Injectable Progestin By Jonathan Lynch
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Injectable Progestin is a highly effective form of long-lasting birth control administered via injection every 3 months. It works by inhibiting ovulation, thickening cervical mucus, and thinning the uterine lining. While very effective at preventing pregnancy, potential side effects include irregular bleeding, weight gain, and delayed fertility after stopping use. It requires visits to a healthcare provider for injections but provides private and reversible contraception without daily action.
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Contraception: (birth control) prevents pregnancy by interfering with the normal process of ovulation, fertilization, and implantation. There are different kinds of birth control that act at different points in the process.
Benefits of Family planning
Women/family
• Better health
• Less physical/emotional strain
• Improved quality of life
• Increased educational opportunities
• Increased economic opportunities
• More energy for household activities
• More energy for personal development and community activities
For Children:
• Better health
• More food and other resources available
• Greater opportunity for emotional support from parents
• Better opportunity for education
Factors that affect on the decision of using contraception:
• husband involvement
• Effectiveness--statistics show two numbers:
- Failure rate: no. of women per 100 who become pregnant after 1 yr. when using a birth control consistently & correctly
- Typical use failure rate: takes into account improper or inconsistent use
• Cost
• Ease of use
• Side effects
Family planning methods
• Hormone-based contraceptives
6 types
1) Oral contraceptives (pills)
2) Vaginal ring
3) Transdermal patch
4) Injected hormones
5) Hormonal implants
6) Hormonal IUDs
Oral contraceptives pills
Types of Contraceptives Pills
Combined oral contraceptives (COCs)
Most widely used
Contain both estrogen & progestagen
Triphasic pill
Levels of hormones (estrogen & progestin) fluctuate during cycle
Progestin-only pills (POPs)
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Especially suitable for breastfeeding women.
How hormonal contraceptives work
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This document discusses contraception methods, including temporary and permanent options. It provides an overview of hormonal methods like combined oral contraceptives and progestin-only pills, long-acting reversible contraceptives like implants and IUDs, barrier methods, fertility awareness-based methods, and permanent surgical methods. The document outlines the effectiveness, advantages, disadvantages, and contraindications of different contraception options. It also discusses emergency contraception and contraception options for lactating women. The intended learning objectives are to demonstrate knowledge of family planning and contraception, identify different contraceptive methods, and counsel patients on appropriate options.
Change of Life-AAFCP-PP- 2013
This document provides an overview of menopausal transition and treatment options from a NaProTECHNOLOGY perspective. It discusses the stages of reproductive aging and common symptoms women experience. A NaPro evaluation includes CrMS charting, targeted hormone testing, ultrasound and general health screening. Treatment focuses on diet, lifestyle, supplements and bioidentical hormone replacement as needed. Cooperative progesterone support is the backbone treatment for menopausal transition. Intermittent progesterone challenges may be used when cycles become irregular. Low dose transdermal hormones address vasomotor symptoms and atrophic vaginitis safely. Bone health is supported through various lifestyle measures and potentially low dose estrogen/progesterone long term if needed.
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Vasectomy
A vasectomy is a permanent birth control method for men where the vas deferens tubes are blocked, cut, or sealed to prevent sperm from mixing with semen ejaculated from the penis, having a theoretical effectiveness of 99.85%. The procedure, which can cost $400-$1200 and be covered by insurance, is done in a local clinic and involves clamping, cutting, or sealing the vas deferens from each testicle to prevent sperm from being ejaculated while allowing for sexual spontaneity without daily attention or affecting pleasure, though it provides no protection against STDs and may not be reversible.
Tubal Ligation
Tubal ligation is a surgical form of permanent birth control where a woman's fallopian tubes are blocked, tied, or cut to prevent fertilization. It costs between $1,000-$3,000, must be done by a doctor, and has a high effectiveness rate of 100% though it can be difficult to reverse and requires healing time after surgery.
Trichomoniasis 2
Trichomoniasis is a parasitic sexually transmitted disease caused by Trichomonas vaginalis that was first discovered in 1773 and officially named in 1836. It commonly causes symptoms of itching, burning, and inflammation in women but rarely affects men. While there is a 90-95% effective oral antibiotic treatment of metronidazole, leaving trichomoniasis untreated can lead to worsening symptoms and tissue damage as well as increasing the risk of other sexually transmitted diseases.
Trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis is a parasitic sexually transmitted disease caused by Trichomonas vaginalis that was first discovered in 1773 and officially named in 1836. It commonly causes symptoms of itching, burning, and inflammation in women but rarely in men. While there is a 90-95% effective oral antibiotic treatment of metronidazole, leaving trichomoniasis untreated can lead to worsening symptoms and tissue damage as well as increasing the risk of other sexually transmitted diseases.
The Subdermal Implant Health
A subdermal implant is a small plastic rod placed under the skin that releases estrogen to prevent egg release and pregnancy for up to 3 years. It provides highly effective birth control without needing to take daily pills but can cause side effects like irregular bleeding and spotting between periods for some women. Removal of the implant costs between $75-$100.
The Contraceptive Patch
The document discusses the contraceptive patch, which is a contraceptive method that involves wearing a patch that releases hormones to prevent pregnancy. It is a square bandaid-like patch that is worn for three weeks and prevents ovulation while also thickening cervical mucus to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. It is 99% effective generally but 92% effective for women weighing over 198 pounds. The patch costs $7 per month, requires a prescription, and has benefits of being easy to use and not interrupting sex, but also has risks of raising chances of heart attack and stroke and does not protect against STDs.
The Cervical Cap
The cervical cap is a thimble-shaped latex barrier that fits over the cervix and uses suction to block sperm from entering the uterus. It is 84-91% effective for women who have never given birth and 68-74% effective for women who have. The cap costs around $70 plus fitting fees from a doctor, who determines the proper size and shows insertion. It can be inserted in advance of sex and is comfortable, but requires fitting and may be difficult to use correctly.
Syphillis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema Pallidum that first hit Europe in 1493 and can be cured with penicillin. It has various stages of symptoms ranging from sores and rashes to becoming asymptomatic, and while many infected show no signs for years, it remains a risk without treatment.
Spermicides
Spermicides are applied to the vagina to kill sperm and can be found in foams, jellies, or suppositories. They must be applied within 30 minutes of intercourse and may increase the effectiveness of other birth control methods. However, spermicides alone have a low efficiency rate and can potentially cause sexually transmitted diseases.
Scabies
Scabies is a common skin infection caused by tiny mites burrowing under the skin to lay eggs, causing itchy bumps and blisters. Symptoms often appear between fingers, toes, buttocks, elbows and waist or genital areas as small insect bites or pimples. Scratching can cause redness and sores. An estimated 300 million global cases occur annually, including 6-12 million in the United States. Treatment involves precisely following medication instructions and washing all recently used clothing and linens in hot water.
Presentation Of Ngu
NGU, or non-gonococcal urethritis, is an infection of the urethra caused by Chlamydia that often develops after a Chlamydia infection. It was discovered in the 1800s that those infected with Chlamydia would later develop NGU. Symptoms in men include discharge from the penis and burning during urination, while women experience vaginal discharge and bleeding between periods. Antibiotics can cure NGU. Each year in the US there are an estimated 3 million Chlamydia cases, with 40-60% developing NGU without treatment. Long term consequences can include infertility or pregnancy complications.
Human Papillomavirus
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection that can cause genital warts and certain cancers. There are over 100 types of HPV that are transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. While many infections cause no symptoms, some may cause genital warts or lead to cervical, penile, or oral cancers if left untreated. Treatment options depend on the individual case but may include prescription creams, cryotherapy, surgery, or natural resolution over time. HPV is responsible for the majority of cervical cancers and affects thousands of women each year in the United States.
Hiv
HIV attacks the immune system by using white blood cells to replicate itself, weakening the body's ability to fight infection over time without treatment. It was first recognized in 1981 and is thought to have originated from non-human primates in Africa, spreading to humans in the early 20th century. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk. While there is no cure for HIV, antiretroviral therapy can control the virus and allow those infected to live a normal lifespan, though they must remain on daily medication.
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is an infectious liver disease caused by the Hepatitis C Virus that was identified in the 1970s but not isolated until 2000 by Harvey J. Alter. Most people infected have no symptoms so it can go undetected for a long time. Over 4 million Americans have been infected with Hepatitis C, which is treated with peginterferon and ribavirin drugs to avoid potential liver failure or the need for a transplant.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is a contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus that can lead to liver disease or liver cancer, with symptoms similar to the flu. It is one of the most common serious liver infections worldwide, infecting around 350 million people, and causing 4,000-5,000 deaths annually in the US. There is no cure for hepatitis B, and rest and a healthy diet are recommended, along with avoiding sex to prevent spreading the virus.
Health 2 Thingy
Spermicides are applied to the vagina to kill sperm and can be found in foams, jellies, or suppositories. They must be applied within 30 minutes of intercourse and may increase the effectiveness of other birth control methods. However, spermicides alone have a low efficiency rate and can potentially cause sexually transmitted diseases.
Gonorrhea Danielle Welch2
Gonorrhea is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria that multiplies in warm, moist areas. It has been known by the slang term "the clap" which comes from historical techniques used to remove discharge from the penis. Symptoms include burning during urination and discharge from the genitals. If left untreated, gonorrhea can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and potentially arthritis. While antibiotics have largely been effective at treating it, the bacteria is growing increasingly resistant to treatment.
Gonorrhea Danielle Welch
Gonorrhea is a common sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria that infects warm, moist areas of the body. Common symptoms include burning during urination and abnormal discharge from the genitals. While gonorrhea can be cured through antibiotic treatment, it may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease or arthritis if left untreated and can also be passed from mother to baby during childbirth.
Diaphragm
The document discusses the diaphragm, a thin rubber dome that fits over the cervix and is held in place by vaginal muscles, providing 86-94% effectiveness as birth control. It can be obtained at a clinic for $30-50 along with a fitting by a doctor, and requires using spermicide which costs $0.50-1.50 per use. While reusable and inexpensive, it requires a prescription and cleaning, and can increase risks of urinary tract infections.
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Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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