrison Bergeron, rebels against this system by displaying his natural talents on television, highlighting the themes of restricting freedom and individuality in the name of enforced equality.
Danny Dorling is a Professor of Human Geography at the University of Sheffield. He went to various schools in Oxford and to University in Newcastle upon Tyne. He has worked in Newcastle, Bristol, Leeds and New Zealand. With a group of colleagues he helped create the website www.worldmapper.org which shows who has most and least in the world.
He has published with others more than 25 books on issues related to social inequalities and several hundred journal papers. Much of this work is available open access (see www.dannydorling.org). His work concerns issues of housing, health, employment, education and poverty. His recent books include, three co-authored texts: "Identity in Britain:
A cradle-to-grave atlas", "The Atlas of the Real World: Mapping the way we live" and "Bankrupt Britain: an atlas of social change". Recent sole authored books include, "Injustice: why social inequalities persist” in 2010 and "So you think you know about Britain" and “Fair Play”, both in 2011.
In 2008/9 he was a member of the Academic Reference Group advising Ministers on the Social Mobility White Paper. In 2009 he joined the World Health Organization's Scientific Resource Group on Health Equity Analysis and Research and the advisory group of the Equality Trust. He is a Patron of the charity RoadPeace, an Academician of the Academy of the Learned Societies in the Social Sciences and, in 2008, became Honorary President of the Society of Cartographers.
Before a career in academia Danny was employed as a play-worker in children's play-schemes and in pre-school education where the underlying rationale was that playing is learning for living. He tries not to forget this by playing with data surrounding people’s lives and representing the results in new, novel and stark ways which usually reveal the inequality of the lives we each live.
Storytelling: Just Tall Tales or the Future of Museums?Robert J. Stein
This document discusses the potential role of storytelling in museums. It notes that visitor expectations have changed with the rise of social media and immersive experiences, and that storytelling can help museums address this by communicating in a familiar way, carrying culture and meaning, and building empathy. Storytelling in museums faces challenges like museums' relationship with fiction and lack of tools for transmedia stories, but it could help engage visitors in new ways.
An310 cultural anthropology exam 8 answers (ashworth college)linkingllive
This document contains 20 multiple choice questions from an exam for AN310 Cultural Anthropology from Ashworth College. The questions cover topics like indigenous populations worldwide, challenges faced by women vendors in Mexico, ethnic groups in Nigeria, structural adjustment programs of the World Bank, case studies of providing services to pastoralists in Africa, an Ogoni martyr in Nigeria, addressing domestic violence and women's issues in Kazakhstan, the male bias in development planning, improving cultural fit in reforestation projects in Haiti, distributional development versus trickle-down economics, approaches like human development used by the UN, issues surrounding Palestinian refugees, Canada's newest province of Nunavut, the modernization model of change, phases of the project
Global Cities are growing at an amazing place and are changing the ways in which we live, work, play, and relate to each other. The term Smart Cities describes a movement to apply new technological developments towards the development of these cities, but does doing so create a city that we actually want to live in? This presentation will address the role of culture and artists in creating a dynamic "place" and the role that Museums might play in promoting a cultural dialog within their local communities
The document discusses the issue of cyberbullying among youth. It defines cyberbullying and notes that a 2002 British survey found that 1 in 4 youths between ages 11-19 had been threatened online. While adults are less aware of cyberbullying than traditional bullying, the harassment can be difficult to stop and victims may get in trouble for accessing inappropriate sites. There is debate around how schools, parents, and governments should respond to and take responsibility for preventing cyberbullying.
Colorblind' Admissions Proccess in Universities KristopherKeach
This document summarizes a thesis submitted by Kristopher Keach examining the 'colorblind' admissions process in universities. It discusses the legacy of slavery and discrimination against minorities in the US education system. It describes how affirmative action was implemented in the 1940s-1960s to address this, though it faced resistance and was dismantled in California. It argues that a truly colorblind admissions system is impossible, as factors like an applicant's name and address can reveal their race, and implicit biases cannot be avoided. Studies have shown affirmative action remains the most effective way to promote equal access to education following centuries of racial inequalities.
This chapter outlines the key topics and concepts related to social work that will be covered, including definitions of social work and social welfare, distinguishing characteristics of social work, related fields like sociology and psychology, and how social work addresses problems at the personal, family, and community levels. It introduces two case examples to illustrate how social workers help individuals and address issues like mental health, substance abuse, poverty, and community conflicts. The chapter establishes that social work is focused on helping people through addressing problems caused by interactions and relationships, with the goal of improving quality of life.
Connecting the Dots: How Digital Methods Become the Glue that Binds Cultural ...Robert J. Stein
The document discusses how digital methods can connect cultural heritage institutions to contemporary society. It notes that 70% of the global population will live in cities by 2050 and that smart cities face challenges in dealing with proliferating information. The document advocates that cultural institutions should focus on using technology to better understand engagement through metrics like repeat visits and diversity. It provides examples from the Dallas Museum of Art of using free admission and membership along with mobile technologies to better measure outcomes.
1) The definition and structure of "family" has changed significantly over time due to social constructionism and historical events like the Industrial Revolution.
2) Before the Industrial Revolution, families were economic units focused on survival rather than emotional bonds. Childhood was not sentimentalized and children worked to support the family from a young age.
3) The Industrial Revolution caused families to restructure around gender roles, with men working outside the home and women focused on domestic duties. It also led to viewing the home and childhood differently.
ARC 211: American Diversity and Design: HEATHER LEVENTHALHeather Leventhal
The photographs discussed in the TED Talk and shown in the article had significant social impacts and helped shape public opinion on important issues. The "tank man" photo from Tiananmen Square exposed the world to China's human rights abuses. The "Migrant Mother" photo from the Great Depression brought attention to the struggles of farmers. And the photo of the dead Syrian boy on a beach heightened awareness of the refugee crisis. These photos had far reaching influence by spreading mass awareness through media and shifting perspectives on crucial social issues.
Reading the Tea Leaves: Global Trends and Opportunities for Tomorrow's MuseumsRobert J. Stein
A presentation to the 2014 Communicating the Museum conference in Sydney, Australia.
As our society becomes increasingly more intertwined, it is evident that global trends that once seemed remote are having a deep impact on our local communities. These same trends play out in museums around the globe as we reflect our communities both past and present. The museum audience is inherently submerged in this current of cultural change. Without pretending to predict the entire future, there are strong signals that a few important global trends will persist. What are those trends and how can museums begin to take advantage of those likely shifts to promote, advocate, and enhance their relevance to a global audience?
This document discusses efforts to decolonize and diversify university curricula. It notes that currently curricula are often dominated by knowledge produced by upper-class European men. Student movements are calling for curricula that are less "white" and address non-Western perspectives and experiences with racism. The document advocates for incorporating works by Black theorists and embracing Black feminist epistemologies to dismantle Eurocentric approaches and better reflect intersectional lived experiences. A decolonized curriculum would disrupt the dominance of Western knowledge and instead value knowledge from a variety of cultural perspectives.
Using worldmapper in teaching - discussing inequality in the classroomDanny Dorling
Lecture by Danny Dorling and Benjamin Hennig at the Prince’s Trust Summer School for Secondary School Geography teachers, Homerton College, Cambridge, 28th June 2010.
1) Inactivity is a major cause of obesity, as studies have shown fat and calorie intake declining since the 1970s while cars per household and TV viewing have increased. Walking has become less common with easier transportation options.
2) The article discusses strategies for staying active in an urban environment, including case studies of cities like Portland that encourage walking and biking through urban planning. Tricks for walking more quickly in a city are also provided.
3) Bodies of water can provide pleasant walking paths that help connect people to the environment and motivate longer walks.
Essays On Growing Up. What i want to be when i grow up essay samples - mfacou...Stephanie Davis
Childhood and Growing up Essay: Titles, Examples, & Writing Prompts .... What i want to be when i grow up essay samples - mfacourses730.web.fc2.com. Growing Up Essay. Analysis of Growing Up Documentary Thesis Example | Topics and Well .... Argumentative essay growing up. custom writing online. Essay on growing up without a father 2529 words. ≫ My Growing Up Experience Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. What i want to be when i grow up by marth brooks essay - Custom Paper .... Narrative Essay: What I want to be when I grow up by TwinEd | TpT. The Difficulty of Growing Up as the Oldest Child Essay. Breathtaking Personal Growth Essay ~ Thatsnotus. Growing up essays - Get Professional and Cheap Paper Writing Help. Essay about Growing Up - EnglishGrammarSoft. Growing Up In A Single-Parent Family - A-Level Psychology - Marked by .... Essays on growing up - Custom Paper Writing Help Deserving Your .... ⚡ Growing up essay. Essay Example On 'A Challenge I Faced Growing Up .... Growing Up in Filipino Culture Personal Essay on Samploon.com. When I grow up I want to be... - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. The Process of Growing Up - PHDessay.com.
The Power of Perception - Homelessness Thesis - PDFBill Snaddon
This document provides a summary of Bill Snaddon's 2008 Honours dissertation from Monash University titled "The Power of Perception: Debating Homelessness in Australia 1970-2008". The dissertation examines key moments in the national debate around homelessness in Australia from 1970 to 2008. It discusses the recognition of homelessness in the 1970s, debates around responsibility in the 1980s-1990s, and issues around choice and policy in the 1995-2008 period. The document provides context on previous research on homelessness in Australia and how understanding of the issue has evolved over time.
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Theories of Potential and the Creation of InequalityDanny Dorling
This document discusses theories of potential and how inequality is created. It touches on several topics:
- How individual characteristics like looks, sex, height can affect snap judgments and influence potential but societal factors matter most.
- Potential is influenced by many factors from early life through adulthood, including family circumstances, where one lives, and access to opportunities like internships.
- While some argue only a few have great potential, the document argues potential is collective and not realizing everyone's potential perpetuates inequality. Genes may provide small advantages but no "super genes"; environment and society are larger influences on one's path in life.
EDU203 - Literacy and LanguageName __ _____________________EvonCanales257
EDU203 - Literacy and Language
Name __ _____________________
Integrated Literacy Unit Assignment
Grade Level: 2
Unit Theme: The Secret Life of Bees
Literature: “Lima & Ina: The Bee Sting” by Mason Nassah
Literacy Skills:
· Writing every day in response to learning (CC.1.4.2.X)
· Compare and contrast the most important points presented by two texts on the same topic (CC.1.2.2.I)
· Ask and answer questions such as who, what, where, when, why, and how to demonstrate understanding of key details in a text (CC.1.3.2.B)
· Choose words and phrases for effect (CC.1.4.2.E&Q)
· Recall information from experiences or gather information from provided sources to answer a question (CC.1.4.2.W)
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. (2020). Subject area - cc.1: english language arts. Retrieved July 13, 2020, from http://www.pdesas.org/Standard/View
Integrated Activities
· Listening/Speaking – The students will sit quietly while I read the story to them and raise their hands to answer questions they might have as we go.
· Writing – In addition to their daily journal writing, they will be answering questions about the book in small groups using the book as a reference tool.
· Art – Students will work on the adopt a bee project drawing a picture of the bee they will be adopting as well as explaining details about their bee.
· Science – Students will create their own model bee hive by following the directions and using the given to them.
· Reading Comprehension – Students will do a compare/contrast paper about the two bee books we have read. They will create lists of what is different on each side and similar in the middle (Venn Diagram)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcQg1EshfIE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzyXGUCngoU
Learning Resource
Print
Growing and Developing
Introduction
The Repository for Germinal Choice
During the 1970s, American millionaire Robert Klark Graham began one of the most controversial and unique sperm banks in the world. He called it the Repository for Germinal Choice. The sperm bank was part of a project that attempted to combat the "genetic decay" Graham saw all around him. He believed human reproduction was experiencing a genetic decline, making for a population of "retrograde humans," and he was convinced that the way to save the human race was to breed the best genes of his generation (Plotz, 2001).
Graham began his project by collecting sperm samples from the most intelligent and highly achieving people he could find, including scientists, entrepreneurs, athletes, and even Nobel Prize winners. Then he advertised for potential mothers, who were required to be married to infertile men, educated, and financially well-off. Graham mailed out catalogs to the potential mothers, describing the donors using code names such as "Mr. Grey-White," who was "ruggedly handsome, outgoing, and positive, a university professor, expert marksman who enjoys the classics," and "Mr. Fuchsia," who was an "Olympic gold medalist, tall, dark, ...
This document discusses factors that influence intellectual formation and education outcomes. It summarizes data showing that students in top-performing countries spend more time in school each year and do less homework per week compared to US students. It also notes that other countries have higher ratios of computers to students. The document suggests family breakdown is a contributing factor to challenges in intellectual formation, as stress from familial discord impacts brain development and cognitive functioning. Simply increasing school hours and homework may not address underlying issues and could increase stress levels, rather than improving outcomes. A holistic and nuanced approach is needed.
This document provides a summary of the key themes in the short story "Harrison Bergeron" by Kurt Vonnegut. It identifies three main themes: freedom, individuality, and the difficulty of achieving true equality. The story depicts a dystopian future where the United States Handicapper General forces all citizens to be equal through physical handicaps. The protagonist, Harrison Bergeron, rebels against this system by displaying his natural talents on television, highlighting the themes of restricting freedom and individuality in the name of enforced equality.
Here is a 493 word analysis of the prompt:
This 500 word prompt asks me to reflect on who I am. That is a big question that takes time to fully understand. I am still learning new things about myself every day as I grow and experience life. Here are some of the key aspects of who I am based on my experiences so far:
Family has always been very important to me. I come from a close-knit family where we support each other through both good and bad times. Spending quality time with my parents, siblings, grandparents and extended family has shaped me to value relationships and community. Family gatherings are some of my happiest memories and have taught me the importance of cherishing the people in my
UCF essay. What's different about it. How to write it and to succeed in it. 37+ Ucf Application Essay Examples Latest - Essay. Order Essay Online: Ucf essay. 017 Ucf Essay Topics Someone Who Does Assignment For Money Admissions .... Narrative Essay: Ucf essay. Ucf admissions essay topic 2012 - rpolibraryutoronto.web.fc2.com. Best Ways on How to Reply for UCF Essay Prompts Quickly. 016 Essay Example Ucf ~ Thatsnotus. Term paper: Ucf admissions essay. Ucf admission essay prompt 2014 - writinghtml.web.fc2.com. Ucf admissions essay - We Write Custom College Essay Writing and .... UCF Essay Example | UCF essay example that will show you how… | Flickr. Fascinating Ucf Application Essay ~ Thatsnotus. College Essay: Ucf admissions essay. 012 Ucf Essay Prompt Sat Prompts Application Death Of Graphic Organizer .... 016 Ucf Essay Prompt Example Essays Effective Application Tips For .... Stunning Ucf Essay Prompt ~ Thatsnotus. Ucf Essay Final | Goal | New Product Development. UCF essay prompts [By Experts] October 2023. Ucf Application Essay Help , The University of Central Florida. 014 Ucf Essay 58763825b6d87f0b248b464a ~ Thatsnotus. 004 Ucf Essays Essay Scholarship Requirements In English Resume College .... Archaicawful Ucf Essay Prompt 2017 ~ Thatsnotus. Imposing Ucf Essay ~ Thatsnotus. UCF essay by Sementha Bastien - Issuu. Persuasive essay: Ucf admissions essay. Narrative Essay: Ucf admissions essay. 011 Best College Essay Topics Student Sample ~ Thatsnotus Ucf Essay Topic
Nature-Nurture (Heredity vs environment) Backgro.docxdohertyjoetta
Nature-Nurture
(Heredity vs environment)
Background
It has long been known that certain physical characteristics are biologically determined by
genetic inheritance. Colour of eyes, straight or curly hair, pigmentation of the skin and certain
diseases (such as Huntingdon’s chorea) are all a function of the genes we inherit. Other physical
characteristics, if not determined, appear to be at least strongly influenced by the genetic make-
up of our biological parents. Height, weight, hair loss (in men), life expectancy and vulnerability
to specific illnesses (e.g. breast cancer in women) are positively correlated between biologically
related individuals. These facts have led many to speculate as to whether psychological
characteristics such as behavioural tendencies, personality attributes and mental abilities are also
“wired in” before we are even born.
Those who adopt an extreme heredity position are known as nativists. Their basic assumption is
that the characteristics of the human species as a whole are a product of evolution and that
individual differences are due to each person’s unique genetic code. Characteristics and
differences that are not observable at birth, but which emerge later in life, are regarded as the
product of maturation. That is to say we all have an inner “biological clock” which switches on
(or off) types of behaviour in a pre programmed way. The classic example of the way this affects
our physical development is the bodily changes that occur in early adolescence at puberty.
However nativists also argue that maturation governs the emergence of attachment in infancy,
language acquisition and even cognitive development as a whole.
At the other end of the spectrum are the environmentalists – also known as empiricists (not to be
confused with the other empirical / scientific approach). Their basic assumption is that at birth
the human mind is a tabula rasa (a blank slate) and that this is gradually “filled” as a result of
experience (e.g. behaviourism). From this point of view psychological characteristics and
behavioural differences that emerge through infancy and childhood are the result of learning. It is
how you are brought up (nurture) that governs the psychologically significant aspects of child
development and the concept of maturation applies only to the biological. So, when an infant
forms an attachment it is responding to the love and attention it has received, language comes
from imitating the speech of others and cognitive development depends on the degree of
stimulation in the environment and, more broadly, on the civilisation within which the child is
reared.
In practice hardly anyone today accepts either of the extreme positions. There are simply too
many “facts” on both sides of the argument which are inconsistent with an “all or nothing” view.
So instead of asking whether child development is down to nature or nurture the question has
been reformulated as .
The passage criticizes modern perceptions of youth, arguing that stereotypes about disrespectful and lawless young people are nothing new. It notes that the Greek philosopher Plato expressed similar concerns and stereotypes about youth in the 4th century BCE, showing that each generation tends to find fault with the next.
The document discusses the settings of Eatonville and the Everglades in Zora Neale Hurston's novel Their Eyes Were Watching God and how they represent different themes. Eatonville symbolizes a life where Janie is not true to herself, having to portray the role of the mayor's wife. In contrast, the Everglades represent freedom and true love for Janie, allowing her to be herself and find fulfillment with Tea Cake away from the judgments of Eatonville. The different settings highlight Hurston's overarching theme of Janie's search for true love and freedom.
Similar to Injustice: why social inequality persists (13)
This document contains 14 figures from the book "Peak Inequality: Britain's ticking time bomb" by Danny Dorling. The figures show trends in topics like infant mortality rates, EU referendum voting patterns, UK general elections, housing prices, income inequality, and reasons for homelessness in Britain from 2008 to 2020. The figures are accompanied by source information and brief captions.
Social Inequalities
Big Data, Small Area symposium to celebrate 30 years of the Small Area Health Statistics Unit (SAHSU)
Danny Dorling
November 15th 2017
A talk based on a short book written with Carl Lee
Maps by Benjamin Hennig
Danny Dorling
University of Oxford, School of Geography & Environment
November 8th, 2017
Another World is Inevitable: Mapping UK General ElectionsDanny Dorling
This lecture by Professor Danny Dorling (held at the British Library 28 Nov 2016) is about how British general elections have been mapped in the past, but with a concentration on the very recent past and especially in 2015. There will also be speculation about what the future may hold, not just in terms of new political mapping techniques but in the much wider range of possible electoral outcomes we should consider as being plausible. Rather like meteorologists, political scientists have a tendency to use recent events to predict the political weather. However, if and when the climate changes, what was once thought to be impossible becomes reality. From choosing which colours to use to depict a growing range of parties on the map, through to how we might depict uncertainly in our predictions, we have choices to make. Danny will ask how ready we are to entertain the possibility of rapid change. Eventually everything always changes. At some times change comes quickly.
- See more at: https://www.bl.uk/events/another-world-is-inevitable-mapping-uk-general-elections
The EU - Should we stay or should we go?Danny Dorling
This document discusses several issues related to the UK's membership in the EU. It notes that inequality is higher in the UK than other EU countries. It also discusses polarization in the UK, differences in health and education outcomes compared to other developed nations, and issues related to the UK's declining global power and changing national identity. Overall, it argues that leaving the EU will not necessarily solve the UK's problems and that the EU is not responsible for many domestic issues like inequality and underfunding of healthcare.
The Geography of our Future: Understanding the consequences of the AnthropoceneDanny Dorling
This document discusses the concept of the Anthropocene and how humans have become a dominant geological force impacting the Earth. It outlines 5 potential stages of the Anthropocene from early agriculture to the current Great Acceleration period, noting key events like the Columbian Exchange and Industrial Revolutions that drove major environmental changes. While some impacts were small prior to the 1800s, the document argues that the scale of human influences has grown enormously in recent centuries through population growth, consumption, and the rise of neoliberal capitalism. It questions whether future trends could lead to severe environmental consequences like a 4°C rise in temperatures, and explores potential pathways to a more equitable and sustainable future geography.
Slides from a talk by Danny Dorling at the Oxford Empathy Festival, Blackwell’s Bookshop, Oxford, June 8th 2015. See more information at http://www.dannydorling.org/?p=4742
Accompanying slides for the book "The Population of the UK" by Danny Dorling, Cartography by Benjamin Hennig, published by Sage (2012)
http://www.uk.sagepub.com/books/Book238949
Accompanying slides for the book "The Population of the UK" by Danny Dorling, Cartography by Benjamin Hennig, published by Sage (2012)
http://www.uk.sagepub.com/books/Book238949
This document discusses trends in employment in the United Kingdom from 1991-2000 based on census data. It shows that there was a decline in manufacturing jobs and a rise in finance sector employment, contributing to a polarization of industries. Additionally, it found an increase in both high-paid professional occupations and low-paid elementary jobs, further segmenting society. A key trend was a rise in dual-income households and declining numbers of people who are permanently sick or disabled.
Accompanying slides for the book "The Population of the UK" by Danny Dorling, Cartography by Benjamin Hennig, published by Sage (2012)
http://www.uk.sagepub.com/books/Book238949
Accompanying slides for the book "The Population of the UK" by Danny Dorling, Cartography by Benjamin Hennig, published by Sage (2012)
http://www.uk.sagepub.com/books/Book238949
Accompanying slides for the book "The Population of the UK" by Danny Dorling, Cartography by Benjamin Hennig, published by Sage (2012)
http://www.uk.sagepub.com/books/Book238949
Accompanying slides for the book "The Population of the UK" by Danny Dorling, Cartography by Benjamin Hennig, published by Sage (2012)
http://www.uk.sagepub.com/books/Book238949
Accompanying slides for the book "The Population of the UK" by Danny Dorling, Cartography by Benjamin Hennig, published by Sage (2012)
http://www.uk.sagepub.com/books/Book238949
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
1. Why social inequality persists Danny Dorling University of Sheffield Based on the book: “Injustice: why social inequality persists”, to be published by Policy Press in April 2010. www.shef.ac.uk/sasi 27 th January 2010 Lancaster Environment Centre and Royal Geographical Society Seminar University of Lancaster More than ever before we measure rates of social inequality and draw pictures of its human geography. Few would now dispute that we live in an unequal and unjust world. So what causes this inequality to persist? Within affluent nations inequality is no longer caused by not having enough resources to share, but by unrecognised and unacknowledged beliefs which actually propagate it. See Dorling (2010) for an elaboration of these arguments and further evidence: “Injustice: why social inequality persists”, Policy Press, April. This talk is a summary of that book. An audio-enabled multimedia-version of this talk given at the Sheffield Humanist Society Meeting can be accessed here: http://sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/presentations/injustice/
2. Of all the 25 richest countries in the world, the US and UK rank as 2nd and 4th most unequal respectively when the annual income of the best-off tenth of their population is compared that of the poorest tenth. In descending order of inequality the 10%:10% income ratios are: 17.7 Singapore, 15.9 United States, 15.0 Portugal, 13.8 United Kingdom, 13.4 Israel, 12.5 Australia, 12.5 New Zealand, 11.6 Italy, 10.3 Spain, 10.2 Greece, 9.4 Canada, 9.4 Ireland, 9.2 Netherlands, 9.1 France, 9.0 Switzerland, 8.2 Belgium, 8.1 Denmark, 7.8 Korea (Republic of), 7.3 Slovenia, 6.9 Austria, 6.9 Germany, 6.2 Sweden, 6.1 Norway, 5.6 Finland, and 4.5 Japan.
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4. Extent of education in Britain 1880-2013 Who we think it is fitting to educate changes over time. When Nelson Mandela was put on trial in 1963 he faced a possible death sentence. In his concluding court statement he defined, as an equality worth fighting for, the right of children to be treated equally in education and for them to be taught that Africans and Europeans were equal and merited equal attention. At that time the South African government spent twelve times as much on educating each European child as on each African child. Lifetime ratios between the extremes in Britain are not dissimilar.
5. Children by ‘ability’, the Netherlands 2006 International tests are used today to label children by supposed ‘ability’. The above graph is derived from the OECD (2007). ‘None’ implies possessing no knowledge as far as can be measured. ‘Limited’ implies possessing very limited knowledge. ‘Barely’ stands for barely possessing adequate knowledge in the minds of the assessors. ‘Simple’ means understanding only simple concepts. ‘Effective’ is a little less damning. ‘Developed’ is better again; but only ‘Advanced’ pupils are found to be capable, it is said, of the kind of thinking that might include ‘critical insight’.
6. Children by ‘ability’, the elitist model Almost no matter how the students had ‘performed’ in the OECD tests, the curves drawn above from the results of those tests would have been bell shaped. When calibrating the results (adjusting the scores before release), it was “…assumed that students have been sampled from a multivariate normal distribution”. OECD (2009, page 145). These educational economists decided upon the ability distribution of children before they began testing them. If you do that, then, even in the Netherlands, every seventh child is, at best, “limited”.
7. Nobel Prizes illustrate bias (1901-2008) Until 2009 only around one in twenty top prices were awarded to women. Testing humans is almost always to an extent disingenuous. To win a Nobel Prize the key requirements were first to be alive in the right century and then to be of the right sex. Even male mainstream economists know that Albert Einstein, Alan Turing and James Watson were just the inventors of “…discoveries about to happen. If these particular individuals had not found them, others would have made these discoveries instead.” Kay, J. (2004, page 258).
8. Nobel Prizes to women 1901-2008, & 2009 In 2009 one glass ceiling was shattered. Over a third of Nobel prizes were awarded to women when usually a twentieth had been. On Monday October the 5th 2009 Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider and Jack Szostak jointly shared the award in medicine. On Tuesday October the 6th the Physics prize when to Charles Kao, Willard Boyle and George Smith. And on Wednesday October the 7th the Chemistry prize went to Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas Steitz and Ada Yonath. A third of the prize winners by the third day were women. Herta Müller was awarded the prize in literature on October 8th, yet another, Elinor Ostrom, shared the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economics that was awarded on October 12th and was a huge surprise. No woman had been awarded that prize before. The unsurprising and predicable award was to President Obama, in hope of peace. History provides the measure of what there is to be overcome.
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13. Geographical distribution of paupers, England and Wales, 1891 , by Karl Pearson There is a long history to suggesting that geographical concentrations of paupers imply exclusion is ‘naturally’ distributed. The figure above is redrawn from the original (Pearson 1895, Figure 17, plate 13). On the X axis: paupers per ten thousand people; Y axis: frequency of unions reporting each rate. Given what we now know – the graph suggests that despite the structures of the poor laws paupers did move out of poorer areas, but new paupers were constantly being created. Migration, not “in-breeding” segregated rich and poor over time.
14. What it means to be poor changes: Households - poor by different measures If a family is poor by two out of three ways of measuring poverty you can be sure they are badly off. One sixth of households in Britain are this poor. Those who are subjectively poor describe themselves as poor. Those who are necessities poor do not have access to the goods or services deemed necessary to be included in the normal life of society. Low income is the way poverty remains officially measured in the UK (source Bradshaw and Finch, 2003).
15. Households cycle into and above poverty: People get into debt to avoid their standard of living falling immediately when their incomes fall. Above, the X axis measures income poverty. The Y axis measures adequacy of material goods (necessities). Households tend to circulate anti-clockwise. Source: David Gordon, Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research, University of Bristol (http://www.bris.ac.uk/poverty/). Social mobility is lowest where the lengths of these axes are longest.
16. Sustaining postwar growth in rich nations after the 70s would have required another planet Decadal growth rates (in GDP) Poverty as measured through low income or by otherwise being excluded from the spending norms of society rose in Britain and America in the 1970s as the rich sought to maintain high growth in their wealth despite the worldwide slump. The poorest continent and poorer people in richer continents suffered most from the slump: ‘Real growth’ per decade in GDP (%) per person by continent 1955-2001 (drawn above) shows the widening gap. Source: Estimates by Angus Maddison, from versions provided in spreadsheets given in www.worldmapper.org.
17. The global bell-curve is of income distribution: The curve only looks ‘normal’ when money is valued multiplicatively (hence the log X axis). The affluent in rich countries excluding themselves from social norms results in ever greater consumption by smaller groups in the rich world that, in turn, causes want to rise elsewhere. It regenerates the old evil of the most basic of wants rises as peasants are made into paupers in the poorest of countries. “Pauperization is now clearly seen by many to be the direct end result of massive economic polarization on a world scale” (Amin, S., 2004).
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19. How are you finding ‘things’? How’s life in the UK? Ask: How did we get to this? Households’ ability to get by on their income in Britain , 1984-2004. Source: Derived from (ONS, Social Trends, 2006, table 5.15, page 78, mean of 1984, 1994, and 2004 surveys). Finding ‘it difficult to manage’ is a very British euphemism for not managing. Among those doing better than this, almost half the population in Britain describe themselves ‘as only just coping’! So, how did we get to this situation? A lack of political ambition as compared to what politicians have achieved in the majority of affluent countries can be blamed. In most affluent countries people trust others more, are less scared of their neighbours, share their resources out more equitably and are less prejudiced in their opinions of others in their country (Wilkinson and Pickett 2009).
20. Answer: Enough people voted for it – in the right places at the right times Conservative vote concentration 1918-2005 Concentration of Conservative votes, general elections 1918-2005. This graph shows the spatial segregation index for Britain. The index shows the minimum proportion of such voters who would have to be transferred between a fixed set of parliamentary constituencies if each constituency were to have the same national proportion of Conservative voters at each general election. The geographical concentration reflects how people come less to know, to share the views of, their neighbours in other areas. The ‘over-concentration’ of votes since 1997 and not just their low numbers lost the Conservatives power from then until at least 2005, but the influence of their concentrating ‘geographical block’ affected all politics. Left wing politicians feared the right-wing “middle-Britain”.
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22. The most harmful cost of inequality: Inequality in health – premature mortality Best and worse off area - differences from average In more unequal times, and in the aftermath of the shock of mass unemployment, more people in poorer areas die young as compared to other times and places. The prospects of the wealthy also move away from those of the average. The line marked by white squares shows how much lower the age-sex standardized under age 65 mortality rate of the best-off 10% by area is as compared to the average. The line marked by dark diamonds shows how much higher that of the worst-off 30% is than the average. (Source Dorling and Thomas 2009, derived from Table 4.3 with interpolation between five year rates in some circumstances).
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25. We racked up our debt because of greed Debt in the USA Outstanding consumer debt as a proportion of disposable income, USA 1975-2005. The debt was needed to “keep up with the Joneses” and to keep living away from those you increasingly fear if you live in a more unequal affluent country. The bars show the ratio of debt to annual disposable income with axis to the right. The line shows the percentage change in that ratio over the coming five years (with axis to the left). Disposable income is the income after paying taxes. Derived from: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Flows of Funds, Accounts of the United States, Historical Series and Annual Flows and Outstandings, Fourth Quarter 2005 (Foster 2006).
26. We pollute the poor because of greed Poverty rate by NOx emission and ambient air quality for 10,444 British wards in 1999. When you drive a car (to let you live further from the poor but still get to work) it is not just you who suffers inconvenience. It is people living in those parts of inner cities which are poorest, where they are least likely to own cars, who breathe in the most air pollution from the exhausts of the cars of those who drive past their homes (graph from Mitchell and Dorling 2003). Note: low emitting and polluting quintiles are labelled 1, the highest are labelled 5. The proportion living in poverty is derived from breadline surveys.
27. We avoid/evade tax because of greed Social security and taxation prosecutions, Australia, counts, 1989-2003 Source: Redrawn from figures originally appearing as a graph in the Journal of Social Policy, and in a presentation by Greg Marston (2007). Much the same could be drawn for Britain except that social security fraud has been falling in recent years while tax avoidance/evasion has been rising greatly (Horton and Gregory, 2009, page 211). Widespread greed makes us progressively care more for ourselves and our immediate gratification and more suspicious of others and other types of planning.
28. We pay more in ‘interest’ because of greed personal income in the USA spent on interest and rent Debt payments as % of disposable income, United States, 1980-2008 One persons’ greed pollutes all others’ lives, raises house prices for them and sees less spent on social housing, further congests their roads, reduces educational spending for the many in favour of a few, sees health care being sold on a private market rather than allocated according to need, and even pollutes the thinking of society as a whole. The graph above is drawn from data provided by the Federal Reserve Board on required debt payments on mortgage and consumer debt, automobile lease payments, rental payments, insurance, and property tax payments (Foster 2006 gives data source).
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30. Children in unequal rich countries are suffering rising anxiety Reports from trials Girls assessed in North America as depressed by around age 15 Adolescent girls assessed as depressed, %, North America, 1984-2001. In this graph circle size is drawn proportionate to clinical trail size. Source: Reanalysis of (Costello, Erkanli et al. 2006) The data shown above are for those studies where the children lived in the United States, the U. S. territory of Puerto Rico, or Canada. The same trend is not found in more equitable affluent nations, but is found in data drawn from Britain and among adults as well as children. One in three families in Britain now live with a family member suffering from poor mental health. This is most often depression or anxiety.
31. More and more pills are prescribed The rate of prescribing antidepressants by the NHS in Scotland Prescriptions per day per 1000 people, mainly of SSRIs (such as Prozac), 1992-2006. Across the whole of Scotland prescription of antidepressants rose over the course of the 1997 to 2005 period to include almost a tenth of the population regularly being dosed up (far more in parts of Glasgow). All this before the summer of 2007, the crash of 2008, and the gloom of 2009. Source: NHS (2007, Table 1.1, page 12). Measuring: Defined Daily Doses per 1,000 people aged 15+. Note: The National Health Service uses financial years when reporting on prescribing rates. Possibly because costs are still mainly counted in terms of money rather than human misery?
32. Young men are also particularly vulnerable Men dying per woman by age and birth cohort Cigarettes Failure Male/female mortality ratio by age in the rich world (1850–1999). Although higher rates of anxiety and depression are recorded for women than men, it is men who suffer the bulk of the excess premature mortality that now accompanies perceived economic failure and particularly age cohorts entering the labour market at the wrong time. Source: original figure given in Rigby and Dorling (2007), sample size 1 billion people. Note: Each line refers to the cohort born in the decade it is labelled by. The X axis gives ages. The Y axis gives how many more times a man of that age born in that decade is likely to die in a year as compared to a women living in the same set of countries born at the same time and of the same age.
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42. This is a modified version from the original slideshow. To download the original version, please go to http://sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/presentations / An audio-enabled multimedia-version of this talk given at the Sheffield Humanist Society Meeting can be accessed here: http://sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/presentations/injustice/ Credits – Slides by Benjamin Hennig References Amin, S. (2004). “World poverty, pauperization & capital accumulation” Monthly Review 55(5). Atkinson, A.B. (2003). Top incomes in the United Kingdom over the twentieth century, Nuffield College Working Papers, Oxford (http://ideas.repec.org/p/nuf/esohwp/_043.html). Ball, S. J. (2008). The Education Debate. Bristol, Policy Press. (page 12). Bradshaw, J. and Finch, N. (2003). ‘Overlaps in dimensions of poverty’, Journal of Social Policy, vol. 32, no 4, pp 513-25. Brewer, M., Sibieta, L. and Wren-Lewis, L. (2008). Racing away? Income inequality and the evolution of high incomes, London: Institute for Fiscal Studies. Costello, E.J., Erkanli, A. and Angold, A. (2006). ‘Is there an epidemic of child or adolescent depression?’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol. 47, no 12, pp 1263-71. Dorling, D. (2010). Injustice: Why social inequality persists, Bristol: Policy Press. Dorling, D. and Thomas, B. (2009). ‘Geographical inequalities in health over the last century’, in H. Graham (ed.) Health inequalities, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 66-83. Foster, J.B. (2006b). ‘The household debt bubble’, Monthly Review, vol. 58, no 1 (www.monthlyreview.org/0506jbf.htm). Heinesen, E. and B. K. Graverseny (2005). "The Effect of School Resources on Educational Attainment: Evidence From Denmark." Bulletin of Economic Research 57(2): 109-143. (page 126). Irvin, G. (2008). Super Rich: The rise of inequality in Britain and the United States. Cambridge, Polity. (page 162). Horton, T. and Gregory, J. (2009). The Solidarity Society, London: Fabian Society (page 211). Kay, J. (2004 , 2nd edition). The Truth about Markets: why some nations are rich but most remain poor. London, Penguin. (page 258). Kelsey, J. (1997). The New Zealand Experiment: A world model for structural adjustment? Auckland, Auckland University Press. (page 256). Marston, G. (2007). presentation on “Welfare Fraud, Welfare Fiction”, Social Policy Unit, The University of Queensland: http://www.bsl.org.au/pdfs/Greg_Marston_Welfare_fraud&fiction_29Nov07_.pdf Mitchell, G. and Dorling, D. (2003). ‘An environmental justice analysis of British air quality’, Environment and Planning A, vol. 35, no 5, pp 909-29. NHS (2007). NHS quality improvement Scotland: Clinical indicators 2007, Glasgow: NHS Scotland. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2007). The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), OECD’s latest PISA study of learning skills among 15-year-olds, Paris: OECD OECD (2009). PISA 2006 Technical Report. Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development's technical report on the latest PISA study of learning skills among 15-year-olds. (page 145). Rigby, J.E. and Dorling, D. (2007). ‘Mortality in relation to sex in the affluent world’, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol.61, no 2, pp 159-64. Pearson, K. (1895). ‘Contributions to the mathematical theory of evolution – II. Skew variation in homogeneous material’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, Mathematical, vol. 186, pp 343-414. Preston, R. (2008). Who runs Britain? How the super-rich are changing our lives. London, Hodder & Stoughton. (page 336). Wells, H. G., J. Huxley and G. P. Wells (1931). The Science of Life. London, Cassell and Company Limited. (page 822). Wilkinson, R. and K. Pickett (2009). The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. London, Allen Lane. (chapter 8).
Editor's Notes
An audio-enabled multimedia-version of this talk given at the Sheffield Humanist Society Meeting can be accessed here: http://sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/presentations/injustice/ More than ever before we measure rates of social inequality and draw pictures of its human geography. Few would now dispute that we live in an unequal and unjust world. So what causes this inequality to persist? Within affluent nations inequality is no longer caused by not having enough resources to share, but by unrecognised and unacknowledged beliefs which actually propagate it. See Dorling (2010) for an elaboration of these arguments and further evidence: “Injustice: why social inequality persists”, Policy Press, April. This talk is a summary of that book.
Of all the 25 richest countries in the world, the US and UK rank as 2nd and 4th most unequal respectively when the annual income of the best-off tenth of their population is compared that of the poorest tenth. In descending order of inequality the 10%:10% income ratios are: 17.7 Singapore, 15.9 United States, 15.0 Portugal, 13.8 United Kingdom, 13.4 Israel, 12.5 Australia, 12.5 New Zealand, 11.6 Italy, 10.3 Spain, 10.2 Greece, 9.4 Canada, 9.4 Ireland, 9.2 Netherlands, 9.1 France, 9.0 Switzerland, 8.2 Belgium, 8.1 Denmark, 7.8 Korea (Republic of), 7.3 Slovenia, 6.9 Austria, 6.9 Germany, 6.2 Sweden, 6.1 Norway, 5.6 Finland, and 4.5 Japan.
In what are now the most unequal of the world’s twenty five richest countries people have come slowly to accept different ways of thinking. Different presumptions about others. Different to those held in the more equitable and average countries. New beliefs have local flavour and antecedents. In Britain, as the five social evils identified by Beveridge at the dawn of the British welfare state are gradually being eradicated (ignorance, want, idleness, squalor and disease), they are being replaced by five new tenets of injustice.
Who we think it is fitting to educate changes over time. When Nelson Mandela was put on trial in 1963 he faced a possible death sentence. In his concluding court statement he defined, as an equality worth fighting for, the right of children to be treated equally in education and for them to be taught that Africans and Europeans were equal and merited equal attention. At that time the South African government spent twelve times as much on educating each European child as on each African child. Lifetime ratios between the extremes in Britain are not dissimilar.
International tests are used today to label children by supposed ‘ability’. The above graph is derived from the OECD (2007). ‘None’ implies possessing no knowledge as far as can be measured. ‘Limited’ implies possessing very limited knowledge. ‘Barely’ stands for barely possessing adequate knowledge in the minds of the assessors. ‘Simple’ means understanding only simple concepts. ‘Effective’ is a little less damning. ‘Developed’ is better again; but only ‘Advanced’ pupils are found to be capable, it is said, of the kind of thinking that might include ‘critical insight’.
Almost no matter how the students had ‘performed’ in the OECD tests, the curves drawn above from the results of those tests would have been bell shaped. When calibrating the results (adjusting the scores before release), it was “…assumed that students have been sampled from a multivariate normal distribution”. OECD (2009, page 145). These educational economists decided upon the ability distribution of children before they began testing them. If you do that, then, even in the Netherlands, every seventh child is, at best, “limited”.
Until 2009 only around one in twenty top prices were awarded to women. Testing humans is almost always to an extent disingenuous. To win a Nobel Prize the key requirements were first to be alive in the right century and then to be of the right sex. Even male mainstream economists know that Albert Einstein, Alan Turing and James Watson were just the inventors of “…discoveries about to happen. If these particular individuals had not found them, others would have made these discoveries instead.” Kay, J. (2004, page 258).
In 2009 one glass ceiling was shattered. Over a third of Nobel prizes were awarded to women when usually a twentieth had been. On Monday October the 5th 2009 Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider and Jack Szostak jointly shared the award in medicine. On Tuesday October the 6th the Physics prize when to Charles Kao, Willard Boyle and George Smith. And on Wednesday October the 7th the Chemistry prize went to Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas Steitz and Ada Yonath. A third of the prize winners by the third day were women. Herta Müller was awarded the prize in literature on October 8th, yet another, Elinor Ostrom, shared the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economics that was awarded on October 12th and was a huge surprise. No woman had been awarded that prize before. The unsurprising and predicable award was to President Obama, in hope of peace. History provides the measure of what there is to be overcome.
In full this elitist (but sadly economically conventional claim reads): “This simple calculation shows that the estimated effect of school expenditure on educational attainment is very small, and it indicates that the costs of trying to increase educational attainment by a general rise in school expenditure far exceed the economic benefits. This is especially so since the returns to education in Denmark are low compared to, for example, the US or the UK, because of a very compressed wage structure.” Heinesen, E. and B. K. Graverseny (2005, page 126).
If you believe that God or Genes gives differing children differing positions at the starting posts of education; then education, education, education is not about equality, opportunity or outcome. It is about realising that which is largely pre-ordained by ‘the Lord’. See Ball, S. J. (2008, page 12 for Tony Blair’s words in full). Our genes (or the gods if you like) endow us with what is called ‘plasticity’ at birth. We inherit the ability not to inherit ability.
See Wilkinson, R. and K. Pickett (2009, chapter 8), the work of James Flynn, and the studies of how Afro-Caribbean boys were treated in schools in 1968 in Britain. Combined, these explain later measured differences in test ‘performance’. They do so far better than the ‘general factor’ determining your so called intelligence what eugenists called inherited intelligence or “..the non-committal symbol of ‘g.’” Wells, H. G., J. Huxley and G. P. Wells (1931, page 822, quoting Prof. Charles Spearman).
Social exclusion is the new image of injustice that grew out of the old face, out of general eradication of the bulk of an old social evil, ‘want’; going hungry, wanting for clothes and other basic possessions, warmth and other essentials. But to go back to see the origins of the idea that the poor will always be with us unless ‘we’ control ‘their’ behaviour, look back to the world’s first ever geographical example of a graph used to suggest in-breeding of “the unfit”.
There is a long history to suggesting that geographical concentrations of paupers imply exclusion is ‘naturally’ distributed. The figure above is redrawn from the original (Pearson 1895, Figure 17, plate 13). On the X axis: paupers per ten thousand people; Y axis: frequency of unions reporting each rate. Given what we now know – the graph suggests that despite the structures of the poor laws paupers did move out of poorer areas, but new paupers were constantly being created. Migration, not “in-breeding” segregated rich and poor over time.
If a family is poor by two out of three ways of measuring poverty you can be sure they are badly off. One sixth of households in Britain are this poor. Those who are subjectively poor describe themselves as poor. Those who are necessities poor do not have access to the goods or services deemed necessary to be included in the normal life of society. Low income is the way poverty remains officially measured in the UK (source Bradshaw and Finch, 2003).
People get into debt to avoid their standard of living falling immediately when their incomes fall. Above, the X axis measures income poverty. The Y axis measures adequacy of material goods (necessities). Households tend to circulate anti-clockwise. Source: David Gordon, Townsend Centre for International Poverty Research, University of Bristol (http://www.bris.ac.uk/poverty/). Social mobility is lowest where the lengths of these axes are longest.
Poverty as measured through low income or by otherwise being excluded from the spending norms of society rose in Britain and America in the 1970s as the rich sought to maintain high growth in their wealth despite the worldwide slump. The poorest continent and poorer people in richer continents suffered most from the slump: ‘Real growth’ per decade in GDP (%) per person by continent 1955-2001 (drawn above) shows the widening gap. Source: Estimates by Angus Maddison, from versions provided in spreadsheets given in www.worldmapper.org.
The curve only looks ‘normal’ when money is valued multiplicatively (hence the log X axis). The affluent in rich countries excluding themselves from social norms results in ever greater consumption by smaller groups in the rich world that, in turn, causes want to rise elsewhere. It regenerates the old evil of the most basic of wants rises as peasants are made into paupers in the poorest of countries. “Pauperization is now clearly seen by many to be the direct end result of massive economic polarization on a world scale” (Amin, S., 2004).
Humans as they grow are able (and have) to adapt to the conditions they find themselves born into. Those human beings born with fixed inherent traits would have been less likely to survive through the rapidly changing environments that they found themselves in over the course of (human) history. Prejudice is not ‘natural’. We evolved to become more flexible. That evolution means we now inherit the ability not to inherit particular abilities. But, simultaneously, none of us are that able. Almost all of us find memorizing 5 digit numbers difficult. Those who don’t usually find much else difficult. Idiosyncracies that others tend to be better at. It is only by working in concert that we do well.
Households’ ability to get by on their income in Britain , 1984-2004. Source: Derived from (ONS, Social Trends, 2006, table 5.15, page 78, mean of 1984, 1994, and 2004 surveys). Finding ‘it difficult to manage’ is a very British euphemism for not managing. Among those doing better than this, almost half the population in Britain describe themselves ‘as only just coping’! So, how did we get to this situation? A lack of political ambition as compared to what politicians have achieved in the majority of affluent countries can be blamed. In most affluent countries people trust others more, are less scared of their neighbours, share their resources out more equitably and are less prejudiced in their opinions of others in their country (Wilkinson and Pickett 2009).
Concentration of Conservative votes, general elections 1918-2005. This graph shows the spatial segregation index for Britain. The index shows the minimum proportion of such voters who would have to be transferred between a fixed set of parliamentary constituencies if each constituency were to have the same national proportion of Conservative voters at each general election. The geographical concentration reflects how people come less to know, to share the views of, their neighbours in other areas. The ‘over-concentration’ of votes since 1997 and not just their low numbers lost the Conservatives power from then until at least 2005, but the influence of their concentrating ‘geographical block’ affected all politics. Left wing politicians feared the right-wing “middle-Britain”.
Share of all income received by the richest 1% in Britain 1918-2009. Lower line is post-tax share. Source, Dorling 2010 updating and relying on Atkinson (2003) and Brewer, Sibieta et al. (2008). Recent bankers bonuses are not included above. If the full extent of the 2008 and 2009 bankers’ bonuses are added, inequality by 2010 would be seen to exceed the 1922 gilded-age maxima. Taxation of the bonuses in 2010 may, for the first time since the 1970s, see this rise in the exclusion of the very richest be curtailed. However, it is not just bankers that constitute the most affluent single percentile of the population.
In more unequal times, and in the aftermath of the shock of mass unemployment, more people in poorer areas die young as compared to other times and places. The prospects of the wealthy also move away from those of the average. The line marked by white squares shows how much lower the age-sex standardized under age 65 mortality rate of the best-off 10% by area is as compared to the average. The line marked by dark diamonds shows how much higher that of the worst-off 30% is than the average. (Source Dorling and Thomas 2009, derived from Table 4.3 with interpolation between five year rates in some circumstances).
It is still quietly being claimed that ultimately, “greed is good’” even by some of those who reported from outside of collapsing banks. As the BBC correspondent Robert Preston wrote, in 2008, in support still of the orthodox economic model, the mantra remains “greed is good”: Preston, R. (2008, page 336). We sustain injustice while we still think that we have to rely on the trickle-down attributed to the ‘wealth-generation’ that is assumed to be a by-product of the greed of a few in the elite. This occurs while millions of others are excluded from social norms and presumed to be unable to generate wealth themselves.
It is unjust that in a country full of cars so many parents of the poorest young children have to walk. There are clearly enough cars for every household that needs a car to have a car. Around 7% of ‘spare’ cars are owned by single adults who cannot physically drive more than one at a time. Children living with only one adult in their household are double in absolute number, and many more time as likely to be living without a car than are children living with two parents. It is much harder to live without a car if you have children and no other adults to rely on. If you are able bodied and not caring for young children or others who cannot walk far and you live in a city then in an equitable country public transport works better than driving.
Outstanding consumer debt as a proportion of disposable income, USA 1975-2005. The debt was needed to “keep up with the Joneses” and to keep living away from those you increasingly fear if you live in a more unequal affluent country. The bars show the ratio of debt to annual disposable income with axis to the right. The line shows the percentage change in that ratio over the coming five years (with axis to the left). Disposable income is the income after paying taxes. Derived from: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Flows of Funds, Accounts of the United States, Historical Series and Annual Flows and Outstandings, Fourth Quarter 2005 (Foster 2006).
Poverty rate by NOx emission and ambient air quality for 10,444 British wards in 1999. When you drive a car (to let you live further from the poor but still get to work) it is not just you who suffers inconvenience. It is people living in those parts of inner cities which are poorest, where they are least likely to own cars, who breathe in the most air pollution from the exhausts of the cars of those who drive past their homes (graph from Mitchell and Dorling 2003). Note: low emitting and polluting quintiles are labelled 1, the highest are labelled 5. The proportion living in poverty is derived from breadline surveys.
Social security and taxation prosecutions, Australia, counts, 1989-2003 Source: Redrawn from figures originally appearing as a graph in the Journal of Social Policy, and in a presentation by Greg Marston (2007). Much the same could be drawn for Britain except that social security fraud has been falling in recent years while tax avoidance/evasion has been rising greatly (Horton and Gregory, 2009, page 211). Widespread greed makes us progressively care more for ourselves and our immediate gratification and more suspicious of others and other types of planning.
Debt payments as % of disposable income, United States, 1980-2008 One persons’ greed pollutes all others’ lives, raises house prices for them and sees less spent on social housing, further congests their roads, reduces educational spending for the many in favour of a few, sees health care being sold on a private market rather than allocated according to need, and even pollutes the thinking of society as a whole. The graph above is drawn from data provided by the Federal Reserve Board on required debt payments on mortgage and consumer debt, automobile lease payments, rental payments, insurance, and property tax payments (Foster 2006 gives data source).
Despair is the final injustice of the five new faces of inequality, mutating from the old social evil of widespread physical disease. Health services now exist that effectively treat and contain most physical disease in affluent countries. However, while most physical maladies are now well treated with high-quality care in all but the most unequal of rich countries, mental illness has been measured and found to rising across the rich world. Almost all of that rise is due to the fastest increases in measured rates of depression and anxiety rising found to be within the most economically unequal of affluent nations.
Adolescent girls assessed as depressed, %, North America, 1984-2001. In this graph circle size is drawn proportionate to clinical trail size. Source: Reanalysis of (Costello, Erkanli et al. 2006) The data shown above are for those studies where the children lived in the United States, the U. S. territory of Puerto Rico, or Canada. The same trend is not found in more equitable affluent nations, but is found in data drawn from Britain and among adults as well as children. One in three families in Britain now live with a family member suffering from poor mental health. This is most often depression or anxiety.
Prescriptions per day per 1000 people, mainly of SSRIs (such as Prozac), 1992-2006. Across the whole of Scotland prescription of antidepressants rose over the course of the 1997 to 2005 period to include almost a tenth of the population regularly being dosed up (far more in parts of Glasgow). All this before the summer of 2007, the crash of 2008, and the gloom of 2009. Source: NHS (2007, Table 1.1, page 12). Measuring: Defined Daily Doses per 1,000 people aged 15+. Note: The National Health Service uses financial years when reporting on prescribing rates. Possibly because costs are still mainly counted in terms of money rather than human misery?
Male/female mortality ratio by age in the rich world (1850–1999). Although higher rates of anxiety and depression are recorded for women than men, it is men who suffer the bulk of the excess premature mortality that now accompanies perceived economic failure and particularly age cohorts entering the labour market at the wrong time. Source: original figure given in Rigby and Dorling (2007), sample size 1 billion people. Note: Each line refers to the cohort born in the decade it is labelled by. The X axis gives ages. The Y axis gives how many more times a man of that age born in that decade is likely to die in a year as compared to a women living in the same set of countries born at the same time and of the same age.
United States mortgage debt (% change and $bn) 1977-2008. All was very far from good at the height of the boom, but there is now much more to be fearful of. Right hand axis, net $billion additional borrowed in year shown by the bars in the graph. Left hand axis: % change in that amount. Final percentage change unknown but to be based on a denominator of ‘just’ -$46bn (the only negative bar). It is show plummeting down off the scale. Bar and line for 2009 figures are included above as known by Q1 2010. Source: United States Federal Reserve (Debt growth, borrowing and debt outstanding tables).
There is a North-South / West-East Divide in who is carrying most of the cost. The Audit Commission published figures during 2009 showing how budgets in the North were being cut to fund the housing market bail-out in the South in a report aptly titled “when it comes to the crunch”. The divide shown above is the social, economic and political divide in England. Below the line people live about a year more on average; identical houses cost much more, people in similar situations are more likely to vote Conservative than above the line, and much more besides. For a more detailed description of the line and exactly where it is estimated to run see: www.sasi.group.shef.ac.uk/maps/nsdivide
“ Perhaps the most serious problem created by growing inequality is that it facilitates the reproduction of the politics and ideology of inequality.” (Irvin, 2008) Such politics sees inequality rise as in recession it is the low skilled who are laid off first and in growth and those with what are seen as high skills who benefit most from ‘competition’ (Kelsey, 1997). The mantra that “greed is still good” is played to the rhythm of “there is no alternative” sung to the tune that “massive cuts demonstrate economic responsibility”.
Thoughts and memories can be made foggy by living for too long under too much inequality. What was seen clearly as injustice began to be excused as inevitable. Unless you look around at most of the rest of the rich world for alternatives, and at all of the rest of the world for what happens when you are so mistaken. Can we aim to only be as unequal as the average OECD country. Is that too much of an aspiration?
If all this is obviously just, sensible and fair then why is it not done? It is not done because of what people in the most unequal of affluent nations have come to believe and have been taught. Far too many believe that they themselves are amongst the most able tiny fraction, or that their children are the brightest. At the extremes over half belief they are in the top tenth by favours measures. In beliefs such as this we have become more stupid than we once were. Slow down, stop it, what is in your interest is what is also in others’ interest.
We could collectively decide that there are limits to what the highest paid can be paid. Those who run large institutions. It would then be easier to encourage them to keep the pay of others below their pay. What it would be socially acceptable to receive in income would change. This is no utopia. It is normality where most people live in most affluent nations. But getting back to normality is difficult when you have become addicted to models of competition. Do all this and it is possible to imagine having safety nets, benefit levels, that most people would be prepared to rely on.
Why are we trying to get richer? We can now produce far more than we need to consume and enough to sell overseas to fund more than it is safe for us to consume. We are living in the first generation where there are enough material goods for everyone's needs in the UK. They are just badly shared out. What we also lack is freedom to choose what we do with our time. Most people in work worked far fewer hours one, two or three decades ago. Far fewer were unemployed, sick, or otherwise not economically active of working age then also. Paid work can be better shared out. Unpaid work can be better valued. Again this is not utopia. It is just normality in most other places as nominally rich as we are.
If the very rich really did have the broadest smile on their faces every minute of every waking hour then perhaps it would be worth trying so hard to join them and do others down on the way. Celebrity magazines and carefully edited television presents an image of people smiling far more often than is humanly positive given cramp and the limits of our facial muscles. Wealth brings fear as well as security. It breeds mistrust within affluent families and a distain for others. How else do you excuse your wealth if you are not someone special? The new squalor of our times is greed. It is not an easy habit to kick.
Can we aim to only be as unequal as the average OECD country? Is that too much of an aspiration?
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