Influence of Plant Spacing and Phosphorus Rates on Yield Related Traits and Yield of Faba Bean (Viacia faba L.) in Duna District Hadiya Zone, South Ethiopia
A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of plant spacing and phosphorus rates on yield related traits and yield of faba bean (Viacia faba L.) at Farmers Training Center, Duna District during 2015 summer cropping season. Three intra-rows spacing (5, 10 and 15 cm), three inter-rows spacing (30, 40 and 50 cm) and three phosphorus rates (0, 46 and 92 kg/ha) were tested. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and was replicated three times. Improved faba bean variety (Degaga) was ued as test crop. Phenological growth parameters yield and yield related data were collected and their ANOVA was analyzed using GenSta 5th edition and while treatment means were significantly different, they were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% probability level. There was highly significant (P<0.01) effect of the highest rate of phosphorus (92 kg P2O5 ha-1) on days to flowering, days to maturity, leaf area index, effective nodules per plant, plant height , primary tillers plant-1, seeds pod-1, hundred seed weight, grain yield, above ground dry biomass and harvest index. Significantly lowest days to flowering (54.3 days) after emergence and highest plant height (105.63 cm), leaf area (1073 cm2), seeds pod-1(3.57), grain yield (2633 kg ha-1), dry biomass (8108kg ha-1) and harvest index (32.47) were obtained from the highest rate of P (92 kg P2O5 ha-1). For all inter-rows spacing, the leaf area, number of primary tillers, pods plant-1, seeds pod-1 and hundred seed weight were increased as intra-row spacing increase and the highest leaf area (1084 cm2), primary tillers (2.99) and hundred seed weight (54.59 g) were obtained from the widest (50 cm) inter-row spacing, while the highest effective nodules (59.56) and leaf area index (3.51) were resulted from the narrowest (30 cm) inter-row spacing. On the other hand, the interaction effects of inter and intra-row spacing significantly influenced, number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, above ground dry biomass, grain yield and harvest index. The 30 cm inter-row by 15 cm intra-row spacing gave the highest grain yield (2495 kg ha-1), harvest index (35.79%) and pods plant-1(19.68) whereas the highest dry biomass (8738 kg ha-1) was obtained from 30 cm x 5 cm spacing combination. Thus, it can be concluded that application of 92 kg P2O5 ha-1 rate of phosphorus at 30 x 15 cm spacing combination proved to be superior with respect to grain yield in the study area. However, further study at least for one more cropping season under different soils is required to reach at conclusive recommendation.
Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of sesame ...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated the effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates and sesame varieties on yield and yield components of sesame under irrigation in Gode, Ethiopia. Three sesame varieties were grown with five nitrogen rates ranging from 0-92 kg/ha. The variety Barsan produced the highest number of capsules, seed yield, and harvest index when applied with 46 kg N/ha. Similarly, Mehado-80 with 92 kg N/ha had the highest aerial biomass yield. Based on economic analysis, 46kg N/ha applied to the Barsan variety was found to be the most profitable treatment combination under the conditions tested in Gode.
11.the response of haricot bean to phosphorus application on ultisols at arek...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the response of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer application on Ultisols in Areka, Ethiopia. Seven levels of P (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kg ha-1) were tested in a randomized complete block design. Key findings include:
1) P application significantly reduced time to physiological maturity but did not significantly affect other growth parameters.
2) Grain yield and total biomass increased significantly with P application up to 40 kg P ha-1, with maximum yields of 25.47 dt ha-1 and 45.97 dt ha-
The response of haricot bean to phosphorus application on ultisols at areka, ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the response of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer application on Ultisols in Areka, Ethiopia. Seven levels of P (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kg ha-1) were tested in a randomized complete block design. Key findings include:
1) P application significantly reduced time to physiological maturity but did not significantly affect other growth parameters.
2) Grain yield and total biomass increased significantly with P application up to 40 kg P ha-1, with maximum yields of 25.47 dt ha-1 and 45.97 dt ha-
The document discusses factors that affect the phyllochron, or the time interval between the emergence of successive leaves, in rice plants. It reports on studies that found older seedlings and closer spacing resulted in longer phyllochron durations, negatively impacting tiller production and yield. Specifically, older seedlings experienced more root damage during transplanting, causing stress and slower growth rates, while closer spacing increased competition between plants for resources. Wider spacing and younger seedlings promoted higher tiller numbers and potential yields.
This document summarizes research on cassava agronomy in southern Ethiopia over the last two decades. Some key findings include:
1) Optimal plant spacing of 100 cm x 80 cm, 120 cm x 80 cm, and 80 cm x 80 cm was found for Awassa, Amaro Kele, and Amaro Jijola areas respectively based on population studies.
2) Intercropping cassava with maize, beans, cowpeas, soybeans and mung beans resulted in land equivalent ratios greater than 1, indicating yield advantages over sole cropping.
3) Planting cassava vertically or at an angle in sandy soils and using middle to upper stem cuttings as planting material produced
A Study of Paddy Crop Grown in Polluted Irrigated Waterijtsrd
This document summarizes a research article on the effects of polluted irrigation water on paddy crops. It discusses rice as a staple crop in Asia and introduces the objectives of the research study, which examines the morphological and cytological parameters of paddy crops. The document provides background on rice varieties commonly grown in India, including Basmati rice. It also reviews previous literature on water pollution and its impacts on agriculture.
Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of sesame ...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated the effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates and sesame varieties on yield and yield components of sesame under irrigation in Gode, Ethiopia. Three sesame varieties were grown with five nitrogen rates ranging from 0-92 kg/ha. The variety Barsan produced the highest number of capsules, seed yield, and harvest index when applied with 46 kg N/ha. Similarly, Mehado-80 with 92 kg N/ha had the highest aerial biomass yield. Based on economic analysis, 46kg N/ha applied to the Barsan variety was found to be the most profitable treatment combination under the conditions tested in Gode.
11.the response of haricot bean to phosphorus application on ultisols at arek...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the response of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer application on Ultisols in Areka, Ethiopia. Seven levels of P (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kg ha-1) were tested in a randomized complete block design. Key findings include:
1) P application significantly reduced time to physiological maturity but did not significantly affect other growth parameters.
2) Grain yield and total biomass increased significantly with P application up to 40 kg P ha-1, with maximum yields of 25.47 dt ha-1 and 45.97 dt ha-
The response of haricot bean to phosphorus application on ultisols at areka, ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the response of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer application on Ultisols in Areka, Ethiopia. Seven levels of P (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 kg ha-1) were tested in a randomized complete block design. Key findings include:
1) P application significantly reduced time to physiological maturity but did not significantly affect other growth parameters.
2) Grain yield and total biomass increased significantly with P application up to 40 kg P ha-1, with maximum yields of 25.47 dt ha-1 and 45.97 dt ha-
The document discusses factors that affect the phyllochron, or the time interval between the emergence of successive leaves, in rice plants. It reports on studies that found older seedlings and closer spacing resulted in longer phyllochron durations, negatively impacting tiller production and yield. Specifically, older seedlings experienced more root damage during transplanting, causing stress and slower growth rates, while closer spacing increased competition between plants for resources. Wider spacing and younger seedlings promoted higher tiller numbers and potential yields.
This document summarizes research on cassava agronomy in southern Ethiopia over the last two decades. Some key findings include:
1) Optimal plant spacing of 100 cm x 80 cm, 120 cm x 80 cm, and 80 cm x 80 cm was found for Awassa, Amaro Kele, and Amaro Jijola areas respectively based on population studies.
2) Intercropping cassava with maize, beans, cowpeas, soybeans and mung beans resulted in land equivalent ratios greater than 1, indicating yield advantages over sole cropping.
3) Planting cassava vertically or at an angle in sandy soils and using middle to upper stem cuttings as planting material produced
A Study of Paddy Crop Grown in Polluted Irrigated Waterijtsrd
This document summarizes a research article on the effects of polluted irrigation water on paddy crops. It discusses rice as a staple crop in Asia and introduces the objectives of the research study, which examines the morphological and cytological parameters of paddy crops. The document provides background on rice varieties commonly grown in India, including Basmati rice. It also reviews previous literature on water pollution and its impacts on agriculture.
Crop rotation refers to growing different crops in succession on the same piece of land. It helps maintain soil fertility through legumes that fix nitrogen. Crop rotation provides various benefits like increased yields, reduced costs from weeds and pests, and regular income. Principles of effective crop rotation include adapting to soil and climate, maintaining soil organic matter, and rotating between deep and shallow root crops. Other cropping systems discussed are intercropping, mixed cropping, relay cropping, and monocropping.
This paper examines the effects of planting date (early planting, mid-season planting and late-season planting) and weeding regimes (two weeding before harvesting, three weeding before harvesting and weed free plots) on yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) in the Tolon district of Northern Ghana. The results show that different weed species, categorized as broad leaves, grasses and sedges, were dominant depending on the planting date and weeding regime. While there was no significant interaction (p>0.05) between planting date and weeding regime on fruit yield, nor significant impact of planting date as a sole treatment on fruit yield, the results showed the existence of significant effect of weeding regime as a sole treatment on yield and yield parameters of okra (p<0.05). Triple weeding resulted in okra yields comparable to the weed-free treatments (mean of 6000 kg/ha to 6300 kg/ha, p>0.05) but significantly higher (p<0.05) and about triple the yield observed in the treatments with double weeding regimes (mean of 1800 kg/ha to 2300 kg/ha). As cost of production, besides the cost of weeding, remains same for all treatments, Triple weeding is recommended for the small-holder farmer. It is associated with less labor cost compared to continuous weeding in the weed free treatments, and the triple gains in yield could offset the additional labor cost incurred in the triple weeding compared to the double weeding regimes.
presentation of research proposal on lentilsSuraj Poudel
This document provides details on a research proposal comparing different crop establishment methods for lentils. The proposal includes:
1) An introduction outlining the background and importance of lentils in Nepal as well as the problem of low yields from current establishment practices.
2) Objectives to determine the productivity and economic returns of different establishment methods.
3) A methodology section describing the experimental design, treatments, data collection, and economic analysis that will be used to evaluate establishment options.
This document discusses a research proposal on the effect of plant spacing and nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of carrots. A group of six students will investigate the optimal spacing between carrot plants and rate of nitrogen fertilizer application to maximize carrot growth and yields. The study aims to determine recommendations specific to the location in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, as nitrogen requirements can vary depending on soil type, cultivar, and environment. The literature review covers the importance of carrots as a crop and their morphology. The proposal seeks to address the problem of low carrot yields locally due to inappropriate fertilizer use.
Multilayer Cropping : Ideal approach for better yield and increasing farm incomeAntaraPramanik
In India mostly farmers (about 85%)comes under small and marginal farmers. In near future, availability of land for cultivation will be reduce with increasing population and rapid urbanization, degradation of land due to soil erosion and soil salinity.
As per estimate, in India more than 95% holding will be under the category of small and marginal holders by 2050 (Agrawal R.L., 1995) .
For solution of this problem, multi storied cropping system will be a potential and efficient option to provide food, nutritional and income security to the growing population of India (Awasthi O.P. et.al., 2008) . This has possible because of the diverse agro climatic condition, enormous biodiversity, wide variation in soil fertility, large cultivable land area in the geographical boundary of India. Multi-layer Cropping is a system of growing crops together of different heights at the same time on the same piece of land. It is also referred as multi-storied cropping or multi-tier cropping. Multilayer Cropping is based on the principle of high-density planting and making the ultimate and efficient use of manure, water, land, labour and vertical space.
This system of cropping also works on the principles of minimization of production cost and inputs use, development of organic and sustainable farming system in order to mitigate the use of chemicals and ensuring the food and nutritional security to each household.
Multilayer system of cropping is sustainable method of cropping that is cost effective and requires less labour . Therefore, people should be made aware of this type of farming system.
We know that many farmers in different countries are unwillingly killing themselves because they work hard in their land but they don’t get good production.
Farmers who are willing to do work are deprived of different resources like irrigation and good area of agricultural land. In this scenario, they can be motivated to do multi-layer system of cropping which can ultimately solves all these problem.
This system of cropping can helps to uplift the economic condition of farmer. The Multilayer Cropping System is indeed a boon to small & marginal farmers.
The document discusses methods for maximizing crop yields, including using monogenotypic cultivars to reduce genetic competition, utilizing cultivars with high individual stability, and choosing density-independent cultivars. It also discusses the ideal plant characteristics for high yields, including many fertile tillers and a deep, extensive root system. The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method is presented as advantageous for higher yields through wider spacing of plants with many tillers, extensive root systems, and techniques like early transplanting of young seedlings. SRI achieves more uniform growth conditions that maximize yields.
This document discusses soil quality and fertility as the most important factors in crop production. It explains that soil determines which crops yield best and the economic return a landowner can expect. The document covers soil profiles, texture, structure, composition, pH, essential nutrients, and how to determine soil reserves and nutrient needs to establish fertilization goals. Key factors like drainage, organic matter and limiting layers are addressed.
Evaluation of mixture productivity and economic profit of inter Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the productivity and economic profitability of intercropping garden egg and okra under different fertilizer treatments. The treatments included applications of Moringa oleifera extracts, poultry manure, and NPK fertilizer in both sole cropping and intercropping systems. The study found that okra growth parameters and pod yield were significantly higher under treatments with Moringa extracts compared to the control, both in sole cropping and intercropping systems. Fruit yield of garden egg was also significantly influenced by Moringa extracts. The land equivalent ratio values for okra/garden egg intercrops treated with Moringa extracts were above 1, indicating a 44-46%
This document discusses intercropping systems in fruit crop orchards. It describes how certain short-term fruit crops and vegetables can be grown as intercrops during the early stages of establishment of perennial fruit trees. Some examples given include papaya, peach, and guava as fruit crop intercrops in mango orchards. Vegetables like tomato, cauliflower, and beans are also mentioned as suitable intercrops in citrus and grape orchards. The document outlines principles for selecting intercrops and highlights benefits like increased productivity and income generation from intercropping in fruit crops.
Response of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivars to Nitrogen Fertili...Premier Publishers
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) is one of the most important pulse crops grown in Ethiopia. However, low soil fertility and poor soil fertility management constrains the productivity of the crop. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the response of the crop to nitrogen (N) fertilizer at the research field of Nedjo ATVET College during the main cropping season of 2011. The treatments comprised four levels of nitrogen (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg N ha-1) and three bean cultivars (Dimtu, Beshbesh and Local Washkate). The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement. The result of the study revealed that the main effects of N had significant (P < 0.05) influence on days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, and hundred seed weight. Nitrogen and cultivar interaction significantly influenced most of the agronomic traits. Increasing the rates of nitrogen from 0 to 69 kg N ha-1 delayed days to flowering and days to maturity. The highest grain yield (4.58 t ha-1) was recorded for the Beshbesh cultivar at the rate of 69 kg N ha-1 with the yield advantage of 75% over the local cultivar. Grain yield (r = 0.50) was positively and highly significantly correlated with hundred seed weight. Thus, it could be concluded that applying 69 kg N ha-1 and cultivating the Beshbesh and Dimtu cultivar resulted in the highest grain yield of the crop. If Beshbesh is not available Dimtu should be used.
— A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of potting media on sprouting and seedling growth of grape cuttings. Three grape varieties viz. Red globe, Thomson seedless and Crimson seedless were planted in four different growth media: CS-Canal silt, CSFYM-Canal silt (75%) + FYM (25%), CSB-Canal silt (25%) + Bagasse (75%) and CSBCP-Canal silt (25%) + Bagasse (50%) + Coco peat (25%). The experiment was conducted in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) along with three replications. The results revealed that almost all observed parameters were significantly influenced by the potting media. However, grape varieties and their interaction with the potting media exhibited non-significant effect for sprouting percentage and most of the seedling related attributes of growth. Minimum days to sprouting (6.78),highest sprouting percentage (84.44), maximum rooting percentage (84.44) and maximum chlorophyll content of leaves (56.23) were observed from the cuttings planted in CSBCP. However, maximum number of sprouts (5.55), number of leaves (13.77), fresh weight of leaves (2.27g), fresh weight of the roots (2.16 g), were observed from CSB. No grape seedling mortality was also observed CSB and CSBCP growth media. On the basis of varietal comparison, Thompson seedless exhibited the best results for number of leaves per cutting (11.50), fresh weight of the roots (1.64 g) and number of roots per cutting (29.17 g) as compared to rest of the grape varieties. The research establishes the potential for locals to use available materials in potting media preparation for healthier and stronger grape seedlings for subsequent improved grape plantation.
- An experiment was conducted in Bangladesh to evaluate the performance of two exotic fig cultivars (Indian and Egyptian) under local climatic conditions.
- Both cultivars grew well, with the Egyptian fig producing more fruits per plant (68.3 vs 103 for Indian) but smaller individual fruits.
- The Indian fig produced more fruits per plant (103 vs 68.3 for Egyptian) but smaller individual fruits.
- The results indicate that fig cultivation is viable in Bangladesh and Egyptian figs may be slightly preferable due to larger fruit size and yield.
Evaluation of Hot Pepper Varieties (Capsicum species) for yield related trait...Premier Publishers
Hot pepper is one of the major vegetables and spice crop produced in west Gojjam in Burie District that serve as the source of income particularly for small holders in many parts of the study area. The study was conducted at two locations Alefa and Zalima kebeles. The aim of study was to evaluate the effect of growing environment on the performance of hot pepper varieties and the interaction effect of location with varieties on yield and yield related characters. The treatment Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The result of the study revealed that almost all of the parameters considered were significantly affected by the varieties but not significantly affected by the treatments. Therefore, farmers in the study area recommended to use some varieties accordingly Mareko Fana, Bako Local and Melka Eshet (with 6.34, 5.43 and 4.69 t/ha, respectively) could be used for better yield than the rest of hot pepper varieties evaluated during the study period.
Screening and Selection of Drought-Tolerant Groundnut Varieties Based on Yiel...Premier Publishers
Drought is the most important abiotic limitation to groundnut production in Northern Ghana. Drought, during the pod-filling stages is even more devastating. The current study was conducted to screen groundnut varieties, for drought-tolerance based on yield and other traits. Evaluation of groundnut genotypes was under two environments/water regimes; well-watered and water-stressed. ANOVA was run for Quantitative data. Means were separated by l.s.d. at 95% confidence level. Correlation analyses were performed using SPSS. Combined analysis of variance was computed for the groundnuts across water regimes. Dendrograms were generated using yield data and based on Euclidean distance. Scoring and ranking was used to assess disease incidence on a scale of 1-5. Results indicate that end-of-season drought caused pod yield reduction that varied across genotypes. The Drought Tolerance Index ranged from 0.53 (Kpanieli) to 2.40 (Agric-Manipinta). The highest yielding genotypes under water-stressed condition were Sinkara (582g/plot), Nkatie-sari (512g/plot), Ndogba (470g/plot), Chaco-pag (400g/plot) and Oboshie (381g/plot) and Chinese (local) (340g/plot). Farmers’ selected Sinkara, Ndogba, Chinese, Nkatie-sari, Agric-Manipinta and Chaco-pag based on pod yield and biomass production. Sinkara (0.8798), Sokan-donworor (0.8739), Kpach-Isah (0.8318) and Kpanieli (0.8016) recorded very high mean pod harvest index values, while Ndogba recorded the lowest (0.2252). Combined analysis of variance for pod yield among all the genotypes indicate that the groundnuts performed differently in both water regimes due to the significant interaction effect observed between water regimes and genotypes. Information generated from this study can be used to develop new groundnut varieties that combine higher yield and drought tolerant traits.
Groundnut is an important oil seed crop, grown throughout the tropics and sub tropics worldwide. It is one of the three economically important oilseed crops grown in Ethiopia. Groundnut is commonly produced by small scale farmers as food and cash crops in the study area. The area has potential to the production of Ground nut for food and nutrition security as well as export commodity. However, scarcity of varieties that fit to the environment is one of the major constraints of production. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate five Ground nut varieties and select early maturing varieties with considerable yield and agronomic traits. The field experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at Abaya and varieties were planted in Randomized complete block design (RCBD). Data were collected on yield and important agronomic traits. The computed analysis of variance revealed significant variations among varieties for days to maturity, number of primary branches, number of pegs per plants, Grain yield and shelling percentage. The pooled over year mean of varieties indicated , Tole- 1 variety ( Check) is high yielding with mean grain yield of 4174.7kg followed by variety Sedi (3552.5kg/ha) and Babile local (3550.4kg/ha).Variety Sedi has special merit in terms of earliness and therefore recommended for moisture stress areas of Abaya and location with similar agro ecologies while Tole -1 (Standard check) is high yielding varieties and should be used in production until new varieties will be developed through selection/breeding program.
Yield response of intercropped maize (zea mays l.) and okra (abelmoschus escu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the yield response of intercropped maize and okra under different seasonal conditions in Makurdi, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) Okra yield was higher in the wet season than the dry season, and monocropped okra yielded more than intercropped okra. Intercropping reduced okra yield more in the dry season.
2) Maize yield was unaffected by intercropping and was higher in the wet season for both sole and intercropped maize.
3) Total intercrop yield and land equivalent ratio were higher in the wet season, indicating intercropping was more productive in the wet season.
This document discusses arecanut-based intercropping and mixed cropping systems. It describes how intercropping involves growing short-term annual or biennial crops in the spaces between young arecanut palms. As the palms mature, mixed cropping with perennial crops better utilizes the partial shade. Popular intercrops include banana, black pepper, cardamom, cocoa, and vegetables. Intercropping increases land productivity and farmer income while the crop is establishing. Benefits include utilizing resources and controlling pests and soil erosion. Constraints can include drought, funds, technical knowledge, and pest/disease issues.
This document discusses crop management practices for rainfed farming. It begins by defining rainfed areas as those with arid, semi-arid, or sub-humid climates prone to drought. Improved practices for rainfed crops involve selecting short-duration, drought-resistant varieties and maximizing cropping intensity through mixed/intercropping. Key practices include fertilizer use, tillage, forage crops, agroforestry, weed management, and making mid-season corrections if drought occurs. The overall goal is to utilize more of the available rainwater and improve historically low and unstable yields for farmers in rainfed regions.
Growth and Yield Response of Bread Wheat Variety Grown Under Varying Seed Rat...Premier Publishers
Wheat is among the most important staple crop globally. However, constrained by appropriate agronomic practices. Therefore, the information on the interaction effect of seed rate and weeding period is useful to identify the effective time of weeding for high yield of wheat. Thus, the present study conducted at Amuru district of Horro Guduru Zone, Ethiopia in 2019 cropping season with the aim of identifying optimum seed rate and appropriate time of weeding to improve production and productivity of bread in the area. The experiment was laid down in randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. The treatment was arranged in factorial combinations of four weeding intervals (farmer practice, weeding at two weeks after emergence, three weeks after emergence and four weeks after emergence) and three levels of seed rate (125 kg, 150 kg and 175 kg-1).The result showed that days to 50% heading, days to maturity and effective tillers per plant were highly significantly (p<0.01) affected by the interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate. Moreover, interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate was significantly (p<0.01) affected the weed above ground dry biomass. Guizotia scabra (22.47%) with population density (370), Phalaris paradoxa (22.10%) with population (364), Plantago lanceolata (18.58%) with population density (306), and Bidens piloso L. (8.74%) were the dominant weed species competing with wheat in the study area. Minimum relative weed density (26.6%) weed dry biomass (1.7gm) and maximum weed control efficiency (98.08%) was recorded at weeding four weeks after emergence and 175kgha-1seed rate. Thus, the finding suggest grain yield was increased (52.3%) when weeding four weeks after emergence over farmers practice and 13.75% at 175kg seed rate.
This document provides an overview of the lecture topic "Meaning and Scope of Agronomy" for the course Principles of Agronomy and Agricultural Meteorology. It defines agronomy as the branch of agriculture dealing with soil, water, and crop management. The scope of agronomy includes yield maximization, reduced production costs, better water use efficiency, appropriate soil fertility management, and intensive cropping patterns for sustainable food production. It also discusses agro-climatic zones which are classifications based on topography, temperature, rainfall, and cropping patterns. Two examples of zones mentioned are the Western Himalayan Zone and Eastern Himalayan Zone.
Effect of time and proportion of leaf harvest on pest, forage and root yields...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Dearth of knowledge exists regarding the leaf harvest intensity and frequency thresholds that support optimum forage and fresh storage root yields in Sierra Leone. A study was carried out to assess the effects of leaf harvesting time and proportion on Cylas puncticollis infestation, growth and yield of sweet potato in the inland valley swamp and upland ecologies of Njala. Treatment combinations comprised of two varieties ("Kabia" and "Gbanie"), four leaf harvest regimes: 0, 30 60 and 90 days after planting (DAP); and four-leaf harvest intensities (0, 25, 50 and 100%). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data collected included Cylas puncticollis severity on vines and storage roots, root dimensions and numbers, fresh foliage and storage root yields. The results revealed that leaf harvesting twice at 25 and 50% contributed more to optimum forage and storage root yields and related attributes of sweet potatoes compared to other treatments. The present study suggests that good agronomic management of sweet potato that supports optimum forage and storage root yields should be selected to meet the dual purpose for which it is grown. These findings serve as good guide for incorporation of leaf harvesting time, proportion of leaf harvest in germplasm assessment and new population development objectives.
Crop rotation refers to growing different crops in succession on the same piece of land. It helps maintain soil fertility through legumes that fix nitrogen. Crop rotation provides various benefits like increased yields, reduced costs from weeds and pests, and regular income. Principles of effective crop rotation include adapting to soil and climate, maintaining soil organic matter, and rotating between deep and shallow root crops. Other cropping systems discussed are intercropping, mixed cropping, relay cropping, and monocropping.
This paper examines the effects of planting date (early planting, mid-season planting and late-season planting) and weeding regimes (two weeding before harvesting, three weeding before harvesting and weed free plots) on yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) in the Tolon district of Northern Ghana. The results show that different weed species, categorized as broad leaves, grasses and sedges, were dominant depending on the planting date and weeding regime. While there was no significant interaction (p>0.05) between planting date and weeding regime on fruit yield, nor significant impact of planting date as a sole treatment on fruit yield, the results showed the existence of significant effect of weeding regime as a sole treatment on yield and yield parameters of okra (p<0.05). Triple weeding resulted in okra yields comparable to the weed-free treatments (mean of 6000 kg/ha to 6300 kg/ha, p>0.05) but significantly higher (p<0.05) and about triple the yield observed in the treatments with double weeding regimes (mean of 1800 kg/ha to 2300 kg/ha). As cost of production, besides the cost of weeding, remains same for all treatments, Triple weeding is recommended for the small-holder farmer. It is associated with less labor cost compared to continuous weeding in the weed free treatments, and the triple gains in yield could offset the additional labor cost incurred in the triple weeding compared to the double weeding regimes.
presentation of research proposal on lentilsSuraj Poudel
This document provides details on a research proposal comparing different crop establishment methods for lentils. The proposal includes:
1) An introduction outlining the background and importance of lentils in Nepal as well as the problem of low yields from current establishment practices.
2) Objectives to determine the productivity and economic returns of different establishment methods.
3) A methodology section describing the experimental design, treatments, data collection, and economic analysis that will be used to evaluate establishment options.
This document discusses a research proposal on the effect of plant spacing and nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of carrots. A group of six students will investigate the optimal spacing between carrot plants and rate of nitrogen fertilizer application to maximize carrot growth and yields. The study aims to determine recommendations specific to the location in Debre Berhan, Ethiopia, as nitrogen requirements can vary depending on soil type, cultivar, and environment. The literature review covers the importance of carrots as a crop and their morphology. The proposal seeks to address the problem of low carrot yields locally due to inappropriate fertilizer use.
Multilayer Cropping : Ideal approach for better yield and increasing farm incomeAntaraPramanik
In India mostly farmers (about 85%)comes under small and marginal farmers. In near future, availability of land for cultivation will be reduce with increasing population and rapid urbanization, degradation of land due to soil erosion and soil salinity.
As per estimate, in India more than 95% holding will be under the category of small and marginal holders by 2050 (Agrawal R.L., 1995) .
For solution of this problem, multi storied cropping system will be a potential and efficient option to provide food, nutritional and income security to the growing population of India (Awasthi O.P. et.al., 2008) . This has possible because of the diverse agro climatic condition, enormous biodiversity, wide variation in soil fertility, large cultivable land area in the geographical boundary of India. Multi-layer Cropping is a system of growing crops together of different heights at the same time on the same piece of land. It is also referred as multi-storied cropping or multi-tier cropping. Multilayer Cropping is based on the principle of high-density planting and making the ultimate and efficient use of manure, water, land, labour and vertical space.
This system of cropping also works on the principles of minimization of production cost and inputs use, development of organic and sustainable farming system in order to mitigate the use of chemicals and ensuring the food and nutritional security to each household.
Multilayer system of cropping is sustainable method of cropping that is cost effective and requires less labour . Therefore, people should be made aware of this type of farming system.
We know that many farmers in different countries are unwillingly killing themselves because they work hard in their land but they don’t get good production.
Farmers who are willing to do work are deprived of different resources like irrigation and good area of agricultural land. In this scenario, they can be motivated to do multi-layer system of cropping which can ultimately solves all these problem.
This system of cropping can helps to uplift the economic condition of farmer. The Multilayer Cropping System is indeed a boon to small & marginal farmers.
The document discusses methods for maximizing crop yields, including using monogenotypic cultivars to reduce genetic competition, utilizing cultivars with high individual stability, and choosing density-independent cultivars. It also discusses the ideal plant characteristics for high yields, including many fertile tillers and a deep, extensive root system. The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method is presented as advantageous for higher yields through wider spacing of plants with many tillers, extensive root systems, and techniques like early transplanting of young seedlings. SRI achieves more uniform growth conditions that maximize yields.
This document discusses soil quality and fertility as the most important factors in crop production. It explains that soil determines which crops yield best and the economic return a landowner can expect. The document covers soil profiles, texture, structure, composition, pH, essential nutrients, and how to determine soil reserves and nutrient needs to establish fertilization goals. Key factors like drainage, organic matter and limiting layers are addressed.
Evaluation of mixture productivity and economic profit of inter Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the productivity and economic profitability of intercropping garden egg and okra under different fertilizer treatments. The treatments included applications of Moringa oleifera extracts, poultry manure, and NPK fertilizer in both sole cropping and intercropping systems. The study found that okra growth parameters and pod yield were significantly higher under treatments with Moringa extracts compared to the control, both in sole cropping and intercropping systems. Fruit yield of garden egg was also significantly influenced by Moringa extracts. The land equivalent ratio values for okra/garden egg intercrops treated with Moringa extracts were above 1, indicating a 44-46%
This document discusses intercropping systems in fruit crop orchards. It describes how certain short-term fruit crops and vegetables can be grown as intercrops during the early stages of establishment of perennial fruit trees. Some examples given include papaya, peach, and guava as fruit crop intercrops in mango orchards. Vegetables like tomato, cauliflower, and beans are also mentioned as suitable intercrops in citrus and grape orchards. The document outlines principles for selecting intercrops and highlights benefits like increased productivity and income generation from intercropping in fruit crops.
Response of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Cultivars to Nitrogen Fertili...Premier Publishers
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) is one of the most important pulse crops grown in Ethiopia. However, low soil fertility and poor soil fertility management constrains the productivity of the crop. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the response of the crop to nitrogen (N) fertilizer at the research field of Nedjo ATVET College during the main cropping season of 2011. The treatments comprised four levels of nitrogen (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg N ha-1) and three bean cultivars (Dimtu, Beshbesh and Local Washkate). The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement. The result of the study revealed that the main effects of N had significant (P < 0.05) influence on days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, and hundred seed weight. Nitrogen and cultivar interaction significantly influenced most of the agronomic traits. Increasing the rates of nitrogen from 0 to 69 kg N ha-1 delayed days to flowering and days to maturity. The highest grain yield (4.58 t ha-1) was recorded for the Beshbesh cultivar at the rate of 69 kg N ha-1 with the yield advantage of 75% over the local cultivar. Grain yield (r = 0.50) was positively and highly significantly correlated with hundred seed weight. Thus, it could be concluded that applying 69 kg N ha-1 and cultivating the Beshbesh and Dimtu cultivar resulted in the highest grain yield of the crop. If Beshbesh is not available Dimtu should be used.
— A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of potting media on sprouting and seedling growth of grape cuttings. Three grape varieties viz. Red globe, Thomson seedless and Crimson seedless were planted in four different growth media: CS-Canal silt, CSFYM-Canal silt (75%) + FYM (25%), CSB-Canal silt (25%) + Bagasse (75%) and CSBCP-Canal silt (25%) + Bagasse (50%) + Coco peat (25%). The experiment was conducted in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) along with three replications. The results revealed that almost all observed parameters were significantly influenced by the potting media. However, grape varieties and their interaction with the potting media exhibited non-significant effect for sprouting percentage and most of the seedling related attributes of growth. Minimum days to sprouting (6.78),highest sprouting percentage (84.44), maximum rooting percentage (84.44) and maximum chlorophyll content of leaves (56.23) were observed from the cuttings planted in CSBCP. However, maximum number of sprouts (5.55), number of leaves (13.77), fresh weight of leaves (2.27g), fresh weight of the roots (2.16 g), were observed from CSB. No grape seedling mortality was also observed CSB and CSBCP growth media. On the basis of varietal comparison, Thompson seedless exhibited the best results for number of leaves per cutting (11.50), fresh weight of the roots (1.64 g) and number of roots per cutting (29.17 g) as compared to rest of the grape varieties. The research establishes the potential for locals to use available materials in potting media preparation for healthier and stronger grape seedlings for subsequent improved grape plantation.
- An experiment was conducted in Bangladesh to evaluate the performance of two exotic fig cultivars (Indian and Egyptian) under local climatic conditions.
- Both cultivars grew well, with the Egyptian fig producing more fruits per plant (68.3 vs 103 for Indian) but smaller individual fruits.
- The Indian fig produced more fruits per plant (103 vs 68.3 for Egyptian) but smaller individual fruits.
- The results indicate that fig cultivation is viable in Bangladesh and Egyptian figs may be slightly preferable due to larger fruit size and yield.
Evaluation of Hot Pepper Varieties (Capsicum species) for yield related trait...Premier Publishers
Hot pepper is one of the major vegetables and spice crop produced in west Gojjam in Burie District that serve as the source of income particularly for small holders in many parts of the study area. The study was conducted at two locations Alefa and Zalima kebeles. The aim of study was to evaluate the effect of growing environment on the performance of hot pepper varieties and the interaction effect of location with varieties on yield and yield related characters. The treatment Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The result of the study revealed that almost all of the parameters considered were significantly affected by the varieties but not significantly affected by the treatments. Therefore, farmers in the study area recommended to use some varieties accordingly Mareko Fana, Bako Local and Melka Eshet (with 6.34, 5.43 and 4.69 t/ha, respectively) could be used for better yield than the rest of hot pepper varieties evaluated during the study period.
Screening and Selection of Drought-Tolerant Groundnut Varieties Based on Yiel...Premier Publishers
Drought is the most important abiotic limitation to groundnut production in Northern Ghana. Drought, during the pod-filling stages is even more devastating. The current study was conducted to screen groundnut varieties, for drought-tolerance based on yield and other traits. Evaluation of groundnut genotypes was under two environments/water regimes; well-watered and water-stressed. ANOVA was run for Quantitative data. Means were separated by l.s.d. at 95% confidence level. Correlation analyses were performed using SPSS. Combined analysis of variance was computed for the groundnuts across water regimes. Dendrograms were generated using yield data and based on Euclidean distance. Scoring and ranking was used to assess disease incidence on a scale of 1-5. Results indicate that end-of-season drought caused pod yield reduction that varied across genotypes. The Drought Tolerance Index ranged from 0.53 (Kpanieli) to 2.40 (Agric-Manipinta). The highest yielding genotypes under water-stressed condition were Sinkara (582g/plot), Nkatie-sari (512g/plot), Ndogba (470g/plot), Chaco-pag (400g/plot) and Oboshie (381g/plot) and Chinese (local) (340g/plot). Farmers’ selected Sinkara, Ndogba, Chinese, Nkatie-sari, Agric-Manipinta and Chaco-pag based on pod yield and biomass production. Sinkara (0.8798), Sokan-donworor (0.8739), Kpach-Isah (0.8318) and Kpanieli (0.8016) recorded very high mean pod harvest index values, while Ndogba recorded the lowest (0.2252). Combined analysis of variance for pod yield among all the genotypes indicate that the groundnuts performed differently in both water regimes due to the significant interaction effect observed between water regimes and genotypes. Information generated from this study can be used to develop new groundnut varieties that combine higher yield and drought tolerant traits.
Groundnut is an important oil seed crop, grown throughout the tropics and sub tropics worldwide. It is one of the three economically important oilseed crops grown in Ethiopia. Groundnut is commonly produced by small scale farmers as food and cash crops in the study area. The area has potential to the production of Ground nut for food and nutrition security as well as export commodity. However, scarcity of varieties that fit to the environment is one of the major constraints of production. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate five Ground nut varieties and select early maturing varieties with considerable yield and agronomic traits. The field experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at Abaya and varieties were planted in Randomized complete block design (RCBD). Data were collected on yield and important agronomic traits. The computed analysis of variance revealed significant variations among varieties for days to maturity, number of primary branches, number of pegs per plants, Grain yield and shelling percentage. The pooled over year mean of varieties indicated , Tole- 1 variety ( Check) is high yielding with mean grain yield of 4174.7kg followed by variety Sedi (3552.5kg/ha) and Babile local (3550.4kg/ha).Variety Sedi has special merit in terms of earliness and therefore recommended for moisture stress areas of Abaya and location with similar agro ecologies while Tole -1 (Standard check) is high yielding varieties and should be used in production until new varieties will be developed through selection/breeding program.
Yield response of intercropped maize (zea mays l.) and okra (abelmoschus escu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the yield response of intercropped maize and okra under different seasonal conditions in Makurdi, Nigeria. The study found that:
1) Okra yield was higher in the wet season than the dry season, and monocropped okra yielded more than intercropped okra. Intercropping reduced okra yield more in the dry season.
2) Maize yield was unaffected by intercropping and was higher in the wet season for both sole and intercropped maize.
3) Total intercrop yield and land equivalent ratio were higher in the wet season, indicating intercropping was more productive in the wet season.
This document discusses arecanut-based intercropping and mixed cropping systems. It describes how intercropping involves growing short-term annual or biennial crops in the spaces between young arecanut palms. As the palms mature, mixed cropping with perennial crops better utilizes the partial shade. Popular intercrops include banana, black pepper, cardamom, cocoa, and vegetables. Intercropping increases land productivity and farmer income while the crop is establishing. Benefits include utilizing resources and controlling pests and soil erosion. Constraints can include drought, funds, technical knowledge, and pest/disease issues.
This document discusses crop management practices for rainfed farming. It begins by defining rainfed areas as those with arid, semi-arid, or sub-humid climates prone to drought. Improved practices for rainfed crops involve selecting short-duration, drought-resistant varieties and maximizing cropping intensity through mixed/intercropping. Key practices include fertilizer use, tillage, forage crops, agroforestry, weed management, and making mid-season corrections if drought occurs. The overall goal is to utilize more of the available rainwater and improve historically low and unstable yields for farmers in rainfed regions.
Growth and Yield Response of Bread Wheat Variety Grown Under Varying Seed Rat...Premier Publishers
Wheat is among the most important staple crop globally. However, constrained by appropriate agronomic practices. Therefore, the information on the interaction effect of seed rate and weeding period is useful to identify the effective time of weeding for high yield of wheat. Thus, the present study conducted at Amuru district of Horro Guduru Zone, Ethiopia in 2019 cropping season with the aim of identifying optimum seed rate and appropriate time of weeding to improve production and productivity of bread in the area. The experiment was laid down in randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. The treatment was arranged in factorial combinations of four weeding intervals (farmer practice, weeding at two weeks after emergence, three weeks after emergence and four weeks after emergence) and three levels of seed rate (125 kg, 150 kg and 175 kg-1).The result showed that days to 50% heading, days to maturity and effective tillers per plant were highly significantly (p<0.01) affected by the interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate. Moreover, interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate was significantly (p<0.01) affected the weed above ground dry biomass. Guizotia scabra (22.47%) with population density (370), Phalaris paradoxa (22.10%) with population (364), Plantago lanceolata (18.58%) with population density (306), and Bidens piloso L. (8.74%) were the dominant weed species competing with wheat in the study area. Minimum relative weed density (26.6%) weed dry biomass (1.7gm) and maximum weed control efficiency (98.08%) was recorded at weeding four weeks after emergence and 175kgha-1seed rate. Thus, the finding suggest grain yield was increased (52.3%) when weeding four weeks after emergence over farmers practice and 13.75% at 175kg seed rate.
This document provides an overview of the lecture topic "Meaning and Scope of Agronomy" for the course Principles of Agronomy and Agricultural Meteorology. It defines agronomy as the branch of agriculture dealing with soil, water, and crop management. The scope of agronomy includes yield maximization, reduced production costs, better water use efficiency, appropriate soil fertility management, and intensive cropping patterns for sustainable food production. It also discusses agro-climatic zones which are classifications based on topography, temperature, rainfall, and cropping patterns. Two examples of zones mentioned are the Western Himalayan Zone and Eastern Himalayan Zone.
Similar to Influence of Plant Spacing and Phosphorus Rates on Yield Related Traits and Yield of Faba Bean (Viacia faba L.) in Duna District Hadiya Zone, South Ethiopia
Effect of time and proportion of leaf harvest on pest, forage and root yields...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Dearth of knowledge exists regarding the leaf harvest intensity and frequency thresholds that support optimum forage and fresh storage root yields in Sierra Leone. A study was carried out to assess the effects of leaf harvesting time and proportion on Cylas puncticollis infestation, growth and yield of sweet potato in the inland valley swamp and upland ecologies of Njala. Treatment combinations comprised of two varieties ("Kabia" and "Gbanie"), four leaf harvest regimes: 0, 30 60 and 90 days after planting (DAP); and four-leaf harvest intensities (0, 25, 50 and 100%). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data collected included Cylas puncticollis severity on vines and storage roots, root dimensions and numbers, fresh foliage and storage root yields. The results revealed that leaf harvesting twice at 25 and 50% contributed more to optimum forage and storage root yields and related attributes of sweet potatoes compared to other treatments. The present study suggests that good agronomic management of sweet potato that supports optimum forage and storage root yields should be selected to meet the dual purpose for which it is grown. These findings serve as good guide for incorporation of leaf harvesting time, proportion of leaf harvest in germplasm assessment and new population development objectives.
Genetic and Morphological Diversity Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasica ca...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the genetic and morphological diversity of 49 Ethiopian mustard landraces collected from different regions. The landraces were evaluated for traits like days to flowering, days to maturity, seed yield, and oil content. Significant variation was found among genotypes for most traits, indicating genetic diversity. The highest heritability was found for thousand seed weight. This diversity provides opportunities for selection and breeding to improve traits like yield.
An Agronomic field study was conducted at University of Limpopo Experimental farm, Syferkuil, over two summer growing seasons to determine the optimum phosphorus (P) rate and also assess the productivity of pigeonpea under intercrop with maize. Five P rates (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 kg P ha-1) were evaluated under sole and intercropped pigeonpea. Treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Results revealed that variable P fertilizer rates exerted significant effect on pigeonpea grain yield in both seasons. Highest grain yields of 922 and 1141.7 kg ha-1 under sole and intercrop plots, respectively, were achieved at 45 kg P ha-1 during first and second seasons, respectively. However, the predicted optimum grain yield of 734 and 1034 kg ha-1 based on the response model was achieved at 52.67 kg P ha-1 and 42.84 kg P ha-1, in the respective seasons. Intercropping achieved a significantly higher pigeonpea grain yield (+37%) during second year than sole cropping following P addition; with over 21% mean grain yield advantage across the two planting seasons. Hence, depending on the inherent soil-P level, application of 42-53 kg P ha-1 under pigeonpea/maize intercrop represents the range at which P is optimum for maximum pigeonpea grain yield and better returns for farmers.
Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing on yield and yield ...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Gode Polytechnic College demonstration farm in 2013 under irrigation to observe the effect of six N rates (0, 46, 69, 92, 115 and 138 kg ha-1) and four intra-row spacing levels (7.5, 10 12.5 and 15 cm) on yield and yield components of onion (Allium cepa L.). The experiment was laid out according to randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. Results of the analysis revealed that the interaction effects of N rates and intra-row spacing showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on harvest index, fresh biomass yield, dry biomass yield, total bulb yield and marketable bulb yield. Thus, according to the result of partial Budget analysis application of 138kg N ha-1 planted at 7.5cm plant to plant distance was found the best treatment than others in relation to yield and yield components of onion under Gode condition.
This trial was conducted for two consecutive Kharif seasons of 2011 and 2012 to compare two interspecific
hybrids of sorghum and Sudan grass, namely Mabrook and Panar 888 with two local checks Abu Sabein
and Abu Sabein Kambal. Cultivars were sown in a randomized complete block design with four replicates.
Data were collected on plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, stem diameter, number of days
to 50 % flowering, plant density, fresh weight, and dry weight. Plant height, leaf area, number of leaves
per plant, plant density, fresh weight, and dry weight showed highly significant differences (P = 0.01)
among the four cultivars while stem diameter showed significant differences (P = 0.05). Number of days
to 50% flowering showed insignificant differences among the four cultivars. Mabrook exceeded all the
other cultivars in plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight. Mabrook and Abu Sabein Kambal exceeded
the others in leaf number, leaf area, and plant density.
Effect of Seed Storage Period in Ambient Condition on Seed Quality of Common ...Premier Publishers
Common bean is used as one of the cheapest source of protein apart from being the major source of cash income in Ethiopia. Its reasonable protein content (22%) made it the poor man's meat securing more than 16.7 million rural people against hidden hunger. Despite the common bean significance contribution to Ethiopian people food and nutrition security and income generation, its production and productivity is low. Among many factors that contribute to the low yield of common bean, low access of seeds of improved varieties and the use of seeds stored for a longer period of time. The length of seeds stored under ambient conditions is a critical aspect of seed quality management. The longer seeds stored under ambient conditions, are the risks of losing the stored beans to storage pests and other seed quality deterioration factors. Therefore, generating information from research is required on effect of seeds stored under ambient conditions on different varieties of common bean. The analysis of variance showed that storage period and variety had significant influence on all seed quality parameters considered except no significant effect on number of hard seeds. No significant differences among varieties were observed on abnormal seedlings, number of hard, fresh ingeminated and dead seeds. However, storage period and variety interacted to influence significantly thousand seed weight, seedling shoot length, nd vigor index I and seedling fresh weight. Due to seeds stored for a long period of time in ambient conditions would make the seed deteriorate and loss its quality during storage. This indicates that, seed deterioration is the result of changes within the seed that decrease the ability to survive.
This document discusses a study on the effects of planting date and planting method on wheat yield in Nigeria. The study tested four planting dates (1st November, 15th November, 1st December, 15th December) and three planting methods (drilling, dibbling, broadcasting) in two locations. Results showed that later planting dates of 15th November and 1st December produced higher grain yield compared to earlier dates. Drilling and dibbling methods also resulted in higher yields than broadcasting. Based on these results, the study concludes that planting wheat from 15th November to 1st December using drilling or dibbling is best suited for the study areas.
This study evaluated the effects of altitude (mid vs. high) and harvesting date (90, 120, 150 days) on the morphological characteristics, yield, and nutritive value of desho grass in Ethiopia. Key findings include:
1) Most morphological characteristics were not significantly affected by altitude except leaf length. Harvesting date significantly impacted number of leaves, leaf-to-stem ratio, and dry matter yield.
2) Both altitude and harvesting date significantly affected crude protein content, yield, and fiber fractions. Calcium was only impacted by harvesting date while phosphorus was only impacted by altitude.
3) Dry matter content and yield were positively correlated with plant height, leaf length, crude protein yield
Participatory variety selection of Faba Bean for yield components and yield a...Premier Publishers
Faba bean is one the major highland grain food legumes contributing an enormous amount of protein to the human diet in Ethiopia. Though a lot of improved varieties were released by research centers farmers depend on low yield and local varieties. Participatory variety selection is one of the methods used to evaluate varieties through involvement of users. The participatory faba bean variety selection was conducted during 2014 cropping season at Chiro and Gemachis districts on two farmers training center and three farmers field. Eight released varieties with one local check were laid out in Randomized complete block design in three replications on Farmers training center and single plot on farmer’s field. Agronomic and farmer selection data were collected and analyzed. From all the tested varieties, variety Hachalu was superior in grain yield (1437 kg ha-1) and ( 808 kg ha-1) while Wayu variety was yielded (719 kg ha-1) and 796 (kg ha-1) at Chiro and Gamachis respectively. The lowest grain yield was obtained from Obse (215 kg ha-1) variety at Chiro and Local variety (581 kg ha-1) at Gemachis respectively. In case of farmer preference Hachalu score higher mean value (3.8) followed by Tumsa (3.6) and least mean value was recorded from variety local (2.2). Therefore, the varieties selected by researcher and farmer data Hachalu, Wayu and Tumsa were recommended for further production in these areas.
Ethiopia have highly potential to produce field pea, this crops produce in Ethiopia from ancient time still now and the societies use it for different purpose such as to prepare cultural food, in household consumption and as a source of income. It is substantial crop and substitute meat nutritional value, as a source of protein. Field pea production has different constraints such as weed, disease and insect pest problems, and bruchuspisorum is major insect pest which is decline quantity of production in Ethiopia. The experiment was done at Holleta Agriculture Research center in the field condition with four replication in Completed Randomized Block Design. The objective of this study was to distinguish the exact chemical spraying time in the field to control bruchuspisorum. The variety was Adi, Wolemera, Markos and Burkitue, the chemical treatment were spraying during, early flowering, flat and full podded as recommended level, three times in every week. As a result there was significance difference between pre flowering chemical spraying time, flat podded spraying and full podded spraying time, on the number of larvae per pod (F13,18 at 0.005=11.13, p<0.0001). There was least recorded of number of larvae on per pod in full and flat pod spraying time. Even if there was no significance difference among the flat and full podded spraying time, in full podded spraying time, there was no larvae recorded totally. So in order to manage field pea bruchuspisorum in the field condition, the chemical spraying must be started from flat podded and will continued until to full podded.
Standard heterosis of pipeline maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids for grain yield an...Premier Publishers
The knowledge of gene action and heterosis also helps in identification of superior F1 hybrids in order to use further in future breeding programs. The objective of this study was to estimate the amount of standard heterosis of the pipeline maize hybrids for grain yield and yield related traits. A total of eleven pipeline maize hybrids and two standard checks (BH546 and BH547) were evaluated using randomized complete block design with three replications during the 2015 main cropping season at Northwestern Ethiopia. Mean squares due to genotypes were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) for most grain yield and yield related traits indicating the existence of genetic variation among the evaluated genotypes. The standard heterosis ranged from -38.72 to 33.65%and the highest heterosis was recorded for CML395/CML202//CML464 cross. The observed highest heterosis for grain yield and related traits indicated the possibility of increasing yield by exploiting heterotic potential of maize genotypes. The information generated by this study could be useful for researchers who need to develop high yielding maize hybrids.
Field experiment involving five improved onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties and carried out at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center during the 2018 to 2019 cropping seasons under irrigated condition to identify the best performing variety for seed production to the target areas of Arsi Zone. The onion varieties included in the field experiment were (Nafis, Robaf, Nasic Red, Bombe Red, and Adama Red). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Phenological and growth parameters, seed yield, and yield components were studied. The result showed that Variety had a significant effect on most phonological and growth attributes as well as on yield attributes. The number of days to flowering and vigorously were significantly affected by variety; while plant height, days to boolting and branch number was not significantly influenced by variety. Flower stalks height and diameter, number of umbel per plant, and umbel diameter also significantly affected by variety. Seed yield per umbel and mean seed yield per hectare also showed a significance difference among varieties. The highest seed yield per hectare (1415.89 kg/ha) was recorded from Adama Red and followed by Nafis variety, whereas Nasic rerd, Bombe red and Robaf show no significance difference among each other, Therefore, it can be concluded that use of the improved onion varieties such as Adama red and Nafis is advisable and could be appropriate for onion seed production in the test area even though further testing is required to put the recommendation on a strong basis.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of different rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers on the quality of snap bean pods grown in Jimma, Ethiopia. Five levels of N (0-164 kg/ha) and four levels of P (0-138 kg/ha) were applied in a field experiment. The results showed that increasing N and P rates significantly improved several quality parameters, including pod length, diameter, and marketable yield. Specifically, applying 82 kg N/ha and 46 kg P2O5/ha optimized pod quality by increasing length, diameter, fiberless nature, and marketable yield compared to other treatment combinations and the unfertilized control.
Assessment Of Major Honey Bee Flora Resources On Selected Districts Of Sidama...Katie Naple
This document summarizes a study that assessed major honey bee plant resources in selected districts of Ethiopia. Through social surveys, pollen analysis of honey samples, and interviews with farmers and experts, the study identified 14 major honeybee source plants, including Eucalyptus, Bahirzaff, Coffee Arabica, Guizotia, and Vernonia. Pollen analysis also found minor sources like clover species, Acacia species, and grass species. Flowering calendars were established, finding two main honey harvesting seasons in the study areas. The researcher concludes that beekeeping has good potential in the regions due to the variety of plant flora available throughout the year and suitable climate conditions. However, some challenges around improved
A study was carried out on plant density at the experimental field of the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) Nkolbisson, Yaoundé to determine the appropriate spacing to improve rainfed rice production in the bimodal rainfall forest zone of Cameroon. The experiment was conducted during the main cropping seasons of 2017 and 2018. The planting spacing used were 15cm x 15cm, 20cm x 20cm, 25cm x 25cm and 30cm x 30cm giving the plant populations of 444444, 250000, 160,000 and 111,111 plants / ha respectively using two varieties (Nerica 3 and Nerica 8). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant differences were observed in the growth and yield across the years. Treatments were highly significant concerning the number of days to the appearance of the first flower, the number of days to 50% flowering, and the number of days to 50 % maturity. Plants were taller with more tillers and gave higher yields in 2017 than those of 2018. The spacing significantly affected the plant height, number of tillers, and panicle length for both varieties. The interaction of spacing and variety was significant for the number of tillers per m2 and the number of seeds per panicle, however, it was not for the weight of 1000 grains and the percentage of full bales. The yield components determining yield increase were the number of panicles / m2 and the number of seeds/panicles. Nerica 3 variety gave higher yields compared to the Nerica 8, the closer the spacing, the higher the yield. There were a strong significance and positive correlation between yield, number of panicles, and the number of grain per panicle. The spacing that gives the highest number of panicle per m2 was 15 cm X 15 cm and this spacing gave good yield in the region where the study was carried out.
Investigation of Correlation Coefficient for Forage and Grain Yield with Rela...Premier Publishers
Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a staple worldwide in both human and animal nutrition. It is mainly grown for livestock, depending on its grain and forage yield in Turkey. This study was based on defining correlation coefficients of some oat genotypes (nine lines and three cultivars) in Konya, Turkey, among fodder and grain yields, and their components. The experimental design of this study was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The correlations were analyzed after harvesting at milk to dough period. The findings illustrated that there was a significant positive correlation between green fodder yield and leaf weights in ten stems, and grain yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter. The highest negative correlations was found between green fodder yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter, and grain yield and 50% flowering periods in addition to green fodder yield. This research suggests that the number of panicles stems per square meter and dry fodder yield would be selection criteria for grain yield. The number of leaves per stem, the number of nodes, and plant height would also be considered for green fodder yield by oat breeders in their program in Anatolia.
Similar to Influence of Plant Spacing and Phosphorus Rates on Yield Related Traits and Yield of Faba Bean (Viacia faba L.) in Duna District Hadiya Zone, South Ethiopia (20)
When breeding diploid potatoes, tetraploid progeny can result from the union of 2n eggs and 2n pollen in 2x-2x crosses. Thirty-three crosses were made to examine tetraploid progeny frequency in 2x-2x crosses. All crosses were between S. tuberosum dihaploids and diploid self-compatible donors, M6 and DRH S6-10-4P17. Using chloroplast counting for ploidy determination, the frequency of tetraploid progeny was as high as 45% in one of the 33 crosses. Based upon single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, the tetraploid progeny were attributed to bilateral sexual polyploidization (BSP), which is caused by the union of 2n egg and 2n pollen. Dihaploids were identified that produce lower frequencies of 2n eggs. The results of this study suggest that S. tuberosum dihaploids with a high frequency of 2n eggs should be avoided in 2x - 2x crosses for diploid breeding programs.
This study developed a low cost and affordable to small-scale farmers’ indirect air-cooling combined with evaporative cooling (IAC+EC) system for storage of fruit and vegetables under both arid and hot; and humid and hot climatic conditions. Field heat from freshly harvested produce should be immediately removed through cooling to the desired storage temperature. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of IAC+EC system in terms of the cooling time requirement of the fresh tomato fruit. A fresh tomato cooling experiment to remove field heat during the summer month of September in Pietermaritzburg was conducted for 36 hours where the IAC+EC system was compared to storage under ambient conditions. The results showed that 16 hours was required to reduce the flesh temperature of tomatoes to 16.5°C while the flesh temperature for tomatoes under ambient conditions followed the ambient temperature profile with time of storage. The IAC+EC system reduced and maintained the microenvironment air temperature inside the coolers to 16.5°C - 19°C. The ambient temperature varied between 21 and 32°C. The results in this study are evidence that IAC+ EC system can be a choice for farmers, for cooling the fresh by reducing the field temperature after harvest.
Dioscorea rotundata is a staple food crop for millions of people in the tropical and subtropical regions. In vitro germplasm conservation is a very useful tool in yam improvement strategies but very little is known about the genetic integrity and stability of in-vitro conserved yam plants. In this study, 42 accessions from in vitro and field populations were genotyped using 11 microsatellite markers and 23 morphological descriptors to assess variability within and between accessions. Out of the 23 morphological variables used, 13 were identified as most discriminate and were used to cluster the accessions into 4 clusters using the unweighted pair group arithmetic mean average (UPGMA). Accession maintained in field as well as in in-vitro showed high genetic similarity (R2 = 0.91, p-value: 1e-04). Out of the 42 accessions analyzed, nine accessions maintained in the field and in-vitro displayed different genetic profiles. This study provided basic information on the possible somaclonal variation of yam accessions maintained through in-vitro. Further study with advanced tools such as next-generation sequencing is required to elucidate the nature of the observed variation within clones.
Intermolecular interaction is the material basis for cells to achieve their functions, and protein-protein interaction is an important approach to illuminate the regulation network of biological molecules and has important theoretical significance and potential application value for revealing the activity law of life in nature. This paper mainly summarizes and analyzes the new advances and applications of modern biotechnologies in the study of protein-protein interactions, including local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), yeast two-hybrid, GST-Pull-down, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and coimmunoprecipitation. At the same time, the principles of different research methods for protein-protein interaction and their other applications in the field of life sciences are also discussed, all of these will provide a reference value for the analysis of protein-protein interaction and the molecular regulation mechanism of biomacromolecules.
Rubber trees are among the important cultivated crops in Malaysia, and have contributed to the country’s overall economic growth since the 1950s. However, the existing anatomical and morphological studies are relatively insufficient. Currently, Hevea brasiliensis has been cultivated and planted commonly as a commercial planting clone, while Hevea camargoana remains to be a non-cultivated and underutilized rubber species. For many years, there only exists little information both in private plantations and government agencies that have carried out anatomical and morphological assessments on these underutilized species. There is little information about the characteristics of H.camargoana, thus raising the issue among plant breeders on how to best use this underutilized rubber species. This study attempts to investigate the taxonomic values and characteristics of Hevea brasiliensis and Hevea camargoana through anatomical and morphological studies.
Use of distributed electricity generation systems is currently increasing due to their economic and environmental benefits. Agricultural greenhouses require heat and electricity for covering their energy needs while their annual energy requirements vary significantly. Aim of the current work is the investigation of applying various distributed electricity generation systems in greenhouses. A review of different distributed generation systems currently used in various sectors as well as in greenhouses has been implemented. Various technologies are examined utilizing either renewable energies or fossil fuels in very efficient energy systems. Most of them are mature and cost-effective having lower environmental impacts compared with traditional centralized electricity generation technologies. Their use in greenhouses results in many benefits including the creation of an additional income for the farmer, reduction of carbon emissions into the atmosphere and increasing stability of the electric grid. It is suggested that distributed electricity generation systems should be used more in greenhouses when the necessary conditions are favorable.
Grain mold, considered the most important disease of sorghum, is associated with several fungal genera. The disease reduces both yield and quality. In this study, over 300 sorghum seed samples collected from Texas, Florida, and Georgia were evaluated for grain mold severity, seed weight, germination rate, and seed fungal community. Grain mold severity of the seed samples, except for those collected from Cameron, Texas, were rated 3 or higher, indicating that these sorghum lines were moderately susceptible under naturally-infected field conditions during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Seed weight across surveyed locations ranged from 1.1 g to 4.0g for samples collected in Texas during the same period. Percent germination rates for samples collected in Texas ranged from 59.6% to 86.7%. Sorghum samples collected from Florida and Georgia exhibited moderately susceptible response to grain mold infection. Mean seed weight was 1.9 g for samples collected from Florida, while in Georgia, mean seed weight was 2.3 g. Germination rate was low for samples collected from Florida and Georgia. Mycological analysis of sorghum seed samples collected from farmers’ fields in Central and South Texas during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons showed Alternaria species as the most frequently isolated fungal genus, accounting for 40% and 42 % in 2016 and 2017, followed by Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex. In Florida and Georgia, Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex was the most frequently recovered fungal species, accounting for 77% and 72% of the total. genera/species isolated from seed samples. Other fungal species, including Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris sp., Colletotrichum sublineola, F. verticillioides, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, F. thapsinum, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and Aspergillus niger were also isolated from sorghum seeds in various frequencies. In conclusion, the presence of large number of fungal genera associated with grain deterioration and their effect on other traits, makes management of this disease complex challenging. To identify grain mold resistant sources in a region, using the most dominant species in that region to screen the sorghum germplasm is recommended.
- The document describes national performance trials of potato varieties conducted in mid-altitude regions of Kenya between 2016 and 2017.
- Twenty-six potato genotypes, including four check varieties, were evaluated across six mid-altitude sites over two seasons. Yield and other agronomic data was collected.
- In the first season, genotypes, environments, and their interaction all significantly affected yield. Trans-Nzoia was the highest yielding site, with all genotypes yielding between 10-25 tons/ha. In the second season, only environments significantly impacted yield, with Trans-Nzoia again the highest.
The tests for the evaluation of seedling establishment, palatability and acceptability were carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology and the Food Laboratory of the Department of Home and Rural Economics, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, Adamawa State. The experimental designs used were Randomized Complete Block Design and the Completely Randomized Design. Some of the parameters measured were percentage seedling establishment, palatability, and acceptability tests. The highest mean percentage seedling establishment was observed in 12.00g levels of H. suaveolens whole powder treated shelled groundnut seeds (97.67, 97.00, and 94.00) at the three periods of storage. Percentage seedling establishment decreased with a decrease in levels of H. suaveolens whole powder. One of the major constraints to the use of plant materials as an alternative to synthetic insecticides is the issue of standardization in dosage of application. This work has suggested that, if groundnut seeds are to be used for sowing, they should be stored with a 12.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for three months. However, if they are to be used for consumption, they could be stored with a 6.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for at most three months. There was no significant difference between treated and untreated shelled groundnut seeds at the three periods of storage on the acceptability and palatability score of cooked groundnut at all dosages of application. All treatments were within the acceptable score rates even though the two rates of the synthetic insecticides, actellic dust were at the lowest acceptable score rate. The finding also showed that acceptability and palatability decreased with an increase in dosage of application. The periods of storage also had a significant impact on the mean percentage seedling establishment. It was observed that there was a higher percentage of seedling establishment when shelled groundnut seeds were stored from November- January. At this period of the year, the temperature and humidity are usually low and this might have necessitated the high state of inactivity and low performance of the bruchids compared to other periods of storage within the year.
1. The study examined the effects of mulching and irrigation on cocoa seedling survival and establishment during the dry season in Ghana.
2. Results showed that irrigation and mulching significantly increased soil moisture content. Cocoa seedlings raised in topsoil, mulched and irrigated had the highest survival rate of 94.5%, while seedlings without irrigation or mulching had the lowest survival rate of 47.1%.
3. Irrigation had a significant positive effect on cocoa seedling survival, plant height, and leaf number. Seedling survival was 89.6% under irrigation versus 65.6% without irrigation. Mulching alone did not significantly affect seedling survival.
Few years ago National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM) launched melon sheller to reduce burden of obtaining melon oil and cake, and to enhance rural women’s productivity. This study looked at the productivity of promoted melon shelling technology and preference by rural women in Nigeria. Data were gathered from the NCAM workshop and survey of melon processors in Niger State. In the workshop, it was found that time allowed for soaking melon and covering with piece of clothes contributed to the productivity of the sheller. Results from survey revealed that 95.1% of the respondents’ preferred Internal Combustion technology and 90.2% liked electric-driven melon shellers over the manual one. Also, 69.5% obtained the shellers from local fabricators rather than NCAM. The technology led to increased turnout of melon (378kg/hr) and reduced wastages to 1.26kg out of 75.6kg. The study concluded that the promoted melon sheller is efficient and have positive implication on the rural women’s productivity and revenue. The study recommends that the rural women should put the melon sheller into its maximum capacity use. The NCAM should extend training to the local fabricators so that they can improve on the technology most especially in the areas of winnowing and washing of melon kernels.
Keeping in view of lack of recommended rates of N and NPS fertilizers, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the newly introduced NPS fertilizer and nitrogen on growth, physiology and above ground biomass of garlic. Four NPS (0-0-0, 78.75-69-12.75, 105-92-17 and 131.25-115-21.25 kg N-P-S ha-1) and three nitrogen fertilizer rates (114.13, 228.26 and 278.33 kg N ha-1) were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Significantly highest plant height (28.02 cm), leaf diameter (1.27 cm), dry and fresh weight (4.71 g and 6.11 g) and leaf length were recorded on garlic plants supplied with 105-92-17 kg N-P-S ha-1 and also the highest plant height (27.75 cm), leaf length (24.02 cm), fresh and dry weight (6.23 g and 5.04 g) were recorded on garlic plants supplied with 278.33 kg N ha-1. The interaction effect also show a significant effect in almost all the growth parameters; the early day to 50% emergence was recorded from a plot which received 228.26 kg N ha-1 and 105-92-17 kg NPS ha-1 and the highest plant height, leaf length, fresh and dry above ground biomass and leaf diameter were 29.62 cm, 25.60 cm, 6.93 g, 5.59 g and 1.4 cm, respectively were observed by the interaction of 278.33 kg N ha-1 and 105-92-17 kg N-P-S ha-1 with no significant difference with 228.26 N and 78.75-69-12.75 kg N-P-S ha−1. From this one season experiment, fertilizer rates 307.01-69-12.75 kg N-P-S ha−1 could be recommended for garlic production.
In the past, conservation effort has primarily focused on establishment of forest reserves for timber production, with minimal or no consideration to how these natural resources will help sustain or improve livelihoods of adjoining communities. This study examined the contribution of Aramoko forest reserve to the livelihoods of the adjoining communities in Ekiti State. One hundred and twenty pre-tested questionnaires were administered among the products collectors in the study area. Data collected were analysed and the result showed that 78.3 % of the respondents are married with 52.3 % of them male, while 50.8 % of the respondents aged between 51-70 years with 64.1 % having at least secondary education. Twenty-five (25) different products were collected by the respondents in the study area. These products include among others; timber with highest frequency of (120) followed by herbal plants (115), Archantina marginata (105), Thaumatococcus danielli (89), Bridelia ferruginea (70) and Irvingia garbonensis (65). The use of motor cycle accounted for 41.4 % of the respondents means of transportation, while 31.3 % of the respondents sell their product in bit at the village market. Picking, digging, plucking, cutting and uprooting were methods used for harvesting by the respondents while illegal felling (24 %) and indiscriminate bush burning (22.4 %) were the major conservation problem in the study area. Specifically, some of the products harvested are used for food, medicine, fuelwood, herbs and cultural purposes. The study recommends that research should be conducted into how these products can be artificially raised in the nursery for plantation establishment.
Cocoa farmer faces increasing challenging environment through exposure to risks factors which have impacted negatively on their production or output. Since farmers are primary producers and often times lack capacity to control risks factor, it is important to manage this factors. This study examines the cocoa farmers’ risk preferences and crop insurance perception and isolates the drivers of decision to uptake crop insurance among cocoa farmers in Ekiti state. The sample for the study consist of 200 cocoa farmers who were household heads selected through multi-stage sampling across four Local government areas of Ekiti State who are predominantly cocoa producers. Data collected on socio-demographic characteristics, perception of crop insurance and risk preferences, were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic model. Results showed that majority of the cocoa farmers were without crop insurance, with higher enrolment in Membership of cooperative society, owned their land, larger household size and lower educational level but higher level of farm experience when compared to cocoa farmers who are holding crop insurance. Farmers risk preferences showed no significant difference between farmers with or without insurance. Education (β=0.59), Household size (β=0.0029) and Debt use (β=0.02), Membership of cooperative (β=-4.53), Farming Experience (β=-2.51), Owned Land (β=-2.19) and Non-Farm Income (β=-0.65) were among the significant determinants of insurance uptake. Risk mitigating measures such as provision of necessary incentives such as improved varieties of cocoa seedling, as well as provision of fertiliser and approved pesticides, financial assistance, and simple processing technologies that produce standard cocoa bean plus a re-jigged Nigeria Agricultural Insurance Corporation (NAIC) for an improved discharge of its function are recommended.
Mitigation of climate change requires the decrease of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere and the increasing use of renewable energies replacing fossil fuels. Agricultural greenhouses are energy-intensive agricultural systems using mainly fossil fuels. The use of renewable energies during their operation is limited so far. The possibility of using renewable energies for covering their energy needs has been investigated, focused on the Mediterranean region. Various sustainable energy technologies which are reliable, mature, cost-effective and broadly used in various applications are examined. These include solar-PV systems, low enthalpy geothermal energy, solid biomass burning, co-generation systems, high efficiency heat pumps and reuse of rejected industrial heat. Combined use of these systems in greenhouses can cover all their energy requirements in heat, cooling and electricity, reducing or zeroing their net CO2 emissions into the atmosphere due to operational energy use. It is concluded that depending on their local availability in Mediterranean countries, these benign energy technologies can assist greenhouse crop growers in the reduction of their carbon emissions, contributing in the achievement of the universal goal for climate change mitigation.
Field experiment was carried out under rain-fed conditions during the 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, solely to develop an integrated pest management for the control of groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) [Homoptera: Aphididae]. The experimental Design used was the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Parameters measured were, average number of leaves per plot at 6 weeks after sowing, number of branches at 3 weeks after sowing, number of branches at 6 weeks after sowing, number of pods per plot, weight of harvested seeds per plot. The result obtained shows that, there was significant difference among the treatments in all the parameters measured at 0.05 level of probability using the Least Significant Difference (LSD). According to the results recorded, the highest mean yield of groundnut was obtained on plots treated with the combination of chemical and physical control methods (1444g) followed by plots treated with physical, chemical and cultural control methods combined (1296g). The highest mean number of pods per plant was recorded in the combination of physical, chemical and cultural control methods (18.00) followed by chemical and physical control methods as combined (15.00). The work shows that, the cultivation of groundnut with the control of groundnut Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch) using integrated pest control applied as recommended facilitates better growth and guarantees good crop yield. The use of physical, chemical and cultural control method is profitable in Ganye Area of Adamawa State and is therefore suggested for use to local farmers.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world. Purple rice, as a special rice with important nutritional and health functions, has important scientific significance and application value for genetic improvement of purple rice and breeding of new varieties through in-depth study on its agronomic and related quality traits and products processed, and analysis of its genetic basis. In this paper, the new progress of purple rice in agronomic traits, quality traits, environmental impacts on purple rice and genetic basis of purple rice seed coat in recent years were reviewed and analyzed, and the application prospects of purple rice processing products and purple gene in rice genetic improvement were also prospected. Thus, our results will provide important information and reference for breeding new purple rice varieties with good quality and high yield.
The document summarizes a field trial that examined the effects of applying locally available materials like liquid silicate rock fertilizer (LSRF), neem leaf botanical pesticide (BP), and black ants (BA) on cocoa production over 14 months in Indonesia. The key findings were:
1) Treatments with LSRF, LSRF+BP, LSRF+BA, and BA reduced pest and disease attacks on cocoa pods by 6-18% and increased bean production by 18-119% compared to the control, with LSRF providing the highest production increase of 119%.
2) The treatments increased polyphenol and lignin contents in cocoa pod shells, improving pod resistance to pests and
Seventeen sesame genotypes were tested at ten environments in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia during 2014-2015 cropping seasons. Randomized Complete Block Designs (RCBD) with three replications was used in the study. According to the GGE bi-plot different sesame growing environments grouped into two mega-environments: The first mega-environment contained the favorable environments Dansha area with a vertex G4 and Sheraro area with winner G3 and the second environment included medium to low environments E2 (Humera-2), E4 (Dansha-2), E5 (Sheraro-1), E7 (Wargiba-1), E8 (Wargiba-2) and E9 (Maykadra) for seed yield. Three mega-environments identified for oil content: The 1st environment contained G12, G7 and G2 in the mega-environment group of Humera, Dansha and Gendawuha, The 2nd environment, Sheraro location contained G9 and the 3rd environment Wargiba, was containing G17. G1 (HuRC-4) identified as an “ideal” genotype and E1 (Humera-1) also identified as an ideal environment the most representative of the overall environments and the most powerful to discriminate genotypes. The multivariate approaches AMMI and GGEbi-plot were better for partitioning the GEI into the causes of variation. According to different stability models, G1, G7, and G3 were high yielder and the most stable both in terms of seed yield and oil content. Moreover, showed yield advantages over the released and local varieties. The stable genotypes recommended for wider areas while G14 and G4 were for specific favorable environments Sheraro and Dansha, respectively.
Poverty reduction has been one of the main objectives of major international organisations like FAO, World Bank, UNICEF and governments’ especially those of Africa. This study contributes to the fight against poverty through the analysis of market gardening as a strategy to poverty reduction in the Jakiri municipality. Data were collected through household interview, focus group discussion, interview of personnel of the ministry of agriculture and rural development, councils, religious heads and local chiefs) and field observations. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics, correlation and regression. The findings revealed that 73% of the market gardeners in Jakiri subdivision did not attend secondary school, lack skills to compete for jobs in urban areas. Agriculture particularly market gardening was their major source of income generating activity as more than 75% of the household income comes from market gardening. Also, more than 80% of what is produced is sold. Moreover, 90% of the gardeners in Jakiri subdivision think that if government could help them improve on their productivity their livelihoods will improve and this will take them out of poverty. There are high expectations that the income and the number of market gardeners will rise over time and space. This can be seen by the number of farmers involved and their earning where more than 70% earn from 1,000,000FCFA and above per year, an average of 83,334FCFA and above per month. Targeted marketing development strategies need to be followed by market gardeners and various stakeholders in Jakiri to better exploit the economic potential of these crops and at the same time maintaining its contributions to the local crop diversity.
Heritage Conservation.Strategies and Options for Preserving India HeritageJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation looks at the role , relevance and importance of built and natural heritage, issues faced by heritage in the Indian context and options which can be leveraged to preserve and conserve the heritage.It also lists the challenges faced by the heritage due to rapid urbanisation, land speculation and commercialisation in the urban areas. In addition, ppt lays down the roadmap for the preservation, conservation and making value addition to the available heritage by making it integral part of the planning , designing and management of the human settlements.
Heritage Conservation.Strategies and Options for Preserving India Heritage
Influence of Plant Spacing and Phosphorus Rates on Yield Related Traits and Yield of Faba Bean (Viacia faba L.) in Duna District Hadiya Zone, South Ethiopia
1. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
ISSN(e): 2412-6381, ISSN(p): 2413-886X
Vol. 5, Issue. 10, pp: 191-201, 2019
URL: https://arpgweb.com/journal/journal/14
DOI: https://doi.org/10.32861/jac.510.191.201
Academic Research Publishing
Group
*Corresponding Author
191
Original Research Open Access
Influence of Plant Spacing and Phosphorus Rates on Yield Related Traits and
Yield of Faba Bean (Viacia faba L.) in Duna District Hadiya Zone, South Ethiopia
Teklu Hailu*
Lecturer and Researcher at Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mizan-Tepi University, Ethiopia
Solomon Ayle
Lecturer and Researcher at Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi,
Ethiopia
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of plant spacing and phosphorus rates on yield related traits
and yield of faba bean (Viacia faba L.) at Farmers Training Center, Duna District during 2015 summer cropping
season. Three intra-rows spacing (5, 10 and 15 cm), three inter-rows spacing (30, 40 and 50 cm) and three
phosphorus rates (0, 46 and 92 kg/ha) were tested. The experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block
design (RCBD) and was replicated three times. Improved faba bean variety (Degaga) was ued as test crop.
Phenological growth parameters yield and yield related data were collected and their ANOVA was analyzed using
GenSta 5th
edition and while treatment means were significantly different, they were separated using Least
Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% probability level. There was highly significant (P<0.01) effect of the highest rate
of phosphorus (92 kg P2O5 ha-1
) on days to flowering, days to maturity, leaf area index, effective nodules per plant,
plant height , primary tillers plant-1
, seeds pod-1
, hundred seed weight, grain yield, above ground dry biomass and
harvest index. Significantly lowest days to flowering (54.3 days) after emergence and highest plant height (105.63
cm), leaf area (1073 cm2
), seeds pod-1
(3.57), grain yield (2633 kg ha-1
), dry biomass (8108kg ha-1
) and harvest index
(32.47) were obtained from the highest rate of P (92 kg P2O5 ha-1
). For all inter-rows spacing, the leaf area, number
of primary tillers, pods plant-1
, seeds pod-1
and hundred seed weight were increased as intra-row spacing increase and
the highest leaf area (1084 cm2
), primary tillers (2.99) and hundred seed weight (54.59 g) were obtained from the
widest (50 cm) inter-row spacing, while the highest effective nodules (59.56) and leaf area index (3.51) were
resulted from the narrowest (30 cm) inter-row spacing. On the other hand, the interaction effects of inter and intra-
row spacing significantly influenced, number of pods plant-1
, number of seeds pod-1
, above ground dry biomass,
grain yield and harvest index. The 30 cm inter-row by 15 cm intra-row spacing gave the highest grain yield (2495 kg
ha-1
), harvest index (35.79%) and pods plant-1
(19.68) whereas the highest dry biomass (8738 kg ha-1
) was obtained
from 30 cm x 5 cm spacing combination. Thus, it can be concluded that application of 92 kg P2O5 ha-1
rate of
phosphorus at 30 x 15 cm spacing combination proved to be superior with respect to grain yield in the study area.
However, further study at least for one more cropping season under different soils is required to reach at conclusive
recommendation.
Keywords: Faba bean; Inter-row spacing; Intra-row spacing; Phosphorus; Yield.
CC BY: Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
1. Introduction
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the oldest domesticated food legume has been cultivated for at least 500
years. Its exact geographical origin is unknown, although Central Asia and Mediterranean region has been proposed
as possible center [1]. Present wild species are similar in appearance to the cultivated plant but genetic analyses
shown that the wild types have a different number of chromosomes. Field trials to cross the wild and cultivated
species have been unsuccessful [2]. Faba bean is most likely introduced to Ethiopia from Middle East soon after
domestication through Egypt around the 5th
millennium B.C [3].
According to the united Nations Food and Agriculture Organization [4], China is currently the world’s leading
producer accounts for approximately 60% of the total production. Other important production regions are northern
Europe, the Mediterranean, the Nile Valley, Ethiopia, Central and East Asia, and the Americans.
Faba bean is an annual herbaceous plant with coarse hollow stems that can reach height of two meters. It has
pinnate leaves, consisting of two to six leaflets. It is mainly pollinate by bumblebees. White flowers with purple
markings form in clusters of one to five, and one to four pods usually developed from each flower cluster. Up to 30
cm in height, each pod contains from three to twelve seeds. The plant also has a thick taproot up to one meter with
abundant lateral roots [5]. Faba bean require a cool season and for best growth and are usually planted asa winter
annual in subtropical or warm temperate regions. It can tolerate a wide range of soil types and pH but grow best in
loamy soils. It requires moderate amount of water. Depending on the growing and environmental conditions, it takes
about four or five months for the pods to mature enough for the seeds to be harvested [6, 7].
Ethiopia is probably one of the primary centers of diversification for faba bean. Although the small-seeded
Ethiopian Faba bean is not well studied, there are some reports tremendous in protein content and disease resistance.
2. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
192
Faba bean is produced in many regions of Ethiopia. The major producing regions are Tigray, Gojam, Gondar, South
Region Wollega, Wollo, Gamo Gofa and Shoa. In addition, it is grown in the pockets in the rest of the country’s
highland and semi-highland regions with altitudes ranging from 1800 to 3000 m above sea level. Currently, the total
area under cultivation is estimated to be 538,458 ha of land from which 8,907,632quintals are produced [8]. Faba
bean is widely used for food and have high protein content. Due to its atmospheric nitrogen fixing capacity, it is used
as crop rotation with the nationally important cereal crops like wheat, teff, barley and maize. Due to long cropping
history and low manure and fertilizer inputs, the nutrient status of Ethiopian soils is generally low and phosphorus is
the most limiting nutrient in faba bean producing areas including the experimental site. Even if Southern region of
Ethiopia is one of the major producing areas in faba bean, there is no awareness on proper plant population and
phosphorus application that is important to increase faba bean production and productivity in Duna district.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of plant spacing and phosphorus fertilizer rates on yield
related traits and yield of faba bean.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Study Area
The study area is located in South Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State; Hadiya zone at Duna
wereda. The experimental site is located at about 175 km to southwest direction of Hawassa town, Capital City of
the Regional State. The altitude of the experimental site ranges from 2670 to 2930 m above mean sea level. Its
geographical location is 7o
3ꞌ19ꞌN latitude and 37o
23ꞌ14ꞌE longitude. The mean maximum and minimum temperature
of the experimental site is 26.70 and 9.80O
C, respectively and the mean annual rainfall in the area is about 1150 mm,
which is erratic and uneven in distribution [9].
2.2. Experimental Materials
Three phosphorus rates (0, 46 and 92 kg/ha), three inter-rows (30, 40 and 50 cm) and three intra-rows spacing
(5, 10 and 15 cm) were used in the study in 2015 main cropping season. Degage improved variety was used as a test
crop, which was released by Holetta Agricultural Research Center National Seed Trial in 2002.
2.3. Experimental Design
The experimental design was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The respective
rows for 30, 40 and 50 cm were 8, 6 and 5. The gross plot size was 5 m2
and the distance between plots and
replications were 1 and 1.5 m, respectively. Date of planting was made in July 14, 2015. Urea (46 kg/ha) was applied
at planting as starter. Weeding and other agronomic practices were carried out as per recommendation for the crop.
Neither herbicides nor insecticides were applied. Three middle rows were harvested, dried, threshed and cleaned for
data collection.
2.4. Crop Data Collection
2.4.1. Phenological Parameters
Days to 50% flowering: was recorded as the number of days from planting to when 50% of the plants produced
flower through visual observation
Days to 90% physiological maturity: was recorded as the number of days from planting to when the plants
attained 90% physiological maturity i.e. when the plants and the pods turned pale yellow in color based on visual
observation.
2.4.2. Growth and Growth Related Parameters
Leaf area index: was calculated as the ratio of total leaf area per area of land (cm2
) occupied by the plant, i.e.
LAI = TLA/LA Where: LAI = Leaf area index, TLA = Total leaf area per plant and LA = Area of the land occupied
by the plant
Plant height (cm): from the net plot area, the height of five randomly tagged plants was measured from ground
to the tip (apical bud) and the averages were recorded as plant height at physiological maturity stage
Number of primary tillers per plant: was taken by counting the number of primary tillers from the main stem
from randomly taken five plants at physiological maturity
2.4.3. Yield Components and Yield
Number of pods per plant: was recorded by counting the number of pods from randomly tagged five plants and
their average was taken as number of pods per plant at harvest
Number of seeds per pod: after pods were counted from each of the five randomly selected non-border
plants/net plot area, seeds were hulled to get the number of seeds per pod. For each plant, the average number of
seeds per pod was calculated by dividing the total number of seeds by the number of pods per plant
Above ground dry biomass yield (kg ha-1
): at maturity, plants from the central rows of a net plot area were
manually harvested close to the ground surface using a sickle. The harvested plants were sun-dried in the open air
until constant weight retained and weighed to determine the above ground dry biomass
Harvest Index: was calculated as the ratio of grain yield to the total above ground dry biomass [10].
3. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
193
Grain yield (kg ha-1
): was measured from the net plot area. Grain yield was cleaned following harvesting and
threshing, weighted using an electronic balance and adjusted to 12.5% moisture content according to Kindie [11]
model. Finally, yield per plot was converted to per hectare basis.
Hundred seed weight (g): this parameter was determined based on the weight of 100 seeds randomly sampled
from the seed lots of each treatment by counting manually and weighing by an electronic balance
2.5. Statistical Data Analysis
All the measured parameters were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) appropriate to factorial
experiment in randomized complete block design (RCBD) according to the General Linear Model (GLM) of GenStat
15th
edition GenStat [12] and the interpretations were made following the procedure described by Gomez and Gomez
[13]. Least Significance Difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level was used for mean comparison when the
ANOVA showed significant differences.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Phenological Parameters
3.1.1. Days to 50 % Flowering
The main effects of phosphorus, inter- and intra- row spacing were highly significant (P<0.01) effect on days to
50% flowering (Table 1). Significantly highest days to 50% flowering (57.89 days) were recorded at the control
plots whereas the lowest (54.3 days) was recorded due to 92 kg P2O5ha-1
application (Table 1). This is due to the fact
that phosphorus fertilizer enhance flowering. Photosynthesis and assimilate partitioning of crop from source to sink
is mainly determined by the ability of crop to utilize phosphorus [10]. In line with this result, Turk and Tawaha [14]
reported that P application was increased crop development rate resulted in decreasing the number of days to 50%
flowering of faba bean compared to control plots.
Days to flowering were significantly decreased as inter row spacing increased from 30 to 40 cm. This might be
due to the fact that at wider inter rows (40 and 50 cm) had a better light interception as compared to the narrower
spacing resulted in less number of days to flower as faba bean needs direct sunlight coverage for its various
physiological processes. Also days to flowering was enhanced as intra-row spacing increased from 10 to 15 cm. This
might be more nutritional area available in wider intra- row spacing might have caused the crop to flower earlier
than the closer spacing. Meanwhile, in narrower intra- row spacing due to competition for light, nutrients, moisture
and space, the crop revealed delayed flowering as intra-row spacing decreased. Similar to this result, Farag and El-
Shamm [15] reported that the wider plant spacing of 50 cm reduced number of days to flowering in broad bean as
compared to 40 cm plant spacing. In contrast, Turk, et al. [16] found that the denser plant population hastened days
to flowering in lentil.
3.1.2. Days to 90% Physiological Maturity
The number of days to 90% physiological maturity was highly and significantly (P<0.01) affected by the main
effects of phosphorus, inter-and intra-row spacing (Table 1). Significant variations were found among the different
rates of phosphorus usage for physiological maturity period in faba bean. Applying P fertilizer significantly
enhanced days to physiological maturity. The highest number of days required for completion of growth period of
faba bean (136.3 days) was recorded due to no P (0 kg P2O5ha-1
) application rate while the highest phosphorus
fertilizer rate showed the lowest growth period of physiological maturity (133.9 days) (Table 3). This could be due to
the fact that phosphorus fertilization enhanced the physiological maturity of plants. Similar to the present results,
hastening crop maturity due to increasing phosphorus supply was also reported by Brady and Weil [17]. Halvin, et
al. [18] also indicated that ample phosphorus nutrition could reduce the time required for grain ripening. With
respect to the main effects of inter and intra-row spacing, the narrowest inter row spacing (30 cm) took 136.1 days to
attain physiological maturity which was significantly enhanced by wider spacing of 40 and 50 cm (Table 1).
Similar trend was observed due to intra-row spacing. The prolonged days to maturity with narrower inter and
intra-row spacing might be due to high competition for the available resource that prolonged maturity. In addition,
light would be intercepted better in the wider inter and intra- rows spacing relative to the narrower inter and intra-
row spacing and also the better free air circulation in the canopy of the wider spaced rows could have its own
contribution for shorter days to maturity. In line with this result, Hodgson and Blackman [19] reported that narrower
row spacing and plant spacing prolonged maturity days of faba bean compared to wider spaced crops. Similarly,
Oad, et al. [20] reported that the closer row and plant spacing delayed maturity days of sunflower as compared to
wider spacing.
4. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
194
Table-1. Main effects of phosphorus rates, inter and intra-row spacing on days to 50% flowering and days to 90% maturity of faba bean
Treatment Days to 50 flowering Days to 90% maturity
Phosphorus levels (kg P2OP5 ha-1
)
0 57.89c
136.3c
46 55.6b
134.1a
92 54.3a
133.9a
LSD (0.05) = 0.741 0.912
Inter-row spacing (cm)
30 57.48c
136.1c
40 56.04a
134.7b
50 55.96a
132.4a
LSD (0.05) = 0.639 0.808
Intra row-spacing (cm)
5 57.26b
135.5c
10 56.63b
134.7b
15 54.59a
133.1a
LSD (0.05) = 0.833 0.962
CV (%) = 2.4 1.2
Mean values within column followed the same letter (s) are not significantly different,
LSD = Least Significant Difference at 5% level; CV= Coefficient of Variation
3.2. Growth and Growth Related Parameters
3.2.1. Leaf area Index
The main effects of phosphorus, inter and intra-row spacing indicated that highly significant (P<0.01) effect on
leaf area index (Table 2). The highest leaf area index (3.13) was recorded at the highest rate of P (92 kg P2O5 ha-1
)
which was statistically similar with leaf area index (LAI) obtained due to 46 kg P2O5 ha-1
rate of P application
whereas significantly lowest (2.8) LAI was recorded with control plots (Table 2). The highest physiological growth
indices are achieved under high plant nutrition because photosynthesis enhanced by the growth and development of
leaf area [21]. In agreement with this result, Tairo and Ndakidemi [22] also reported that phosphorus application
have significantly increased the leaf area and leaf area index on soybean.
Concerning plant spacing, LAI was significantly decreased from 3.51 to 2.46 as inter-row spacing increased
from 30 to 50 cm. Similarly, it was decreased from 4.19-2.09 due to increasing intra-row spacing from 5 cm to 15
cm (Table 2). Moreover, the highest 3.5 and 4.19 LAI was obtained at the narrowest inter-and intra-row spacing of
30 cm and 5 cm, respectively. In conformity with this result, Caliskan , et al. [23] and Solomon [24] all worked on
haricot bean reported that leaf area index was increased as both inter and intra-row spacing decreased
3.2.2. Number of Primary Tillers per Plant
Analysis of variance revealed that highly significant (P<0.01) effect of main effects of phosphorus rates, inter-
and intra-row spacing on number of primary tillers per plant (Table 2). The significantly highest and lowest number
of primary tillers per plant was recorded at the highest rate of P (92 kg P2O5 ha-1
) and the lowest rate of P (0 kg P2O5
ha-1
), respectively. Number of primary tillers plant-1
was significantly increased due to application of 46 and 92 kg
P2O5 ha-1
rates P by 13.7 and 35.3% over the control. The increment in number of primary tillers per plant in response
to the increased phosphorus application rate indicates higher vegetative growth of the plants under higher P
availability. In line with this result, Shubhashree [25] reported that significantly higher number of primary tillers per
plant of common bean with 75 P2O5 kg ha-1
rate of P over the control. Number of primary tillers per plant was
increased with increasing of inter and intra-rows spacing wherein the highest 2.99 and 3.33 number of primary tillers
were recorded at the widest inter-and intra-rows of 50 cm and 15 cm, respectively. Meanwhile, the widest plant
spacing of 50 cm inter and 15 cm intra-rows gave significantly higher tiller number and the narrowest spacing of 30
cm inter and 5 cm intra-rows gave lower number of primary tillers (Table 4). This is due to the fact that, as space
among plants increased ample resources become available for each plant that enhances the lateral vegetative growth
of the crop. In agreement with this result, Mehmet [26] who reported that increased number of primary tillers due to
wider plant spacing for soybean. Similarly, Khalil, et al. [27] and Yucel [28] also reported there was a trend that
number of primary tillers was increased as the space among plants increased compared to plants at narrow spacing.
3.2.3. Plant Height
Analysis of variance showed that highly significant (P<0.01) variation due to main effects of P, inter and intra-
row spacing and statistical significant (P ≤ 0.05) difference due to interaction effect of inter and intra-row spacing on
plant height. Significantly highest plant height (105.63 cm) was obtained at the highest rate of P (92 kg P2O5 ha-1
)
while the lowest plant height (89.43 cm) was due to no phosphorus application (Table 2). The increase in plant
height in response to the increased P application rate indicates higher vegetative growth of the plants under higher P
availability. In agreement with this result, Getachew and Rezene [29] reported that plant height of faba bean was
significantly influenced by P application compared to control plots in holeta area, central Ethiopia.
5. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
195
Table-2. Main effects of phosphorus rates on leaf area index (LAI), number of primary tillers per plant, plant height and main effects of inter and
intra rows spacing on LAI and number of primary tillers per plant of faba bean
Treatments LAI Number of tillers plant-1
plant height (cm)
Phosphorus rates (kg P2O5 ha-1
) 89.43a
0 2.81a
2.41a
96.93b
46 3.01b
2.74b
105.63c
92 3.13b
3.26c
2.271
LSD (0.05) = 0.194 0.091
Inter –row spacing (cm)
30 3.51c
2.54a
40 12.97c
2.86b
50 2.46a
2.99c
LSD (0.05) = 0.167 0.065
Intra-row spacing (cm)
5 4.19c
1.52a
10 2.65b
3.03b
15 2.09a
3.33c
LSD (0.05) = 0.185 0.078
CV (%) = 11.9 6
Mean values within column followed the same letter (s) are not significantly different, LSD
= Least Significant Difference at 5% level; CV= Coefficient of Variation
The interaction effect of 30 cm inter and 5 cm intra- row spacing resulted in significantly tallest plants (135.2
cm) while statistically shortest plants (79 cm) were due to50 cm by 15 cm spacing combination (Table 3). Taj, et al.
[30], who worked experiment on mungbean reported that more competition for light in narrow spacing that resulted
in taller plants while at wider spacing light distribution was normal. Likewise, Shamsi and Kobraee [31] who worked
experiment on spacing reported that decreased spacing among plants (increase density of plants) lead to significant
increases in plant height of soybean.
Table-3. Interaction effects of inter and intra-row spacing on plant height (cm) of faba bean
Inter-row Intra-row spacing (cm)
spacing (cm) 5 10 15
30 135.2a
100.74d
101.28d
40 117.08b
88.3e
84.84ef
50 111.26c
83.27f
79g
LSD (0.05) = 3.934
CV (%) = 4.2
Mean values within column followed the same letter (s) are not significantly different,
LSD = Least Significant Difference at 5% level; CV= Coefficient of Variation
3.3. Yield Components and Yield
3.3.1. Number of Pods per Plant
The analysis of variance indicated that the interaction of inter and intra rows spacing had highly significantly
(P<0.01) effect on number of pods per plant whereas the other factors were not significant. The interaction of 50 cm
inter-row by 15 cm intra-row spacing gave the highest (19.68) number of pods per plant and the lowest (6.42) was
due to 30 cm inter by 5 cm intra-row spacing combination (Table 4). The increment in number of pods per plant at
the widest inters and intra-rows spacing interactions (50 cm x 15 cm) might be due to increase in net assimilation
rate and reduction of competition in wider spacing. In addition, at wider spacing the growth factors (nutrient,
moisture and light) for individual plants might be easily accessible that retained more flowers and supported the
development of pods. In line with this result, Melak [32] reported that significantly highest number of pods plant-1
(34.7) was recorded at 50 cm x 15 cm spacing combination as compared to 20 cm x 5 cm spacing (16.7) on
chickpea.
Table-4. Interaction effects of inter and intra-row spacing on number of pods per plant of faba bean
Intra-row spacing (cm)
Inter-row spacing 5 10 15
(cm)
30 6.42a
10.01d
16.82e
40 8.17b
16.54e
17.36e
50 11.61c
16.67e
19.68f
LSD (0.05) =1.437 CV (%) = 11.3
Mean values within column followed the same letter (s) are not significantly different,
LSD = Least Significant Difference at 5% level; CV= Coefficient of Variation
6. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
196
3.3.2. Number of Seeds per Pod
All main effects and interaction of inter- and intra-row spacing revealed that highly significant (P<0.01) effect
on the number of seeds per pod but the other interactions did not affect the trait. Significantly highest number of
seeds per pod (3.57) was obtained at the highest rate of phosphorus (92 kg P2O5 ha-1
) application while the lowest
(2.99) was recorded from the control treatment (Table 9). The number of seeds per pod increased significantly as the
rate of P increase from 0 to 92 kg P2O5 ha-1
. The highest seed number seeds per pod at the highest rate of P may be
due to positive role of P more in photosynthetic materials production and allocation and its transfer to reproduction
organs of the crop. The result is agreed with Meseret and Amin [33] who reported that the significantly highest
number of seeds per pod (5.85) was obtained at the highest rate of P (40 kg P2O5 ha-1
) and the lowest (3.14) was
recorded on the untreated plot.
With regard to the interaction effects of inter and intra-row spacing, the highest and lowest number of seeds per
pod was recorded for plants ha-1
grown at 50 cm x 15 cm and 30 cm x 5 cm spacing combinations, respectively
(Table 5). The interaction could be explained due to 15 cm intra-row as compared to 5 and 10 cm in which at 15 cm
it was significantly increased as inter-row spacing increased from 40 to 50 cm, but at 5 and 10 cm there was not
significant increase between 40 and 50 cm. The result agrees with that of Mahmoud [34] who reported that the
number of seeds per pod of faba bean decreased with close planting. Similarly, Bakry, et al. [35] on their work on
effect of row spacing on yield and its components of some faba bean varieties under newly reclaimed sand soil
conditions reported that the highest number of seeds per pod was obtained from the wider spaced plants compared to
close spaced plants.
Table-5. Interaction effects of inter and intra-row spacing on seeds per pod of faba bean Intra-row spacing (cm)
Intra-row spacing (cm)
Inter-row spacing 5 10 15
(cm)
30 1.92a
3.06c
3.71d
40 2.84b
3.49c
3.76d
50 2.87b
3.51c
3.97e
LSD (0.05) = 0.147
CV (%) = 4.9
Where means in column followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly
different at 5% level of significance, LSD (0.05) = Least Significant Difference and
CV= Coefficient of Variation
3.3.3. Hundred Seed Weight
Main effects of phosphorus, inter and intra-row spacing showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on hundred
seed weight while their interactions did not show significant effect on the yield parameter. The highest and lowest
hundred seed weight was recorded with application of 92 kg P2O5 ha-1
and 0 kg P2O5 ha-1
rates of P, respectively
(Table 6). The increment with application of P fertilizer might be due to the adequate supply of P could be attributed
to an increase the weight of seeds. This in turn increased photosynthetic area and more dry matter portioning from
source to sink and economic part, which demonstrates a strong correlation with size of seed. The result is in line with
that of Girma [36] who reported that hundred seed weight and dry matter accumulation were increased with
application of phosphorus fertilizer compared to control plots. Similarly, Yamane and Skjelvåg [37] who conducted
experiment on field pea indicated that with increasing P application in the soil was increased hundred seed weight.
The highest hundred seed weights of 54.59 g and 56.1 g were recorded with the wider inter- and intra- rows
spacing of 50 cm and 15 cm, respectively while the lowest was due to 30 cm inter and 5cm intra-row spacing (Table
6). Hundred seed weight was significantly increased as inter and intra-row spacing increased. This increment might
be because of assimilates division between higher numbers of seed used in connection with the decreased inter plant
competition that lead to increased plant capacity, for utilizing the environmental inputs in building great amount of
metabolites to be used in developing new tissues and increasing its yield components. In conformity with this result,
Tesfaye [38] reported that seed weight of faba bean was significantly increased with increasing intra-rows from 10 to
25 cm and the highest value (49 g) obtained at 25 cm plant spacing compared to the narrowest spacing.
7. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
197
Table-6. Main effects of phosphorus rates, inter and intra-row spacing on 100-seed weight of faba bean
Phosphorus rates (kg P2O5 ha-1
) 100-seed weight (g)
0 46.33a
46 51.48b
92 57.44c
LSD (0.05) = 1.348
Inter-row spacing (cm)
30 43.96a
40 48.7b
50 54.59c
LSD (0.05) = 1.465
Intra-row spacing (cm)
5 41.85a
10 50.3b
15 56.1c
LSD (0.05) = 1.354
CV (%) = 5.1
LSD: Least Significance Difference, CV: Coefficient of Variation
3.3.4. Above Ground Dry Biomass Yield (DBY)
The analysis of variance revealed that all main effects and interaction effects of inter and intra row spacing were
highly and significantly (P<0.01) affected above ground dry biomass yield. However, the other interactions did not
affect the attribute. The result showed that there was significantly increase in biomass yield when P application was
increased from the lowest to the highest rate (Table 9). The increase in above ground dry biomass at the highest rate
of phosphorus might be attributed to the enhanced availability of P for vegetative growth of the crops. There is
similar on findings from Tesfaye [38] reported that the highest (8135 kg ha-1
) and the lowest (4399 kg ha-1
) dry
biomass yield recorded from 30 kg P2O5 ha-1
and 0 kg P2O5ha-1
rates of P, respectively on common bean.
Concerning the interaction effect of inter and intra-row spacing, significantly highest above ground dry biomass
yield (8738kg ha-1
) was recorded at 30 cm inter by 5 cm intra-row spacing combination which was statistically
similar with the dry biomass obtained due to 40 cm by 5 cm inter and intra-row spacing combination, and the lowest
(3812 kg ha-1
) was obtained with 50 cm x 15 cm inter and intra-row spacing interaction (Table 7). In line with this
result, Solomon [39] reported that above ground dry biomass yield per ha was significantly increased with
decreasing plant spacing on soybean due to increased dry matter accumulation in densely populated crops. Similarly,
Derogar, et al. [40] reported that increasing plant density resulted in increasing of biological yield of faba bean.
Table-7. Interaction effects of inter- row and intra-row spacing on dry biomass yield (kg ha-1
)
Intra-row spacing (cm)
Inter-row spacing 5 10 15
(cm)
30 8738g
7678e
7187c
40 8656g
7594e
5549b
50 8184f
6579d
3812a
LSD (0.05) = 276.4 CV (%) = 13.8
Means in columns and rows followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly
different at 5% level of significant, LSD (0.05) = Least Significant Difference at 5%
level and CV= Coefficient of Variation
3.3.5. Grain Yield (Kg Ha-1
)
The analysis of variance indicated that there was highly significant (P<0.01) effect of all main effects and
interaction effects of inter and intra-row spacing while the other factors were not significantly affect grain yield.
Phosphorus application rate was significantly increased grain yield. The highest rate of P fertilizer (92 kg P2O5 ha-1
)
gave the highest grain yield (2633 kg ha-1
) while the lowest (1508 kg ha-1
) was obtained from the control plot (Table
9).The highest grain yield with the highest P rate might be attributed to the fact that applying phosphorus fertilizer
increases crop growth and yield on soils which are naturally low in P and in soils that have been depleted [41].The
current result is similar with those of Tekle, et al. [42] who, reported that significantly highest grain yield (3814.8 kg
ha-1
) was recorded at the highest rate of P (46 kgP2O5 ha-1
) compared to 23 kg P2O5 ha-1
rate of P (3585.6 kg ha-1
)
and control treatments due to enhanced grain yield by translocation of photo assimilates from vegetative biomass to
grains.
With regard to the interaction effect of inter and intra-row spacing, significantly highest grain yield (2495 kg ha-
1
) was obtained with 30 cm x 15 cm spacing combination and the lowest (1329kg ha-1
) was recorded due to 30 cm by
5 cm spacing interaction which was statistically similar with grain yield obtained at 50 cm x 15 cm spacing
combination (Table 8). In agreement with the result [32] who, reported that the highest (1219 kg ha-1
) and the lowest
(733 kg ha-1
) grain yields were recorded at 30 cm x 10 cm and 20 cm x 5 cm spacing combination, respectively of
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198
common bean. Similarly, Biabani [43] reported that highest grain yield of chickpea was obtained when plants grown
at 45 cm x 7.5 cm spacing while plants grown at 35 cm x 5 cm spacing combination gave the lowest yield.
Table-8. Interaction effect of inter and intra-row spacing on grain yield (kg ha-1
) of faba bean
Intra-row spacing (cm)
Inter- row 5 10 15
spacing (cm)
30 1329a
2169c
2495e
40 1545b
2378d
1966f
50 1606b
2154c
1365a
LSD (0.05) = 99.3
CV (%) = 7.2
Means in columns and rows followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly
different at 5% level of significant; LSD (0.05) = Least Significant Difference at 5%
level; CV= Coefficient of Variation
3.3.6. Harvest Index (%)
The analysis of variance showed that all main effects and interactions of inter-and intra-row spacing had highly
significant (P<0.01) effect while the other interactions had no significant effect on harvest index (HI). Significantly
highest harvest index was obtained with application of 92 kg P2O5 ha-1
and the lowest was recorded at the control
treatment (Table 9). This increment in harvest index with application of P fertilizer might be due to the fact that
adequate supply of phosphorus could be attributed to an increase grain yield due to translocation of highest amounts
of photo-assimilates to grains. Amanuel, et al. [44] also confirmed that harvest index of faba bean was increased by
application of 20 kg P2O5 ha-1
rate of P due to enhanced grain yield production compared to control treatment.
Similarly, Rakesh, et al. [45] and Murat, et al. [46] also reported significant increase in harvest index of mungbean
and field pea due to phosphorus application, respectively.
Table-9. Main effect of phosphorus rates on number of seeds per pod (NSPP), above ground dry biomass yield (DBY), grain yield (GY) and
harvest index (HI) of faba bean
Phosphorus rates (kg P2O5ha-1
) NSPP DBY (kg) GY (kg) HI (%)
0 2.96a
6952a
1508a
21.59a
46 3.15b
7544b
2199b
29.39b
92 3.57c
8108c
2633c
32.47c
LSD (0.05) = 0.085 159.6 57.3 1.049
CV (%) = 4.9 13.8 7.2 15.3
LSD (0.05) = Least Significant Difference at 5% level
Regarding the interaction effects of inter and intra-row spacing, harvest index was increased with increasing
inter and intra-row spacing. Significantly highest harvest index(HI) value (35.79%)was achieved for the interaction
of 50 cm by 15 cm inter-and intra-row spacing which was statistically at par with HI obtained with 30 cm x 15 cm
and 40 cm x 15 cm spacing combinations and the lowest (15.29%)was due to 30 cm x 5 cm spacing combination
(Table 10). At the narrower plant spacing, the adverse effect on grain yield was noticed which might be due to
intense plant competition for nutrients, moisture and light resulting in increased flower abortion, subsequently
reduced harvest index. Mahmoud [34] reported that harvest index was significantly affected by inter-and intra-row
spacing and significantly highest HI value (34.5%) was recorded from the wider spacing combination (50 cm x 25
cm) as compared to narrower (40 cm by 15 cm) inter and intra-rows (21.6%). Similarly, Yucel [28] reported that
increased harvest index of local bean as plant populations decreased compared to densely populated plants.
Table-10. Interaction effect of inter and intra-row spacing on harvest index (%) of faba bean
Intra-row spacing (cm)
Inter-row 5 10 15
spacing (cm)
30 15.29a
28.39d
34.67f
40 17.88b
31.39e
35.48f
50 19.79c
32.61e
35.79f
LSD (%) = 1.816
CV (%) = 15.3
Means in columns and rows followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different
at 5% level of significant, LSD (0.05) = Least Significant Difference at 5% level and
CV= Coefficient of Variation
9. Journal of Agriculture and Crops
199
4. Summary Conclusion
The results from the study showed that phosphorus rates had significance effect on days to flowering, days to
physiological maturity, leaf area index, plant height, number of primary tillers per plant, number of seeds per pod,
hundred seed weight, above ground dry biomass, grain yield and harvest index. Thus, the highest rate of P (92 kg
P2O5 ha-1
) gave lowest days to flowering (54.3 days) and days to maturity (133.9 days) whereas the prolonged period
for days to flowering (57.89 days) and maturity (136.3 days) was achieved at the control treatment. Significantly
highest leaf area index ( 3.13), plant height (105.63 cm), number of primary tillers (3.26), number of seeds per pod
(3.57), hundred seed weight (57.44 g), above ground dry biomass (8108 kg ha-1
), grain yield (2633 kg ha-1
) and
harvest index (32.47%) were recorded from the highest rate of P (92 kg P2O5 ha-1
). In general, faba bean showed
remarkable response to the application of phosphorus.
The main effects of inter and intra-row spacing were highly significant on days to 50% flowering, days to 90%
maturity leaf area index, number of primary tiller per plant and hundred seed weight. Accordingly, row spacing of 50
cm was earlier (55.96 days) while row spacing of 30 cm took the longest number of days to flower (57.48 days). And
regarding the intra-rows, 5 cm intra-row spacing took significantly longer days (57.26 days) as compared to the
others and 15 cm intra-row spacing took the least days to flower (54.59 days). Days to 90% physiological maturity
was increased with decreasing inter-row spacing from 132.4 days at 50 cm to 136.1 days at 30 cm. Similarly, days to
maturity was increased from 133.1 to 135.5 days as intra-row spacing decreased from 15 cm to 5 cm, respectively.
The interaction effect of inter and intra row spacing was statistically significant (P≤0.05) on plant height.
Significantly tallest plants in height (135.2 cm) were recorded due to 30 cm x 5 cm spacing combination whereas the
shortest (79 cm) plants were obtained on 50 cm x 15 cm spacing interaction. Similarly, the interaction effects of
inter and intra-row spacing were highly significant on number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, above
ground biomass, grain yield and harvest index. Accordingly, the interactions of 50 cm by 15 cm inter and intra-rows
gave highest (19.68) number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod (3.97). Harvest index was increased as
inter and intra-row spacing increased and significantly highest harvest index ( 35.79%) was recorded due to 50 cm
and 15 cm spacing combination which was statistically at par with harvest index obtained at 30 cm x 15 cm and 40
cm x 15 cm spacing combinations.
The interactions of 30 cm inter and 15 cm intra-row spacing gave significantly highest grain yield (2495 kg ha-
1
) while the lowest (1329 kg ha-1
) was due to 30 cm x 5 cm spacing combination which was statistically similar with
grain yield obtained at 50 cm x 15 cm spacing combination. Above ground dry biomass yield was increased as inter
and intra-row spacing decreased and significantly highest dry biomass yield (8738 kg ha-1
) was recorded with the
interaction of 30 cm inter and 5 cm intra-rows whereas the lowest (3812 kg ha-1
) was recorded due to 50 cm by 15
cm spacing combination. From this study, it can be concluded that in such phosphorus limited soils, application of
92 kg P2O5 ha-1
with 30 cm inter and 15 cm intra-row spacing had resulted in higher grain yield and economic return.
However, this study was done for one seasons at one location, the experiment has to be repeated over years to
determine the optimum phosphorus rate and plant spacing. However, to make reliable and acceptable conclusion it is
better to repeat this experiment across different locations and over seasons and different types of soils.
Acknowledgments
The author acknowledges the financial support and encouragement provided by Hadiya Agricultural Research
Office (HARO), Staff members, local agricultural extension agents in the respective study areas for their cooperation
during data collection period.
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