SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 64
Information is
   correct,
 knowledge is
   relevant      Mathias Klang
                    @klang67
Copyright is all
about fixation
Fixation is all
        about
technology &
 social norms
I do not agree with what you have to say, but I'll
defend to the death your right to say it. Voltaire




             Technology 300 years ago…
Digitalization 
Internet 
WWW 
Fixed cost connections 
Storage Costs 
web2.0 
Devices 
Social Media 
TECHNOLOGY controls how and
what we interact, create & THINK
AFFORDANCES
spot the ethical dilemma?
Wheras printers, booksellers, and other persons,
        have of late frequently taken the liberty of
 printing... books, and other writings, without the
      consent of the authors... to their very great
detriment, and too often to the ruin of them and
     their families: For preventing therefore such
               practices for the future, and for the
 encouragement of learned men to compose and
                               write useful books…


STATUTE OF ANNE (1710)
Expanding rights
Oscar Wilde nr 18
     av Napoleon Sarony




“entirely from his own mental
conception, to which he gave visible
form”

”useful, new, harmonious,
characteristic, and graceful picture.”
User generated
        content

      THE
   SOCIAL
  CENTURY
Monopolies in copying & delivery
systems
Lag (1960) om upphovsrätt till
litterära och konstnärliga verk
LAG (1960) OM UPPHOVSRÄTT TILL LITTERÄRA OCH KONSTNÄRLIGA VERK
dead TRee as NORM
What’s
                     protected?
Almost everything!
”VERKSHÖJD”   BIRD RED SLICE by Koko (1984)
Donald Duck by Walt Disney   Arne Anka av Charlie Christensen



idea/expression dichotomy
A ridiculously brief history of computing
Generation zero
hollerith
World wide web
          (an open standard)
Hypertext in the wild - Tim Berners-Lee (1990/91)
The digital is the original
    & everything is copy
Interfaces of knowledge
LIFE & DEATH
        OF
BUSINESS MODELS
Why pirate?
Because we can?
Because we must?
Because we don’t care?
31
32
digitalization
Analog / Digital
•   Copy inferior          •   There is no copy
•   Limited nr of copies   •   Infinite nr
•   Copying in real time   •   Timeless
•   Cost                   •   Without cost
two dominant truths

1. No cash, No Creation
2. Everything Is property
Two incredible & strange
  ideas… that WORKED
STALLMAN PROVED EMPIRICALLY THAT
ECONOMIC RETURNS WERE NOT A
REQUIREMENT FOR CREATION…


But geeks are different?
WALES PROVED STALLMAN’S IDEAS SCALED
& APPLIED TO NON-SPECIALIST GROUPS


Yet we still cling to the analogue myths.
Blogger 1999
Google 1999




               End of communications monopoly
Change!
Sociotechnical change (rip Eugene Polley)
Monotask queuing
Not knowing
Waiting by THE phone
Only 30 kg
Limitless
303 grams
"Laws in Japan
are Tatemae -
beautiful things -
that have no real
importance.
Important things
are neither seen
nor written
down.”
      Professor Lilian Edwards
Sharing is caring
Swedish heritage board
3.5 years later
OMG!!!
OMG!!!
More information
www.iis.se/docs/copyright_copyleft.pdf
THANKS!
Mathias Klang
     klang@ituniv.se or @klang67
           www.digital-rights.net

Image & licensing info in the notes
                  section of slides.
    Images at www.flickr.com (or
               specifically stated).

                This ppt licensed:
     Creative Commons BY-NC-SA

         Download presentation
        www.slideshare.net/klang

More Related Content

What's hot

Brokerage 2007 keynote norman lewis
Brokerage 2007 keynote norman lewisBrokerage 2007 keynote norman lewis
Brokerage 2007 keynote norman lewisimec.archive
 
What technology will look like in 2025 a
What technology will look like in 2025 aWhat technology will look like in 2025 a
What technology will look like in 2025 acards28222
 
You don't need to start a business to be an Entrepreneneur
You don't need to start a business to be an EntrepreneneurYou don't need to start a business to be an Entrepreneneur
You don't need to start a business to be an EntrepreneneurAnwar Jumabhoy
 
Designing Technologies
Designing TechnologiesDesigning Technologies
Designing TechnologiesDannno
 
1.8 silicon valley history
1.8 silicon valley history1.8 silicon valley history
1.8 silicon valley historyRick Rasmussen
 
Carlsbad Caverns DEXpedition
Carlsbad Caverns DEXpeditionCarlsbad Caverns DEXpedition
Carlsbad Caverns DEXpeditionDouglas Filter
 
A History of Silicon Valley
A History of Silicon Valley A History of Silicon Valley
A History of Silicon Valley Christine Johnson
 

What's hot (12)

Session 3 - Tech Enablers
Session 3 - Tech EnablersSession 3 - Tech Enablers
Session 3 - Tech Enablers
 
Brokerage 2007 keynote norman lewis
Brokerage 2007 keynote norman lewisBrokerage 2007 keynote norman lewis
Brokerage 2007 keynote norman lewis
 
What technology will look like in 2025 a
What technology will look like in 2025 aWhat technology will look like in 2025 a
What technology will look like in 2025 a
 
You don't need to start a business to be an Entrepreneneur
You don't need to start a business to be an EntrepreneneurYou don't need to start a business to be an Entrepreneneur
You don't need to start a business to be an Entrepreneneur
 
Designing Technologies
Designing TechnologiesDesigning Technologies
Designing Technologies
 
L04 Adjacent Possible
L04 Adjacent PossibleL04 Adjacent Possible
L04 Adjacent Possible
 
L05 Innovation
L05 InnovationL05 Innovation
L05 Innovation
 
1.8 silicon valley history
1.8 silicon valley history1.8 silicon valley history
1.8 silicon valley history
 
Carlsbad Caverns DEXpedition
Carlsbad Caverns DEXpeditionCarlsbad Caverns DEXpedition
Carlsbad Caverns DEXpedition
 
Digital citizenship
Digital citizenshipDigital citizenship
Digital citizenship
 
Week10presentation
Week10presentationWeek10presentation
Week10presentation
 
A History of Silicon Valley
A History of Silicon Valley A History of Silicon Valley
A History of Silicon Valley
 

Similar to Information is correct, knowledge is relevant

Research, Copyright & Creative Commons
Research, Copyright & Creative CommonsResearch, Copyright & Creative Commons
Research, Copyright & Creative CommonsMathias Klang
 
Use & Abuse of Social Media
Use & Abuse of Social MediaUse & Abuse of Social Media
Use & Abuse of Social MediaMathias Klang
 
From copyright to copy right
From copyright to copy rightFrom copyright to copy right
From copyright to copy rightMathias Klang
 
The Extroverted Reader 2.0
The Extroverted Reader 2.0The Extroverted Reader 2.0
The Extroverted Reader 2.0Mathias Klang
 
Social Media Stockholm
Social Media StockholmSocial Media Stockholm
Social Media StockholmMathias Klang
 
Of Hobbits, Amish, Hackers and Technology (or, is technology for humans or vi...
Of Hobbits, Amish, Hackers and Technology (or, is technology for humans or vi...Of Hobbits, Amish, Hackers and Technology (or, is technology for humans or vi...
Of Hobbits, Amish, Hackers and Technology (or, is technology for humans or vi...Kaido Kikkas
 
Digitalization of culture and Creative Commons
Digitalization of culture and Creative CommonsDigitalization of culture and Creative Commons
Digitalization of culture and Creative CommonsMathias Klang
 
Will technology make us stupid?
Will technology make us stupid?Will technology make us stupid?
Will technology make us stupid?Mathias Klang
 
Universities, Copyright, Open Access, Licensing
Universities, Copyright, Open Access, LicensingUniversities, Copyright, Open Access, Licensing
Universities, Copyright, Open Access, LicensingMathias Klang
 
The Extroverted Reader
The Extroverted ReaderThe Extroverted Reader
The Extroverted ReaderMathias Klang
 
Copyright culture technology
Copyright culture technologyCopyright culture technology
Copyright culture technologyMathias Klang
 
The Extroverted Reader 2.0
The Extroverted Reader 2.0The Extroverted Reader 2.0
The Extroverted Reader 2.0Mathias Klang
 
Empowerment or Destruction: copyright & creative commons
Empowerment or Destruction: copyright & creative commonsEmpowerment or Destruction: copyright & creative commons
Empowerment or Destruction: copyright & creative commonsMathias Klang
 
iPhone Living: On using and being abused by technology
iPhone Living: On using and being abused by technologyiPhone Living: On using and being abused by technology
iPhone Living: On using and being abused by technologyMathias Klang
 
Negotiating Copyright: What is Creative Commons & how can it help you?
Negotiating Copyright: What is Creative Commons & how can it help you?Negotiating Copyright: What is Creative Commons & how can it help you?
Negotiating Copyright: What is Creative Commons & how can it help you?Mathias Klang
 
Empowered Citizens or Digital Dairy Cows
Empowered Citizens or Digital Dairy Cows Empowered Citizens or Digital Dairy Cows
Empowered Citizens or Digital Dairy Cows Mathias Klang
 
Living is sharing: Creative Commons
 Living is sharing: Creative Commons Living is sharing: Creative Commons
Living is sharing: Creative CommonsMathias Klang
 
Surviving Apps and Clouds
Surviving Apps and CloudsSurviving Apps and Clouds
Surviving Apps and CloudsMathias Klang
 
Of Hobbits, Amish, Hackers and Technology 2014
Of Hobbits,  Amish, Hackers and Technology 2014Of Hobbits,  Amish, Hackers and Technology 2014
Of Hobbits, Amish, Hackers and Technology 2014Kaido Kikkas
 

Similar to Information is correct, knowledge is relevant (20)

Research, Copyright & Creative Commons
Research, Copyright & Creative CommonsResearch, Copyright & Creative Commons
Research, Copyright & Creative Commons
 
Like us on facebook
Like us on facebookLike us on facebook
Like us on facebook
 
Use & Abuse of Social Media
Use & Abuse of Social MediaUse & Abuse of Social Media
Use & Abuse of Social Media
 
From copyright to copy right
From copyright to copy rightFrom copyright to copy right
From copyright to copy right
 
The Extroverted Reader 2.0
The Extroverted Reader 2.0The Extroverted Reader 2.0
The Extroverted Reader 2.0
 
Social Media Stockholm
Social Media StockholmSocial Media Stockholm
Social Media Stockholm
 
Of Hobbits, Amish, Hackers and Technology (or, is technology for humans or vi...
Of Hobbits, Amish, Hackers and Technology (or, is technology for humans or vi...Of Hobbits, Amish, Hackers and Technology (or, is technology for humans or vi...
Of Hobbits, Amish, Hackers and Technology (or, is technology for humans or vi...
 
Digitalization of culture and Creative Commons
Digitalization of culture and Creative CommonsDigitalization of culture and Creative Commons
Digitalization of culture and Creative Commons
 
Will technology make us stupid?
Will technology make us stupid?Will technology make us stupid?
Will technology make us stupid?
 
Universities, Copyright, Open Access, Licensing
Universities, Copyright, Open Access, LicensingUniversities, Copyright, Open Access, Licensing
Universities, Copyright, Open Access, Licensing
 
The Extroverted Reader
The Extroverted ReaderThe Extroverted Reader
The Extroverted Reader
 
Copyright culture technology
Copyright culture technologyCopyright culture technology
Copyright culture technology
 
The Extroverted Reader 2.0
The Extroverted Reader 2.0The Extroverted Reader 2.0
The Extroverted Reader 2.0
 
Empowerment or Destruction: copyright & creative commons
Empowerment or Destruction: copyright & creative commonsEmpowerment or Destruction: copyright & creative commons
Empowerment or Destruction: copyright & creative commons
 
iPhone Living: On using and being abused by technology
iPhone Living: On using and being abused by technologyiPhone Living: On using and being abused by technology
iPhone Living: On using and being abused by technology
 
Negotiating Copyright: What is Creative Commons & how can it help you?
Negotiating Copyright: What is Creative Commons & how can it help you?Negotiating Copyright: What is Creative Commons & how can it help you?
Negotiating Copyright: What is Creative Commons & how can it help you?
 
Empowered Citizens or Digital Dairy Cows
Empowered Citizens or Digital Dairy Cows Empowered Citizens or Digital Dairy Cows
Empowered Citizens or Digital Dairy Cows
 
Living is sharing: Creative Commons
 Living is sharing: Creative Commons Living is sharing: Creative Commons
Living is sharing: Creative Commons
 
Surviving Apps and Clouds
Surviving Apps and CloudsSurviving Apps and Clouds
Surviving Apps and Clouds
 
Of Hobbits, Amish, Hackers and Technology 2014
Of Hobbits,  Amish, Hackers and Technology 2014Of Hobbits,  Amish, Hackers and Technology 2014
Of Hobbits, Amish, Hackers and Technology 2014
 

More from Mathias Klang

Surveillance in the Simulacrum
Surveillance in the SimulacrumSurveillance in the Simulacrum
Surveillance in the SimulacrumMathias Klang
 
Web of Introverts and Selfie Culture
Web of Introverts and Selfie CultureWeb of Introverts and Selfie Culture
Web of Introverts and Selfie CultureMathias Klang
 
Screens & Maps: Is seeing believing?
Screens & Maps: Is seeing believing?Screens & Maps: Is seeing believing?
Screens & Maps: Is seeing believing?Mathias Klang
 
Sharing, oversharing and selfies
Sharing, oversharing and selfiesSharing, oversharing and selfies
Sharing, oversharing and selfiesMathias Klang
 
Copyright & Licensing: The progress of science & useful arts
Copyright & Licensing: The progress of science & useful arts Copyright & Licensing: The progress of science & useful arts
Copyright & Licensing: The progress of science & useful arts Mathias Klang
 
Academic Writing: Things to think about.
Academic Writing: Things to think about. Academic Writing: Things to think about.
Academic Writing: Things to think about. Mathias Klang
 
Civil Disobedience & Technology
Civil Disobedience & TechnologyCivil Disobedience & Technology
Civil Disobedience & TechnologyMathias Klang
 
Regulating Online Public/Private Spaces
Regulating Online Public/Private Spaces Regulating Online Public/Private Spaces
Regulating Online Public/Private Spaces Mathias Klang
 
Public/Private Spaces: Pulling things together
Public/Private Spaces: Pulling things togetherPublic/Private Spaces: Pulling things together
Public/Private Spaces: Pulling things togetherMathias Klang
 
Digital Divides and Net Neutrality
Digital Divides and Net NeutralityDigital Divides and Net Neutrality
Digital Divides and Net NeutralityMathias Klang
 
Design and Access to the city
Design and Access to the cityDesign and Access to the city
Design and Access to the cityMathias Klang
 
Cities, Suburbs & Design
Cities, Suburbs & DesignCities, Suburbs & Design
Cities, Suburbs & DesignMathias Klang
 
Technologies of control & desire
Technologies of control & desireTechnologies of control & desire
Technologies of control & desireMathias Klang
 
Introduction to Civic Media com371
Introduction to Civic Media com371Introduction to Civic Media com371
Introduction to Civic Media com371Mathias Klang
 
Platforms of Restraint: News aggregators, open webs & community
Platforms of Restraint: News aggregators, open webs & communityPlatforms of Restraint: News aggregators, open webs & community
Platforms of Restraint: News aggregators, open webs & communityMathias Klang
 
Is that your book? On content & carriers
Is that your book? On content & carriersIs that your book? On content & carriers
Is that your book? On content & carriersMathias Klang
 

More from Mathias Klang (20)

Surveillance in the Simulacrum
Surveillance in the SimulacrumSurveillance in the Simulacrum
Surveillance in the Simulacrum
 
Web of Introverts and Selfie Culture
Web of Introverts and Selfie CultureWeb of Introverts and Selfie Culture
Web of Introverts and Selfie Culture
 
Klang PSU
Klang PSUKlang PSU
Klang PSU
 
Screens & Maps: Is seeing believing?
Screens & Maps: Is seeing believing?Screens & Maps: Is seeing believing?
Screens & Maps: Is seeing believing?
 
Sharing, oversharing and selfies
Sharing, oversharing and selfiesSharing, oversharing and selfies
Sharing, oversharing and selfies
 
Copyright & Licensing: The progress of science & useful arts
Copyright & Licensing: The progress of science & useful arts Copyright & Licensing: The progress of science & useful arts
Copyright & Licensing: The progress of science & useful arts
 
FOSS & Society
FOSS & SocietyFOSS & Society
FOSS & Society
 
Academic Writing: Things to think about.
Academic Writing: Things to think about. Academic Writing: Things to think about.
Academic Writing: Things to think about.
 
Civil Disobedience & Technology
Civil Disobedience & TechnologyCivil Disobedience & Technology
Civil Disobedience & Technology
 
Regulating Online Public/Private Spaces
Regulating Online Public/Private Spaces Regulating Online Public/Private Spaces
Regulating Online Public/Private Spaces
 
Public/Private Spaces: Pulling things together
Public/Private Spaces: Pulling things togetherPublic/Private Spaces: Pulling things together
Public/Private Spaces: Pulling things together
 
Digital Divides and Net Neutrality
Digital Divides and Net NeutralityDigital Divides and Net Neutrality
Digital Divides and Net Neutrality
 
Design and Access to the city
Design and Access to the cityDesign and Access to the city
Design and Access to the city
 
Cities, Suburbs & Design
Cities, Suburbs & DesignCities, Suburbs & Design
Cities, Suburbs & Design
 
Control by design
Control by designControl by design
Control by design
 
Technologies of control & desire
Technologies of control & desireTechnologies of control & desire
Technologies of control & desire
 
Introduction to Civic Media com371
Introduction to Civic Media com371Introduction to Civic Media com371
Introduction to Civic Media com371
 
Image by Wikipedia?
Image by Wikipedia?Image by Wikipedia?
Image by Wikipedia?
 
Platforms of Restraint: News aggregators, open webs & community
Platforms of Restraint: News aggregators, open webs & communityPlatforms of Restraint: News aggregators, open webs & community
Platforms of Restraint: News aggregators, open webs & community
 
Is that your book? On content & carriers
Is that your book? On content & carriersIs that your book? On content & carriers
Is that your book? On content & carriers
 

Information is correct, knowledge is relevant

Editor's Notes

  1. Untitled from mathias is analogue cc by nc sa
  2. Why do you do this every day? from edmittance cc by nc sa
  3. I got the rhymes and beats... from AndYaDontStop cc by
  4. Not Everybody Understands by Skinned Mink Not Everybody Understands from Skinned Mink cc by sa
  5. An Apple in the dark 2 by Nelson Biagio Jr cc by nc sa
  6. Habermas om Informationssystem 24 november 2004 Mathias Klang <klang@informatik.gu.se>
  7. Photgrapher Unknown Source http://architectures.danlockton.co.uk/2006/10/05/anti-homeless-benches-in-tokyo/
  8. teknologireglering 29 januari 2008 Mathias Klang <klang@informatik.gu.se> George Orwell. Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949)
  9. Tripita Hugo from @Serg1o cc by nc sa Statute of Anne 1710 LAG OM ÄGANDERÄTT TILL SKRIFT (1877)
  10. Untitled from Kennedy Garrett cc by Expansion of what it protects (Learned men  Culture) Expansion in length of protection Expansion of expressions (Text  Images  Buildings etc) Internationalization
  11. Oscar Wilde nr 18 av Napoleon Sarony Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony, 111 U.S. 53 (1884).
  12. Howl from CaptPiper cc by
  13. 1888 - Kodak nr 1 Första massproducerade lådkameran Enkel att använda Bärbar Kort exponeringstid
  14. POLICE ON THEIR BACK from jean-fabien cc by nc nd
  15. Law and Prophets from Lawrence OP cc by nc nd
  16. Upphovsrätten bygger på idén att det alster som någon, vem som helst, du eller jag, eller någon annan, skapat , också skall ha rätt att bestämma över detta verk på samma sätt som om det vore en ägodel . Om man ser upphovsrättens verk som en sak , är det lättare att förstå hur principerna och regelkomplexet runt detta. Ingen av oss skulle väl kunna tänka sig att utan lov , gå in till grannen och ta med sig de saker som finns där efter tycke och smak. Dessutom är det brottsligt och kallas för stöld . När det gäller upphovsrätten gäller samma regler, fast vi använder andra ord, upphovsrättsintrång t ex. Att skydda upphovsrätten har ansetts vara viktigt över hela världen. Det finns världsomspännande regler på området. Bernkonventionen från 1898 är den äldsta.
  17. Tree Silhouette copy from rjg329 cc by nc sa
  18. delorean-complexity reducer from visualpanic cc by
  19. BIRD RED SLICE by Koko Abstract by Koko. 10 x 12 acrylic on canvas, 1984 http://www.koko.org/world/art_abstracts.html#UNTITLED2 Koko (born July 4, 1971, at San Francisco Zoo) is a Western Lowland Gorilla who, according to Francine 'Penny' Patterson, is able to understand more than 1,000 signs based on American Sign Language, [1] and understand approximately 2,000 words of spoken English. [2] . As with other ape language experiments, the degree to which Koko masters these signs has been controversial, as has been the degree to which such mastery demonstrates language abilities. Koko has lived most of her life in Woodside, California, although a move to a sanctuary in Maui, Hawaii, has been planned since the 1990s. [3] . Koko is short for the name Hanabiko ( 花火子 , lit. "fireworks child" ? ) in Japanese, a reference to her date of birth, the Fourth of July. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koko_%28gorilla%29
  20. Seamour Sheep + MacBook from Andy Woo cc by nc sa
  21. Written in Gold by Anonymous Account cc by Holleriths tabuleringsmaskin användes vid den amerikanska folkräkningen 1890, den förra (1880) tog 8 år att beräkna och man antog att 1890:s skulle ta 13 år. Använde hålkort. Och 1890:s folkräkning tog med Holleriths maskin bara 18 månader att genomföra. Användes av försäkringsbolag mm. Till redovisning. Holleriths företag var ett av urspungen till IBM.
  22. G is for Goggles from Don Solo cc by nc sa
  23. anti botox brigade by emdot anti botox brigade from emdot cc by
  24. Death will stare at me out of your... from woo is not a china girl cc by nc sa
  25. painter from tinou bao cc by
  26. Photographer: Unknown 2009 in Westbury-sub-Mendip phone booth turned into small 24-hour library
  27. Informationspolitik 30 november 2005 Mathias Klang <klang@informatik.gu.se>
  28. Question Everything by dullhunk cc by nc sa
  29. Untitled from Kennedy Garrett cc by
  30. Blyth beach huts from freefotouk cc by nc
  31. goldfish from a_trotskyite cc by nc sa
  32. Four Boxes from Bright Tal cc by nc sa
  33. Thinking Stallman by nauj27 cc by nc sa
  34. 800px-JimmyWalesJI5 by joi ito cc by (Cropped)
  35. 2001 Wikipedia, Tripadvisor 2002 Linkedin 2003 Pirate Bay, MySpace, Second Life, Wordfeud 2004 Facebook, digg 2005 Youtube 2006 Twitter, Spotify, Slideshare 2007 iPhone 2009 Klout, Farmville, Quora, Foursquare, Kickstarter 2010 Wordfeud, Instagram 2011 Google+
  36. Evolution - The Ride from kevindooley cc by
  37. Sockets 2 By skuds cc by sa
  38. Queue By Lars Plougmann cc by sa
  39. 032/365- Not long now. By benjaminasmith cc by sa
  40. Telephone By HowardLake cc by sa
  41. Resplendent Face of Mooki by Chuckumentary cc by nc sa Sharing Lasers on the moon
  42. Freedom from _ambrown cc by nc
  43. Got blood? by drurydrama (Len Radin) cc by nc sa
  44. Carl Curman Stockholm, Sweden View towards the Old Town and the Southern part of Stockholm city. Vy mot Gamla stan och Söder. Parish (socken): Stockholm Province (landskap): Uppland Municipality (kommun): Stockholm County (län): Stockholm Photograph by: Carl Curman Date: 1900 Format: Cyanotype Persistent URL: www.kms.raa.se/cocoon/bild/show-image.html?id=16000300029623 Read more about the photo database (in english): www.kms.raa.se/cocoon/bild/about.html
  45. Carl Curman Stockholm, Sweden View towards the Old Town and the Southern part of Stockholm city. Vy mot Gamla stan och Söder. Parish (socken): Stockholm Province (landskap): Uppland Municipality (kommun): Stockholm County (län): Stockholm Photograph by: Carl Curman Date: 1900 Format: Cyanotype Persistent URL: www.kms.raa.se/cocoon/bild/show-image.html?id=16000300029623 Read more about the photo database (in english): www.kms.raa.se/cocoon/bild/about.html
  46. drooling dog by Wrote CC BY
  47. Eyes ! (Youth from Antikythera!) by agelakis cc by nc sa