ARC 211: American Diversity and Design: HEATHER LEVENTHAL

AMERICAN DIVERSITY AND DESIGN
ONLINE DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
ARC 211 - American Diversity and Design - Spring 2017
Heather Leventhal
University at Buffalo – State University of New York
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My name is Heather Leventhal. I am a middle-class white woman pursuing a Doctorate of Pharmacy at the University at Buffalo. I enrolled in
ARC211 as an elective, but left with life lessons and a more open mind. This class has allowed me to see how different social groups interact with
their environments. Architecture and design affect our everyday lives in both negative and positive ways. It is essential that we as human beings
learn about the struggles of people unlike us and pursue solutions in order to enhance their experiences. Good design is ecofriendly and inclusive of
all types of people. It promotes safe spaces with functionality, innovative technology, and social integration. I am fortunate enough to have lived my
life free of discrimination based on race or economic status, but countless others do not have this luxury. Architects and designers can work to
eliminate biases through universal design to make the world a better place for its inhabitants. It is important to design public places like parks and
community buildings that are accessible to all and function to bring us together through recreational activities.
Photographed by Alexander Sherman
The following pages document my responses to the online discussion questions in the Spring 2017 version of ARC 211 American Diversity and Design
at the University at Buffalo – State University of New York.

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Response to “What is design?” from Hello World: Where Design Meets Life by Alice
Rawsthron
The author opened her chapter with the example of Ying Zheng, the ruler of the Qin empire,
one of the most powerful and enduring empires I the history of China. She explained how
design innovation contributed to Ying Zheng’s success. For example, in the development of
weaponry, he resolved many problems by standardizing parts, and this single innovation
gave his armies great advantage over other armies.
For this discussion, let’s move away from 246 B.C. China, and into the U.S. Describe an
innovation or invention (can be current or historical) that gave advantage to a group of
people in the U.S. or to the population as a whole. What were the social impacts of this
innovation? Were any groups negatively impacted by this innovation? For example, the
telegraph, developed and patented in the United States in 1837 by Samuel Morse, permitted
people and commerce to transmit messages across both continents and oceans almost
instantly, with widespread social and economic impacts. This heightened communication
speed allowed business persons to make decisions with up-to-date information, often
resulting in big profits. Those without access had to rely on out-dated information, which
put them at a disadvantage.
The development of extensive railroad systems allowed for travel and trade across greater
distances. Companies could become widespread and send merchandise across the country with
ease while individuals could travel to live in far off land or visit distant relatives. The Central
Pacific and the Union Pacific Railroad companies finished

construction of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869, which cut the cost of traveling across the country from nearly 1,000 dollars to only 150
dollars1. This innovation was advantageous for business owners and the wealthy who were able to profit from locomotion. Additionally, being able
to travel long distances for much lower prices than ever before encouraged people to visit places they had never been, promoting intermingling of
different states. This invention was advantageous for the white American citizens, but it worsened the lives of Native Americans as the United States
expanded westward and they were forced to surrender their lands. “Manifest Destiny” was an American ideal that utilized the railroads as a
means of spreading civilization, which discriminated against the natives who were seen as savages. This idea is conveyed in the figure “Columbia,”
which shows an angelic woman next to a train traveling westward. The east part of the painting is bright and as the train goes west, it spreads light
towards Native Americans who are shrouded in darkness.
1
A&E Networks. "Transcontinental Railroad - Inventions." HISTORY.com. Last modified 2010.
http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/transcontinental-railroad/.

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Response to “Introduction” from Diversity and Design: Understanding Hidden
Consequences
The editors state that “diverse participation in the design process, from both professionals
and public citizens alike, yields more equitable results.” This makes sense, but typically
has not been the case. Nonetheless, many marginalized groups have impacted design in
ways that have changed our visual and physical worlds as well as our systems, policies,
and institutions. For example, in the 1960s, disability rights advocates designed media
events to raise awareness about barriers in the physical environment. They persisted with
their efforts for decades, and, finally, in 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act became
law. It mandated accessibility in public accommodations such as restaurants and stores,
public transportation, communication, and other areas of public life. This dramatically
changed our physical environment (from curb cuts to ramps to automatic doors) and the
results made public life more equitable.
Now it’s your turn. Describe a design that was impacted by a diversity group. How and
why did it change form and/or circumstances? (Note that a design can be anything
requiring planning and development prior to the production of an action, system, visual,
material object, or environment. Also, keep in mind that, for our purposes, a diversity
group is a group of individuals who are underrepresented in society in some way—
children, older adults, the economically disadvantaged, those with cognitive disabilities,
etc.)

The majority of people are right-handed. Originally products like scissors, tools, and desks only catered to the majority. Now most classrooms
include left-handed desks for left-handed people. As anyone who has sat in a desk intended for a different dominant hand can understand, it is
quite uncomfortable. Left-handers are likely to experience back, neck, and shoulder pain when using the wrong desk, which can negatively influence
their academic performance2. It used to be the norm for schools and offices to neglect left-handed individuals by not providing the adequate tools
for them to utilize. Left-handed individuals are in better learning environments since the invention of left-handed desks, which allow them to sit and
write comfortably. Unfortunately, these are not always available, but smart classroom planners include a few left-handed desks or tables without a
bias towards right-handed people to make educational spaces more equitable.
2 Holder, Dr. M K. "Handedness Research Institute | Fair School Desks." Handedness Research Institute | International Research &
Education. Accessed May 2, 2017. http://handedness.org/action/fairdesks.html.

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Response to “Fashioning Protest for the Women’s March on Washington” and “The Worst
Design of 2016 Was Also the Most Effective”
NOTE: Use the first three part of the SEE-IT method of critical thinking (State, Elaborate,
Exemplify) to address the following questions:
Typically, we do not think of hats as elements of mass media or social media. However,
the two hats (red and pink) discussed in the articles certainly have taken on that role. Why
are the two hats (red and pink) mentioned in the articles vehicles of communication design?
What meanings do each of the two hats carry? In terms of communication design, how are
they similar? And how are they different from one another?
The hats are symbols of the discontent protesters felt towards Donald Trump. The red hats were
made to mirror his "Make America Great Again" campaign hats, but said mocking statements
on them. The pink hats were a direct response to his recorded statement "grab them by the
pussy”3 since pink is representative of vaginas and femininity (they also included cat ears since
cats are called pussycats) to show disgust towards his sexist remarks. The hat designs are similar
because they use a familiar design to make a statement, since red is recognizable as a Trump
supporter color similar to how a pink cat-ear hat can be interpreted as a "pussy" and Trump's
quote is well known across the media. They are different because the red hats do not target a
specific aspect of Trump's administration but his plans as a whole, while the pink hats directly
target Donald's personal views on women and female issues such as abortion. These hats are
articles of clothing a group of people wore symbolically to make a statement against the Trump
administration, which is what makes them an element of mass media.
3 Mathis-Lilley, Ben. "Donald Trump 2005 Tape: I Grab Women “by the Pussy.”." Slate Magazine (blog). October 7, 2016.
http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2016/10/07/donald_trump_2005_tape_i_grab_women_by_the_pussy.html

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Response to Media/Society Chapter and TED Talk Photos that Changed the World
Where would you place the images shown in Photos That Changed the World into Croteau
and Hoynes' diagram entitled “Model of Media and the Social World”? Identify a mass
media photograph taken in your own lifetime that has served as an icon of an event. (Feel
free to add an attachment.) What roles does this photo play in the communication of the
event?
The diagram shows the interconnected nature of social media with multiple factors, so it is
difficult to place historic photographs into a particular category. If they had to be placed in
one of the five boxes, perhaps the "social world" box would be most fitting. Pictures are a
snapshot of a moment in time and act to represent an event, such as the moon landing.
However, photographs can also be angled by the photographer to convey a message (like the
AIDS baby picture being a tool to show the value of AIDS patients as human beings), which
would fall under the category "media message or product." However, there is also a personal
component of how people interpret a picture. It is not fair to limit the pictures to one aspect of
social media because of how interconnected they are to each category.
A photograph of Harambe would be a good example of an iconic image. The death of this
gorilla caused an uprising of many upset individuals to speak out against animal injustices. The
photograph used in the majority of articles is not one of the gorilla holding a child, but rather a
friendly close up of the gentle looking ape, which could draw sympathy from its viewers.

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Response to IDEA Awards and Cradle-to-Cradle Video
NOTE: Use the first three part of the SEE-IT method of critical thinking (State, Elaborate,
Exemplify) to address the following questions:
Which of the 2016 IDEA Gold Award products seems to defy the Cradle-to-Cradle concept
developed by architect William McDonough and chemist Dr. Michael Braungart? How does
this product resist or disregard the concept? Do you know of any products that embrace
Cradle-to-Cradle design? If so, please describe.
The Cradle-2-Cradle concept is about reducing waste by making long lasting produces, using
only renewable energy, and keeping all materials in continuous cycles. An IDEA Gold Award
product that did not fit these criteria is Robin, a new type of smartphone. Many smartphones
are fragile and easily broken. If a person manages not to drop their phone, they are often
waiting in anticipation for the newest model to come out so they can buy a new one. Robin is
special because it has 32GB on the device, but it is not made from recycled materials and
offers no solution to the pervasive issue of fragile smartphones. Most of these mobile devices
will end up in the trash when they are dropped or a more desirable phone comes out, which is a
yearly occurrence since technology is changing rapidly. However, the majority of IDEA Gold
Award products seem to follow the Cradle-2-Cradle design, offering an environmentally
friendly improvement on formerly existing products. For example, the HUBB Lifetime Oil Filter is
a reusable oil filter that is versatile, removable, washable, and lasts over 50 years. This is a
major improvement on former oil filters which are easily clogged and thrown away, contributing
to waste. This new product is a greener alternative and if widely implemented could minimize
waste of scarce resources.

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Response to “Industrial Design” by John Heskett and "The Incredible Inventions of Intuitive
AI" by Maurice Conti
In his chapter on industrial design (written in 1987), historian John Heskett claims that the
methods of mass production introduced by Henry Ford in the U.S. involved new concepts of
the standardization and integration of the production line that were adopted across the
world. With Ford’s method, relatively unskilled workers could complete work; it was more
efficient and with this method, products were made more quickly and cheaply than
previously possible. What were some of the social consequences of Ford’s production line?
In other words, how did this system change our U.S. society? Do any of those changes
remain with us today? Now consider Maurice Conti’s TED Talk, and the predictions he
makes about production. How do you think manufacturing processes will change in the
next twenty years? How do you think these changes will affect our U.S. society?
The production line allowed for cheaper labor and mass production of products. Cars became
available for less so lower class families were able to afford them. This trend can be seen for
other technologies that have been improved and mass produced over time, such as computers.
Socially this has decreased the gap between living conditions for the poor and the wealthy
since products have been readily available and less expensive. This has also increased
consumers' drive to buy more products since the assembly line allowed for bigger business.
Companies can invest their earnings and profit from offering a variety of merchandise and
consumers can get inexpensive products. Without mass production becoming common, our
society would not have access to such a multitude of items available for purchase in stores and
online. Not many products are handmade anymore because it is a much less efficient system
than to use a combination of hands and machinery run by unskilled workers.

In the future it would not be surprising if manufacturing required less human intervention in the next 20 years. Man has invented plenty of useful
technology that can be controlled by a human, but machinery can also be coded to function on its own. Perhaps the only workers needed in a
robotic factory would be engineers and computer scientists who could make sure the technology is working properly and someone to make sure the
finished products are in proper shape. This would lower the demand for manual labor and there would be a higher demand for scientists with
college degrees to constantly check up on and improve the technology being used.

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Response to All Module 4 Materials
Your readings and viewings this week present different ways of thinking about
architecture. Mies Van der Rohe describes architecture as “The will of the epoch translated
into space.” Andrew Ballantyne describes architecture as the background for life. Jeanne
Gang describes it as the act of building relationships. All agree that architecture can change
based on context and culture. Choose two works of architecture from any of your materials
this week—one with sensibilities about the past and one with sensibilities about the
present and/or future. How do each of these buildings either reflect or challenge their
cultural contexts? (Use the SEE-IT method to respond to this question.)
"Ten Buildings that Talk About America" discusses Thomas Jefferson's Virginia State Capitol
Building. His architectural design featured aspects of Greek culture such as their iconic pillars.
This was notable at the time because Jefferson was protesting the British government. His design
went against standard Georgian (British) buildings and instead captured the essence of past
designs from the ancient republic of a different country. This challenged the cultural context of
America as a piece of Britain rather than its own entity with a defined, unique set of beliefs and
art. This concept was sparked by Jefferson and went on to be reflected in the majority of the
United States' government buildings, creating a new wave of structural ideas.
In Jeanne Gang's TED talk, Gang delves into the spatial ideas behind community buildings and
the connection between environment and human relationships. She talks about the Arcus Center
as a site for interaction and the different forms communal architecture has taken over time. The
Arcus Center is a new design that incorporates a large circular seating area, a fireplace, and a
kitchen. This friendly space is unprecedented and its aim is to get people of different groups to
come together to discuss social justice. This building looks towards the future as one where
design is directly related to purpose and personal relationships. In some ways, this design is a
challenge to its cultural context since it is not always common for people of different cultures to

unite under the same building to talk and cook together. However, it can be argued that this reflects our society's growing desire for cultural
exchange and acceptance.

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Response to Ballantyne and Zumthor Articles
Andrew Ballantyne and Peter Zumthor present ideas about architecture that seem to value
the sensorial and material elements of life. How are Ballantyne’s and Zumthor’s viewpoints
on architecture alike? More importantly, how do they differ? (Use the SEE-IT method to
respond to this question.)
Andrew Ballantyne and Peter Zumthor are both architects that associate buildings with a living
space rather than spectacles. Ballantyne especially emphasizes that famous buildings are often
only appreciated as works of art through tourism and photographs, but that the buildings that
matter are the ones individuals don't pay attention to and develop habits in. Zumthor reflects on
his childhood kitchen as an architectural experience, which created his feelings on what a living
space should feel like on the inside, and says there is power in the appearance of ordinary
things.
Ballantyne believes that there is a blending of the concepts of inorganic and organic, the layout
of a house, and how its inhabitants choose to live there. He views the house as a reflection of
character, "establishing habits that persist and take us along one trajectory of self-actualization
or another." The inhabitants make habits and shape the dynamics of the house. Zumthor,
however, believes the opposite. He discusses how the specificities of a building, like its
materials, design, and "aura," determine how they will move people emotionally and become
incorporated into their lives. Architecture and emotions have a strong connection in his mind that
is very obvious, which contradicts with Ballantyne's view that more important buildings are
known but not appreciated in the same artistic way since the viewer is desensitized by
overexposure. To Zumthor, the design of the building shapes how it is interpreted.

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Response to Levy Article
John Levy’s article, “An Overview: The Need for Planning,” discussed ways in which
planning can determine the characteristics of a place. For example, some smaller towns
restrict the heights of buildings to maintain a certain scale. How did planning define the
character of the place in which you grew up?
I live in the town of Hempstead in Long Island, not far from NYC. My town is very suburban;
there are high traffic areas with stores and quiet areas with houses. The houses near me tend to
have front and back lawns, but there is not much space on the sides in between buildings. This
horizontally condensed spacing allows a larger population of people to live in a small area
and means most people talk to their neighbors. However, there are no tower-like buildings
whatsoever. There are square blocks but if you were to look at a map of the town you could
tell that a lot of roads aren't easy to navigate if you are unfamiliar with the area. There are a
few main, busy roads but most of them are in commercial areas. There is a nice mix of small
family businesses and large scale chains. There are strip outlets but no building in town is
massive. Residential areas are isolated from traffic which makes the living environment serene,
but stores and restaurants stay within walking distance for convenience. The town has a large
school district with multiple elementary schools to compensate so that classrooms are still small.
Our school district is a major reason families decide to raise their kids there, including my own.
There is also a well-established library that works in tandem with community organizations to
run programs and fund raisers for all age ranges that keep residents interacting with one
another. Overall, the character of Hempstead is cozy and full of life. It is not a small town
where everyone knows each other, but it is very likely to run into people you know when you go
out.

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Response to Pruitt Igoe Project, Talen, and Larson
Imagine that you are part of a urban planning and design firm working with Emily Talen
(author of “Design That Enables Diversity”) and Kent Larson (who gave the TED Talk
"Brilliant Designs to Fit More People In Every City" The three of you have been tasked with
developing a plan to rebuild Pruitt Igoe in St. Louis. City officials told the three of you that
that they want to do it right this time. Identify three strategies for rebuilding Pruitt Igoe in
ways that promise to be more successful. What would Talen do? What would Larson do?
What would you do? How would your strategies differ from those of the original urban
planners/designers of the project? Why would your strategies be more effective?
The Pruitt Igoe Project was unsuccessful. Minoru Yamasaki made plans convert the city from
tenement to public housing, which was a bad idea for the area because of the economic
situation during the 1970s after World War II. Individuals had difficulty finding jobs and
paying rent, but the modernist system was relying on high income to improve living spaces. A
new approach in St. Louis to recover the city should reflect on Emily Talon's idea that if there is
diversity, it will bring economic stability and the city would flourish. Talon would create an
environment to "foster a better social bond" between its inhabitants because people of
different backgrounds living together reduces racial prejudice and attracts talented and
diverse individuals. Social mixing would be encouraged through scattered-site housing and the
mix of housing types seen in the Urban Development's HOPE VI housing program. In addition,
Kent Larson has some informative ideas that could contribute to a better Pruitt Igoe project. He
attributes many negative city features to the invention of the car, which has made shops and
other places farther away from living spaces. Larson would implement compact urban cells
where a small area provides most of what people need within walking distance. There would
be greater designed areas for biking, and small, affordable apartments would have advanced
technology so that they do not take up a lot of space but are desirable to live in. Lastly, there

would be recreational buildings with shared spaces for interaction. Personally, if I was able to work on the planning project, I would add more
parks, gardens, and social spaces that tie people with their natural environment. Cities can become very grey and overwhelming, but adding some
green might encourage people to relax outside together when they are off from work. I would also try to encourage a lot of small businesses and a
solid school district to encourage people of all kinds to move there. I agree with Talon that diversity is key and with Larson that people should
interact more and living spaces should be affordable but still promote a high standard of living. This would prevent the high crime rates that led to
the original project’s downfall.

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Response to F.L. Olmsted
Displaying his plan at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Frederick Law
Olmsted stated that "Buffalo is the best planned city, as to its streets, public places, and
grounds, in the United States, if not in the world." What was the basis for this claim?
Would Olmsted still make that claim today? Why or why not?
Frederick Law Olmsted is a landscape architect who works with creating beautiful parks. His
whole view is that there is beauty in looking "natural," but his natural look was very much
planned out and artificial, though it is made intentionally to look imperfect rather than an
organized garden. After designing Central Park in New York City and other projects, Olmsted
created an urban park system in the Buffalo area. Buffalo was a busy area full of wealth.
Instead of one park, he designed three interconnected parks throughout the city that surrounded
the city, which was a revolutionary idea. This increased property values around the parks, which
benefited all parties. His parks ended up supplying an expansive and scenic green space,
which is why he believed Buffalo was such a greatly planned city, supplying a combination of
industrial and natural areas. Olmsted might be disappointed with the direction Buffalo is
heading, because the city is becoming highly populated and the parks have become less of a
functional attraction. However, the area still has scenic value, which attracts tourism.

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Response to Walter Hood's Work
Identify something that should be memorialized either on UB's campus or in your
hometown. Imagine that you are the person who will oversee this project, and that you are
using Walter Hood's 'triad of investigations' as your approach to the project. What would
your landscape intervention commemorate/memorialize? How will you use Hood's 'triad of
investigations' to design a new landscape intervention? What do you imagine that the
design will be? (Either written or visual descriptions are acceptable).
In my hometown, there is a marine nature study area with a salt marsh. This is one of the few
local conservations of natural habitats that haven't been taken over by human construction. It is
open to the public but hardly anyone goes there. The few instances I have gone, I saw one or
two other people visiting. It is a beautiful natural area with its own biome; tons of different
types of birds like ospreys and herons live there along with fish and other animals. Much like
The Hill in Philadelphia, it is an expansive natural area that is unappreciated by the public. To
commemorate the natural habitat, I would draw light to the public's eye about the marine area.
It's possible the wildlife would be deterred by more frequent human visitation, so I would want
to add more park-like features surrounding the area like benches and designated viewing
areas. The perimeter could be interspersed with trees to keep a private vibe for the animals to
feel safe and people could enjoy the natural world a few blocks away from their doorsteps.
There could also be billboards with information about the native species and historical
background on the land.

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Response to the Brookes
The abolitionist poster, the Brookes, is an iconic image that often is included in exhibits that
explore issues of race and power. It was commissioned by Thomas Clarkson in 1788, and
the Committee of the Abolition of Slavery used it to inform and shock the public. While
some consider the poster as an important component of the abolitionist campaign, it
recently “has been strongly criticized by some individuals and groups of African heritage
as providing a very limited view of the history of the transatlantic slave trade, resistance
and abolition (Hudson 2007).” The lesson here is that how a viewer sees an image is
dependent upon his/her social, economic, and cultural position. Keeping this in mind, find
another iconic graphic that addresses racial issues and post it for others in your group to
view. (Add it to your response by clicking on the picture in the tools section. Do not add it
as an attachment that needs to be opened.) How do you interpret the graphic? What is its
meaning? Now imagine that someone from a racial and cultural background different than
your own is looking at the same graphic. Briefly describe this person. How might s/he
interpret its meaning? How might this differ from your interpretation? What are the possible
reasons for these differences? (Consider the three assessment principles mentioned in the
article to help you: a technology of vision, an instrument of empathy, and a symbol of
control.) (NOTE: Limit your response to less than 250 words.)
This image is a powerful representation of segregation. It depicts a black woman drinking from
a water fountain labeled "colored" next to a nicer fountain labeled "white". Water fountains
were only a small piece of what the white majority implemented on society to belittle
blacks. They were forced to live in separate areas, go to different stores/ public buildings like
schools, and they had labeled bathrooms as well, all of which were less sanitary. I interpret this
graphic as a piece of history, a reminder that African Americans and other minorities are
humans and dark skinned individuals have suffered tremendously. This image is proof that we

have grown as a society to embrace other cultures and accept people as equals. Although racism is still an ongoing issue, America has made
progress and can continue to improve and become a safe space for all different types of people. We do not want to repeat our mistakes. If an
economically disadvantaged African American woman saw this image, she might see it as a symbol that although this country no longer supports
segregation, its roots involved slavery and dramatic inequality for blacks, which was the foundation for the trend of many minorities to be in the
lower class. I am white and therefore it is impossible for me to understand the struggles of being a person of color, so I might have a more positive
outlook because I have never experienced racial discrimination.

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Response to Charles Davis and equityXdesign's Work
Critique either the MLK Memorial or the National Museum of African American History and
Culture using equityXdesign’s core beliefs and/or design principles. (Use the beliefs or
principles that are most relevant to your critique rather than all of them.) (NOTE: Limit your
response to less than 250 words.)
Martin Luther King Jr. is a symbol of racial equality. His "I have a dream" speech is widely
known and understood as a critical moment in black history as a step towards ending
discrimination against people of color. The MLK memorial serves as a physical representation of
peace and justice for humanity. This monument simultaneously reflects on the past and future,
since it represents a man who advocated for equal treatment during a time where African
Americans were struggling to transition from oppressed to accepted. It is free to the public
which allows access from both privileged and underprivileged people, which encourages
innovative conversation. The language on the monument speaks to future generations, telling
them to fight injustices in nonviolent manners. This memorial attempts to eliminate the viewers'
biases and prejudices they may hold. It reminds individuals of the past and raises awareness of
racism in society.

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Response to "Landscape Stories" Chapter
First, let’s start with your own home. Describe a place in your home (indoors and/or
outdoors) that you think of as representative of your own ethnic background and discuss
why you consider this place to be ‘ethnic’. –OR-- Describe an object in your home that you
think of as representative of your ethnic background and discuss why this object is
considered to be ‘ethnic’. (If possible, add photo/s.) Is this object or place something that
you will keep or continue when you establish your own home? Why or why not?
Now let’s move into your community. In “Landscape Stories,” the authors show how
landscape architects develop a historical narrative that sifts through and interprets the
culture and material of underrepresented groups. Think about the community where you
grew up. Describe and discuss any evidence of cultural influences on the physical
environment in your community. If possible, describe evidence of the cultural influence of
an underrepresented group. (If possible, add photo/s.) Is this cultural influence being
acknowledged or preserved from future generations? Why or why not? (Limit your
response to 250 words.)
I have always had what I thought was a red pepper ornament hanging on my living room
curtains. For years I never thought to ask what it was. I was so used to it being in my
environment that it didn't seem out of place until a friend came over and asked what it was. My
mom explained to me that it wasn't a pepper, it was a horn called a cornicello. My mother's
grandparents immigrated to the United States from Italy. My mom embraces her heritage and
hangs the cornicello as an Italian good luck charm to ward off evil spirits. Personally I do not
care much for superstition, but I might hold onto it for my future home to remind me of my
mother and her side of the family.

My community is not very diverse. It is 92.2% white. However, a considerable amount of the population is Jewish. This is reflected in the high
frequency of temples, Jewish community centers, and Jewish delis in my town. Many houses display a menorah in their windows during Hanukkah,
and the temples hold feasts for the community on multiple Jewish holidays. This cultural influence encourages children to grow up Jewish and affects
future generations.

http://images.publicradio.org/content/20
13/10/10/20131010_redskins2_33.jpg
Response to Article on Sports Branding
This thread will focus on the ethnic characteristics of sports branding. Please post your own
response by Friday, March 31at 10:00 am, and respond to at least two other students’
responses by Sunday, April 2 at 10:00 pm.
Recent controversies about sports branding focus on ethnicity. The Washington Redskins
team is just one example of the larger controversy, but it receives the most public attention
due to the name itself being defined as derogatory or insulting in modern dictionaries, and
the prominence of the team representing the nation’s capital. Should sports team branding
designers use ethnic references (Fighting Irish, Boston Celtics, Atlanta Braves, etc.)? Why?
Why not? What are some of the complexities of this issue? (Limit your response to 150
words.)
A team is a group of people working together with a common goal. Teams are often connected
with their place of origin, which can also be tied to a heritage. This makes it difficult to
separate team names from ethnicity. I think it would be difficult for every team to come up with
a name of significance to them if ethnic references become banned. Athletes may feel less
connected and proud of their team if its name is not meaningful to them. However, it is also true
that ethnic terms are a sensitive topic and can be interpreted as offensive, in which case it
would make sense to call them outdated and not use them anymore. It is important that feelings
are spared and all social groups are treated with respect. In the case of a team name causing
mass discomfort, changing the name would be an appropriate response.

www.fenwayfocus.org/2012/10/spiritday
2012/
Response to "Visualizing Gender" Chapter
In their chapter “Communicating Gender,” Maya Ganesh and Gabi Sobliye discuss two
primary visual advocacy approaches: 1) get the idea, and 2) stories in data. Find a new
example of either of the two visual advocacy approaches to gender issues, and post it in
this thread. Cite the source.
First, identify the approach. Then explain how the designer uses the approach to
communicate a gender issue. Is the approach effective in this example? Why or why not?
How could this graphic be improved? (Limit your response to 200 words.)
This is a poster with shocking statistics about the LGBT youth. It was posted online by Fenway
Health and includes data from the CDC and other sources listed on the bottom. The designer
combines numbers and visual representations of data like pictographs to convey the unfair
treatment of young people because of their sexuality or gender identity. It emphasizes how
common it is for these groups to be harassed. It is effective because it presents data in an
organized and easy to understand manner, highlighting key phrases and utilizing charts and
graphs. However, it includes statistics that do not exactly portray bullying, such as the cases of
HIV and increased risk of smoking. The image would be improved by swapping those topics out
for more relevant information like suicide rates or frequency of mental illnesses such as anxiety
or depression.

http://images.huffingtonpost.com/2015-
11-28-1448716369-3428731-Beatup-
thumb.jpg
Response to Bathroom Bill
Last year, North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory signed into law a bill that repealed local
LGBT anti-discrimination laws, and required people to use the bathroom that corresponded
with the biological gender written on their birth certificates. This prompted massive
backlash. McCrory stated, “You know, we all have to make adjustments in life. And we’ve
had the proper etiquette situation for decades in our country, and all of a sudden through
political correctness we’re throwing away basic etiquette.” Just this past Thursday, the
North Carolina General Assembly passed a bill to repeal the law while placing a
moratorium on nondiscrimination measures.
Should people be required to use the bathroom that corresponds with the biological gender
written on their birth certificate? State why AND state why not. In other words, to receive
full credit for this question, you need to present an argument for both sides of the issue. As
a designer, how would you solve this gender dilemma? Use the SEE-IT method to respond
to this question. (Limit your response to less than 250 words.)
People who identify as transgender should be allowed to use the bathroom they feel most
comfortable in. Using the facilities is a natural, personal action that all humans do. You do not
walk into a bathroom and see other people's genitals. There are stalls and dividers for privacy.
A transgender individual who does not blend in with either gender could be scorned for being
in either bathroom because they do not look enough like the corresponding gender. Similarly, a
transgender man who has been taking steroids can have an outward appearance of a man
despite lacking a penis, which might make women feel as if he is in the "wrong" bathroom.
Transgender people will always make someone uncomfortable when they use the bathroom, but
chances are the transgender person is more uncomfortable than they are.

The biggest argument for transgender people to use the bathroom corresponding to their biological gender is fear of sexual harassment or rape.
This is not very convincing considering those offenses are already illegal and public bathrooms are located buildings where staff can be notified of
creeps. Similarly, according to this mindset, gay men should not be allowed to use the men's room because they may make unwanted sexual
advances on other men.
The best solution would be to require a third, gender-neutral bathroom in addition to separate men's and women's rooms. Men, women, and
transgender people who are indifferent could use the gender-neutral bathroom and others would have a "safe space" in their distinct bathrooms.

Photographed by Heather Leventhal
Photographed by Heather Leventhal
Response to Hidden Ways
Author Steven Flusty categorized five types of disciplinary architecture that perpetuate what
he calls urban spatial injustice: 1) stealthy, 2) slippery, 3) crusty, 4) prickly, and 5) jittery.
Go out into the city of Buffalo, and find/photograph two examples from the list of five.
Identify what type of space you’ve photographed and why it might discriminate against a
specific population. Identify the location where you took the photograph, and make certain
that you are in at least one of the two photographs.
This first picture is of the lake located in the middle of UB's north campus. The campus is a space
free to the public; however, academic buildings surround the lake so chances are if you are not
a student you have not been there. This makes it slippery, according to Flusty, since it is visible
from some roads but there is no parking available for non-residents or non-students. This is bias
against the population who cannot afford to go to school or in general those who do not attend
class at UB.
This second area is a bike path. As you can see on the left there is a barricade that makes the
area seem inaccessible, which is crusty. The path is surrounded by grass with no benches or
anywhere to sit comfortably, which might be to prevent the poor or homeless from staying
there. To get to the path from the other side, you have to walk past a curving street and in
between signs preventing cars from driving forward. Overall, it is pretty well hidden and I did
not know about it until someone else showed it to me. The actual path on the right is not visible
from the roads at all, which makes it stealthy.

http://www.mindingthecampus.com/origi
nals/collegeexpense.jpg
Response to People Like Us
After almost two decades of public assistance, Tammy Crabtree took herself and her family
off the welfare rolls. But her job cleaning bathrooms at a local Burger King barely paid the
bills. Crabtree wanted to do better and hopes to go to college and become a teacher.
Imagine this scenario. You are a designer who works at the well-known firm, iPD
(Integrated Planning and Design). You work on a team with planners, urban designers,
policy designers, architects, and social designers. You have been tasked to develop/design
a way for Tammy Crabtree and her family (and others with situations similar to Tammy’s)
to move themselves out of poverty. What will your team to do to help Tammy and her
family achieve their goals? What approach will your team take to address this difficult
problem?
Before getting Tammy into school, it would be important to help her find a higher paying job.
There are jobs that pay more than minimum wage without requiring a degree. IPD could also
help her children find part time jobs to help contribute to the family's expenses if they are old
enough to work. There could be a team scouting out the most needed professions in her area
and direct her toward a good field that requires only an associate's or bachelor's degree since
school is too costly. Once she gets a degree, she can get a higher paying job and take night
classes to purse a higher degree if desired. They can help her look for scholarships and apply
for financial aid/loans. Getting people educated is the best way to pull them out of poverty
since skilled labor is in demand and generally pays more. IPD could buy property to design a
plain apartment complex for the impoverished involved in their program to live in temporarily
while they are going to school, either for short periods for free or a few years at discounted
prices. They could host community events to raise funds and collect donations.

http://dulwichonview.org.uk/assets/upload
s/2012/02/working-together-1-
354x300.jpg
Response to Carroll Article: “(Re)forming Regent Park: When Policy Does Not Equal
Practice”
The development of Regent Park is phased, and there are several more phases to the
project. What actions could be taken to ensure more social integration for the older people
living in the ‘new and improved’ Regent Park?
The easiest thing to do first and foremost is to incorporate people of all ages within the same
buildings, rather than excluding the elderly by having them live in a secluded area of Regent
Park. All areas should be wheelchair accessible and friendly for older people who have
difficulty getting around so they are not excluded. This is an important part of use-centered
designed. It would also be wise to offer interspersed apartments with inexpensive housing rates
because many senior citizens are retired and may not be able to afford higher rent. Community
gardens also offer a hobby that people of all ages can participate in and benefit from, as well
as art and cooking programs.

https://i2.wp.com/sparkonit.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/10/study-shows-
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Percent.jpg?fit=1000%2C562&w=640
Response to Enriquez TED Talk: “What Will Humans Look Like in 100 Years?”
For this question, we will focus on Juan Enriquez’ Life Two civilization, which alters
fundamental aspects of the body. We are living longer than ever before in human history.
Enriquez argues that, because of advances in bio-medical technology, the possibility of
living to 120 years of age and beyond is quite possible for many of us in this D+D class.
Assuming that his assertion is accurate, how do you think extended life spans will change
our societies and built environments? What new issues might designers face because of
extended life spans?
Extended life spans pose interesting effects on society. As we age, humans tend to experience
more medical issues, so it would be essential for designers to incorporate more hospitals in
central areas. Our society will rely on medicine more than ever, so pharmacies will also grow as
new supplements and treatments are dispensed. More nursing homes will be necessary and the
demand for medical aids will increase. There may be more traffic on roads because the elderly
rely on vehicles for transportation if they are physically unfit for walking or biking long
distances, so it would be a good idea to add lanes to major roads to reduce traffic. The world
population will steadily increase as the birth rate exceeds the death rate. This will cause issues
because the earth has limited land for human inhabitance. Skyscrapers may become more
prevalent to provide the necessary living space and designers may need to get creative to
make regions like deserts into more suitable living spaces.

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image.travelandleisure.com/sites/default/fi
les/styles/1600x1000/public/last-class-
airplaneseats1215.jpg?itok=nq5P-mj3
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content/uploads/2014/08/375779.jpg
Response to PPT, Smithsonian, and Roy
The two most frequently mentioned models of disability are the ‘social’ and the ‘medical’
models. The medical model of disability views disability as a medical ‘problem’ that
belongs to the disabled individual. The social model of disability, in contrast, draws on the
idea that it is society that disables people, through designing everything to meet the needs
of the majority of people who are not disabled. There is a recognition within the social
model that there is a great deal that society can do to reduce, and ultimately remove, some
of these disabling barriers, and that this task is the responsibility of society, rather than the
disabled person.
In the Smithsonian online exhibition, the story about the superhero hand, and Elise Roy’s
TED Talk, you saw examples of ways to engage disability that use the social model rather
than the medical model. In the Disability and Design PowerPoint, you were introduced to
the concept of Universal Design (UD) (sometimes called inclusive design, design-for-all, or
human-centered design). Certainly, UD embraces the social model of disability. In this same
PowerPoint, you saw positive and negative examples of each of the seven principles of
universal design.
For the Module 12 Thread 1, please select one of the seven universal design principles, and
post photographs that show both a positive and a negative example of the principle. Then
address the following question: How do your examples empower or disempower various
people? Describe the specific features of the positive example and the specific features of
the negative example. Discuss ways that the positive example could be even further
improved.
The larger sized population is often limited because of their size relative to small chairs. This
falls under the seventh Universal Design concept, size and space for approach and use. For

example, buses like the UB Stampede and airplanes often have very small seating that is intended for slender users and often cannot fit someone
who takes up more space. This causes larger individuals discomfort as they either spill into the next seat, giving the person next to them less space,
or end up standing up for the duration of travel instead. It may also make them feel insecure about their size, making them feel "too big" since
many other people fit in these small spaces.
A friendlier alternative to individual seating is long benches or stadium risers, which can comfortably seat people of all sizes because they are not
confined to a certain seat width. This is beneficial because this seating allows people of all sizes, small and large, to take up the amount of space
they need. It also allows for more personal space since individuals can sit apart from each other if desired, or they can crowd together to fit more
people at a packed event. Benches do not empower or belittle people based on size, but they could be improved by providing a back to lean on
for weaker individuals, like the disabled or elderly, who may have trouble sitting up for hours at a time.

http://www.cchfreedom.org/pictures/th/l
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Response to Survey, FIXED, and Stelarc
Our 2017 Design-A-Baby survey yielded the following characteristics as indicated by a
majority of you:
Sex: Male (47%)
Hair Color: Dark Brown (22%)
Hair Texture: Wavy (33%)
Eye Color: Blue (26%)
Race: Caucasian (36%)
Height: 5’-10” to 6’-1” (45%)
IQ: 131-140 (20%)
Memory: Excellent (43%)
Athletic Ability: Excellent (43%)
Weight: Average (79%)
Disease Carrier: None (85%)
Beauty: Somewhat attractive (46%)
Empathy: Very empathetic (38%)
Creativity: Very creative (37%)
Sounds like an all-around lovely person!
Currently, we have the technology for you to choose many of the survey characteristics in
your future child, and this ability to choose poses some ethical questions. Of course, we all
want the best for our own child. However, as we move into a more collective situation, we
need to consider how the consequences of majority choices for children might change who
we are as a species.

In the film trailer FIXED, you were introduced to the dilemma of living in a culture in which the “science-fiction of human enhancement” has
become almost a way of life, from prenatal genetic screening to bionic body parts. In the video, “A Man with Three Ears” you are introduced
to an artist who is using current technology to move humans beyond their current abilities. Last week, Juan Enriquez asked us if it is ethical
to evolve the human body. All of these videos suggest that the concept of disability ‘as we know it’ could cease to exist in the future.
This leads us to this week’s discussion question:
What lessons do you think we should learn from history when thinking about emerging enhancement technologies and reproductive
technologies? What are some of the possible consequences (both positive and negative) of being able to design our bodies and the bodies of
our children? What ethical quandaries do these technologies pose?
Humans cannot seem to stop discriminating against each other. History repeats itself in similar manners. The white man enslaved a race who looked
different from them with their darker skin. Men with blue eyes and blonde hair served under Hitler to kill the Jews, a group of people with
genetically darker hair and other differentiating features. There are countless examples of discrimination based on appearances of large groups. In
a more general sense, there is also a tendency for individuals deemed attractive by society to be more successful, liked, and likely to reproduce to
carry their genes to offspring. Being able to modify the traits of an unborn child is a tremendous power. Unfortunately, this raises the potential for
additional discrimination against non-modified people. Designing a body is likely to be expensive. Does this mean only the rich will be able to
modify their children, or will every person have equal access to this scientific resource? It is likely that only a small portion of the population will be
genetically modified, in which case they may form a "genetic caste of super humans" aiming to belittle or kill people without augmented genes. On
one hand, scientists may be able to eradicate crippling genetic diseases or inhibiting malformations. This would be beneficial to the human race
because it would eliminate suffering and enhance quality of life. However, it is difficult to draw a line as to what is taking things too far. Is it okay
to make your child attractive, smart, and athletic beyond what is typical? It is a gray area that would cause conflicts between augmented and
natural humans.

http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/images/r
eviews/249/1214954741_6.jpg
Response to Titicut Follies
The state of Massachusetts tried to ban the 1967 documentary Titicut Follies, arguing that
director Frederick Wiseman had violated the patients’ rights by not getting written
permission to film them. The case went to court, and Wiseman argued that he had consent
from their legal guardian, the institution. After a judge ruled in favor of the state, the legal
appeals carried on for several years: in 1969, Massachusetts allowed the film to be shown
to doctors, lawyers, and health care professionals; in 1991, a superior court judge ruled it
could be released for the “general public,” as privacy concerns were no longer at issue, so
many years later.
Should Wiseman have been allowed to film the residents of Bridgewater Massachusetts
Correctional Facility? Why or why not? How might this film be of value to designers
(communication designers, product, designers, architects, interior designers, planners,
landscape designers, systems designers, and/or social designers)? In other words, what
might they gain from this film that they could use in their work?
It is hard to say if it is ethical to film institutionalized patients without their permission. Most
would probably agree filmmakers should make sure it is okay with their subjects before
keeping or distributing their work. However, if the people being filmed have mental disabilities,
they may not be able to understand and consent to being filmed. The documentary Titicut Follies
was meant to be educational, providing information on the behaviors of the patients in the
correctional facility. Wiseman created his documentary not as a mockery to the disabled
patients, but to help designers understand their restrictions in order to best help them in the
future. This film can allow designers to create safer spaces in new institutions that may be more
calming and accommodating to its special residents.

http://www.fraser.org/Fraser/media/Asse
ts/images/Success%20Stories/Zane-House-
3.jpg
Response to PPT, The Architecture of Autism, Public Space
Prelude: Wolf Wolfensberger's seminal work "The Origin and Nature of Our Institutional
Models" posited that society characterizes people with intellectual disabilities as sub-
human and burdens of charity, He argued that this dehumanization, and the segregated
institutions that result from it, ignored the potential productive contributions that all people
can make to society. He pushed for a shift in policy and practice that recognized the human
needs of those with intellectual challenges and provided the same basic human rights as
for the rest of the population.
The Scenario: Imagine that you and your four children live in Amherst, New York in a
$650,000 home at the end of a cul-de-sac on the edge of a ten acre woods. The town has
purchased a one acre lot three houses away from yours, and plans to build a group home
for ten intellectually challenged adults.
As a resident of the neighborhood, would you support or oppose this proposal and why?
You've learned additional information about the residents of the proposed group home in
your neighborhood. In 2013, three of the ten intended residents exhibited challenging
behaviors including screaming, public masturbation, repetitive rocking, and echolalia
(elective incontinence). However, these behaviors have not occurred since then.
How would this change your opinion about the construction of the group home in your
neighborhood?
The residents in your neighborhood voted (14-3) to reject the town of Amherst’s proposal to
build a group home in the neighborhood. Town officials agreed that the home would not
be built in your neighborhood if you and your neighbors could develop a workable
alternative.

What are some possible solutions that would allow the residents of the home to be provided with “the same basic human rights as the rest of
the population”?
I would be hesitant to support this proposal because of the residents' challenging behaviors in the past. It is easy to understand that the mentally
handicapped are people with feelings and potential, but it is difficult to apply these values and be patient with someone who might behave in
radical ways, even though they are probably trying their best to blend in. It is discriminatory to deny this group normal living conditions, but it is
understandable why a town would be uncomfortable with building them a group home. A workable alternative might be to build two houses, one
for the three past offenders and one for the seven others. The smaller house with the three people who have had behavioral issues could have an
annex for an aid to stay in, in case they become disruptive to the neighborhood, which may not even be an issue since they haven't had challenging
behavior for years. If they do not exhibit any challenging behaviors, the annex can remain empty and they are free to live independently. If one of
them acts up, someone can call an aid to keep an eye on them for a few days until they feel the person will not act that way again. The seven
others have not had issues so it would be best to give them the benefit of the doubt and let them live unsupervised.

http://america.aljazeera.com/content/aja
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4
"History." St. Anthony's Parish, Oceanside, NY. Accessed May 12, 2017. http://www.stanthonyoceanside.org/History.shtml.
Response to The Connection Between Religion and Urban Planning by David
In his article, David Engwicht discusses the fact that religions (of all types) have played
major roles in the development of our cities. Today, places of worship are primary
components of almost all urban centers. Author Lorne Daniel writes “From their often active
role in supporting people who live in city centers to their iconic influence on design and use
of space, religious structures tell us a lot about our history, our current needs, and where
we might be headed in the future. This is an aspect of our urban future that planners and
urbanists should attend to.”
Identify a place of worship with which you are somewhat familiar. (If you are not familiar
with any places of worship, do a bit of research on one in your own city or town.) Show a
photograph of this religious structure. (You may use photographs from the web.) What roles
has this place served in the development of your city/town? How has it influenced the
design of the area around it? How has its role changed over time? What roles could this
place of worship play in the future development of your city/town?
St. Anthony Church was established in 1927 at a time when my town did not contain many
Catholics. It was built by a rich Irish priest.4 The church was beautiful and built partially
underground, with sculptures of saints, imitation rock formations, and gardens, which attracted
tourism. The underground portion was destroyed in a fire but the statues and outside decor are
still present. Over time, it evolved from a shrine to a community parish with a religious school.
Today it has a focus on holding mass and running programs to help people in need. St. Anthony
contributed to the religious history of my town, attracting a more diverse population and

bringing residents closer together. It continues to help the less fortunate by fundraising, which can develop the town into a better place to live for
the lower class.

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Response to Prospects for the Future of Diversity and Design
Consider the quote in your syllabus from educator Michael J. Shannon: “Design, as vision
in action--the intersection of understanding and creation--is a universal human capability
that can play a fundamental role in social evolution, in the process that transforms
resources, energy, and information to make our world.”
At the beginning of this course, we discussed the idea that we are all designers regardless
of our profession or field of study. We’ve asked some big questions along the way, and the
conclusion section of our textbook raises additional issues that require input from people
who might not consider themselves to be part of the formalized design professions.
Think about your own major and/or future profession. What is the biggest challenge,
problem, or question that your field needs to tackle right now? What do you plan to do to
address this challenge, problem, or question either as part of your studies or professional
life?
I am a pharmacy major. I am being trained to distribute medication and explain to patients
how drugs affect their bodies, which while important is not going to change any large problems
in the field of medicine. With a pharmacy degree, I also have the option to work at a company
that develops new drugs. If I went into research, I would be able to try fixing world problems,
like discovering better medication for medical conditions with no known cure. There are a
number of diseases and conditions people are debilitated by with limited treatment options. It is
also possible to find more cost effective drugs that are efficient and could help keep the sick
out of bankruptcy, since prescriptions for serious medicine can be pricey. It is my goal to
improve the lives of individuals who are not receiving the treatment they need to be happy and
healthy.

ARC 211: American Diversity and Design: HEATHER LEVENTHAL

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