3. Pflieger and Vazsonyi (2005) defines parenting as both a biological and
social process that does not only involve a mother and father who provides
the needs of the child, but it is the process of parent-child relationships that
shapes the child’s attitude, behavior, and emotional functions. Additionally,
Lanjekar et al. (2022) emphasizes that the dimensions of parenting such as
instructions, animation, cognitive stimulation, physical care, parent-child
synchrony, sensitivity, and positive responsiveness, are interrelated with the
child’s cognitive development.
WHAT IS PARENTING?
4. in the 1960s, Diana Baumrind identified three
parenting styles, namely: Authoritarian,
authoritative, and permissive. The fourth style,
uninvolved was later added by researchers, Eleanor
Maccoby and John Martin in the 1980s, Helicopter
parenting however was first coined in a book by
child psychologists Foster Cline and Jim Fay,
“Parenting With Love And Logic”.
PARENTING
STYLES
Permissive
Uninvolved
Authoritative
Authoritarian
HIGH DEMANDING
LOW
RESPONSIVENESS
HIGH
RESPONSIVENESS
LOW DEMANDING
Parenting styles are how parents' attitudes and
behaviors are communicated to their children
creating an emotional climate for them to live and
grow in. It is the strategies parents employ in
bringing up their child. (Darling and Steinberg,
1993)
7. Abstract
Sarwar (2016)’s study aims to expand on how the authoritarian
parenting style leads to children growing to be juvenile
delinquents. The study revealed that the extreme strictness of
the parents incited rebellion with the children, however
authoritative parenting style indicates its effectiveness among
children as it encourages moderate parenting style. Wherein
parents that spend a lot of time with their children reduce the
possibility of developing delinquent behavior.
Reference/s:
Sarwar, S. (2016). Influence of parenting style
on children’s behaviour. Journal of Education
and Educational Development, 3(2), 222.
https://doi.org/10.22555/joeed.v3i2.1036
8. Opting for a more authoritative rather than an authoritarian parenting style.
Parents should spend more time with their children as it can reduce the
possibility of developing delinquent behavior.
Parents should be involved with their children so that as they develop into
adolescence, law breaking behaviors can be prevented.
1.
2.
3.
With that, the researcher put forward the following
recommendations following the results of the study:
10. Parenting styles and
emerging adult depressive
symptoms in Cebu, the
Philippines
Rebecca S. Hock
Massachusetts General Hospital and
Harvard Medical School
Tamar Mendelson, Pamela J. Surkan and
Judith K. Bass
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public
Health
Catherine P. Bradshaw
University of Virginia
Michelle J. Hindin
Population Council
PMID: 29493429
DOI: 10.1177/1363461517748813
January, 2018
11. Discussion
The finding that authoritative parenting did not increase depression for
Filipino males or females is consistent with literature that has found the
authoritative style to be generally beneficial, or at least not harmful, across
diverse sociocultural groups.
The finding also supports the potential for cross-cultural differences in
beneficial parenting styles. We found that in a Philippine context, permissive
mothering was associated with reduced depressive symptoms for females,
and authoritarian mothering was associated with reduced depressive
symptoms for males
In the Philippines, there has been an emphasis on interdependence, utang na
loob or ‘‘internal debt’’ to parents for their sacrifices (Almirol, 1982), and
pakikisama, or valuing harmony with others over personal best interest
(Agbayani-Siewert & Revilla, 1995; Chao & Tseng, 2002).
The finding also supports that the mothering styles found to be more
‘‘harmful’’ for girls in this study (authoritarian, neglectful) were both low in
perceived closeness, while the neutral or beneficial mothering styles
(permissive, authoritative) were both high in perceived closeness.
14. Abstract
Breshniv
Dela Cruz
Parenting styles are constructs used to describe the
different strategies parents tend to utilize when raising
children. These styles encompass parents' behaviors and
attitudes and the emotional environment in which they
raise their children.
15. The
Impact of
Parenting
Styles
Breshniv Dela Cruz
This study suggests that parenting styles can
have a vast range of effects on children.
Some of the areas of a child's life that may
be affected in the present and in the future
which includes:
Academics
Mental Health
Self - Esteem
Social Relationships
Adult Relationships
17. The influence of
parenting style on
academic
achievement and
career path
ZAHRA ZAHED ZAHEDANI,
RITA REZAEE,
ZAHRA YAZDANI,
SINA BAGHERI,
and PARISA NABEIEI
18. Abstract
Several factors affect the academic performance of
college students and parenting style is one significant
factor. The current study has been done with the purpose
of investigating the relationship between parenting styles,
academic achievement and career path of students at
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.
19. Results and Discussion
• The results show that autonomy, parental involvement and warmth are significant predictors for
academic achievement. Also there is a positive significant relationship between firm parenting style
and student’s academic achievement.
It indicates that the high success in education is strongly associated with parenting styles. It has been
found that very successful students at school with high scores had parents with firm styles. Those students
with authoritarian parents had the least scores and it has an acceptable conformity with the results of this
study. The findings of this study also have conformity with Mehrafza’smic achievement.
• The results showed that there was a significantly positive relationship between parents’ firm parenting style
and students’ career path. This means that when the score of the firm and reassuring parenting style increases,
the score of career path increases, too, and vice versa. The correlation coefficients obtained shows that the
relationship between these two variables is relatively high.
20. Conclusion
Parents are essential in spotting and developing
children's skills. Fostering mutual understanding
and intimate connections is crucial, with a focus on
appropriate social interaction, societal duties, and
legal career options through media and family
education.
22. Important Role of
Parenting Style on
College Students’
Adjustment in Higher
Education
Moon-Seo, S. K., Sung, J., Moore, M., & Koo, G. (2021).
Important role of parenting style on college students’
adjustment in higher education. Educational Research:
Theory and Practice.
23. Abstract
of
Researchers of this study aims to
comprehensively identify the vital role of
parenting styles on college student adjustment.
Moreover, the study aims to scrutinize the direct
and indirect effects of parenting styles on social,
emotional, and academic adjustments, along with
the potential mediating role of personal self-
esteem. Consequently, the researchers have
attained a result for which it demonstrated that
the authoritative parenting style had the
greatest influence on college students’ self-
esteem, which helps to develop overall college
students’ social, emotional, and academic
adjustment.
Study
Moon-Seo, S. K., Sung, J., Moore, M., & Koo, G. (2021). Important role of parenting style
on college students’ adjustment in higher education. Educational Research: Theory
and Practiceding
24. Parenting style provides the first influence in a
student’s life and in the future by facilitating a student’s
personal self-esteem and social, emotional, and
academic performance.
One of the findings from data analysis was that the
authoritative parenting style significantly improved
students’ personal self-esteem, while the authoritarian
and permissive parenting styles did not have any effect
on personal self-esteem. Furthermore, results indicate
that college students whose parents provide highly
structured environments and who communicate the
importance of sharing emotions with their parents have
tend to evaluate themselves positively.
The second finding derived from the current study was
that personal self-esteem, which was enhanced by the
authoritative parenting style, functioned to
significantly improve college students’ social,
emotional, and academic adjustment.
Discusion
Result
AND
Findings:
25. Conclusion
The study suggests that parenting style continued
to have an effect well into college. Authoritative
parenting improved student self-esteem. Personal
self-esteem, influenced by the authoritative
parenting style, had direct impacts on social,
emotional, and academic adjustments in college.
The finding was important for colleges and
universities because it demonstrated that a
portion of a student’s adjustment in college was
due to factors that are rooted in the student’s
childhood and family dynamic, which were beyond
a college’s control.
27. The Effects of
the Parenting
Styles on
Social Skills of
Children Aged
5-6
Kol, Suat
Malaysian Online Journal of Educational
Sciences
28. ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of the parenting styles on
social skills of children aged 5-6. The problem sentence of the research is; Do the
parenting styles' have any effects on social skills of children aged 5-6?. The sub-
problems of the research are in the form as; Does the social skills of children aged
5-6 differs from according to the parenting styles such as democratic, oppressive-
authoritarian, unconcerned-indifferent and over protective? In this research, the
relational screening model was used that is a kind of a screening model. In the
research with a study group that is consisted of 231 children and their parents,
Parental Attitude Determination Survey and Social Skills Evaluation Scale (4-6
year olds) were used as a data collection tool. As a result of the research it is
revealed that the democratic parental styles affects the social skills of the child
positively and significantly, whereas the over protective parental styles affects
negatively and significantly. Even though the over protective and oppressive-
authoritarian parental styles affect in a negative manner, no significant
difference was found
29. The result shows that the children of the families having high
democratic attitude also have high Interpersonal Skills, Anger
Management and Adaptation to Changes Skills, Coping with
Peer Pressure Skills, Verbal Expression Skills, Self‐Control Skills,
Target Establishing Skills, Listening Skills, Task Completing
Skills, and Result Accepting Skills which are the sub‐dimensions
of the social skills of the children. The development
ofsocialskills of children that is having a significant importance,
also positively affectsthe social development and other
development areas of the children.
According to the results of the research, in the effect to the
children’ssocialskills of the over protecting parenting styles a
significant negative correlation was found. This result shows
that, the over protective parenting styles have a negative
impact on the Interpersonal Skills, Anger Management and
Adaptation to Changes Skills, Coping with Peer Pressure Skills,
Verbal Expression Skills, Self‐Control Skills, Target Establishing
Skills, Listening Skills, Task Completing Skills, and Result
Accepting Skills of the children
Discusion
Result
AND
Findings:
30. Conclusion
It is seen that the over protective and authoritarian
parenting styles have no predictor effect to the social skills
of the children.
33. Authors
Sofie Kuppens
Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management,
Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU
Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Eva Ceulemans
Faculty of Psychology and Educational
Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
34. Abstract of the study Kay Molina
Although parenting styles constitute a well-known concept in parenting research, two
issues have largely been overlooked in existing studies. In particular, the psychological
control dimension has rarely been explicitly modelled and there is limited insight into
joint parenting styles that simultaneously characterize maternal and paternal practices
and their impact on child development. Using data from a sample of 600 Flemish families
raising an 8-to-10 year old child, we identified naturally occurring joint parenting styles.
A cluster analysis based on two parenting dimensions (parental support and behavioral
control) revealed four congruent parenting styles: an authoritative, positive authoritative,
authoritarian and uninvolved parenting style. A subsequent cluster analysis comprising
three parenting dimensions (parental support, behavioral and psychological control)
yielded similar cluster profiles for the congruent (positive) authoritative and authoritarian
parenting styles, while the fourth parenting style was relabeled as a congruent intrusive
parenting style.
Key Points:
Authoritative
Positive Authoritative
Authoritarian
Uninvolved Parenting
4 Congruent Parenting Styles:
Parental Support
Behavioral Control
Psychological Control
3 Parenting Dimensions:
35. Introduction
Parenting has gained ample research attention from various scientific disciplines. Many
theoretical frameworks emphasize that parenting plays a vital role in child
development, which has fueled research investigating the impact of parenting on child
development for over 75 years. When studying parenting, researchers can take
various strategies by considering parenting practices, parenting dimensions or
parenting styles. Parenting practices can be defined as directly observable specific
behaviors that parents use to socialize their children (Darling and Steinberg 1993).
An appropriate amount of behavioral control has been considered to positively affect
child development, whereas insufficient (e.g., poor parental monitoring) or excessive
behavioral control (e.g., parental physical punishment) has been commonly associated
with negative child developmental outcomes, such as deviant behavior, misconduct,
depression and anxious affect (e.g., Barnes and Farrell 1992; Coie and Dodge 1998;
Galambos et al. 2003; Patterson et al. 1984). While parental behavioral control refers to
control over the child’s behavior, parental psychological control pertains to an intrusive
type of control in which parents attempt to manipulate children’s thoughts, emotions, and
feelings (Barber 1996; Barber et al. 2005). Due to its manipulative and intrusive nature,
psychological control has almost exclusively been associated with negative developmental
outcomes in children and adolescents, such as depression, antisocial behaviour and
relational regression (e.g., Barber and Harmon 2002; Barber et al. 2005; Kuppens et al.
2013).
Key Points:
Parenting practices can be
defined as directly observable
specific behaviors that parents
use to socialize their children
(Darling and Steinberg 1993).
An appropriate behavioral
control has been considered to
positively affect child
development.
Excessive behavioral control is
commonly associated with
negative child development
outcomes.
parental behavioral control
refers to control over the child’s
behavior, parental psychological
control pertains to an intrusive
type of control in which parents
attempt to manipulate children’s
thoughts, emotions, and feelings
(Barber 1996; Barber et al. 2005).
36. Kay Molina
The participants are from 600 Flemish
families with an elementary-school child
(301 boys; 299 girls). The children’s age
ranged from 8 to 10 years.
Methodology
The study has four measures: Parental
Behavioral control, Parental Support, Parental
psychological control, Child behavioral
outcomes.
The study used a two-stageproportional
stratified random sample. In the first stage,
the schools were chosen. Then in the second
stage, the participants were chosen. The
questionnaire was done by both parents
respectively
Research aimed to understand the
relationship between different parenting
styles.
37. Discusion
Result
AND
Kay Molina
Results on associations between the joint
parenting styles and child behavioral outcomes
indicated that children of two authoritarian
parents showed the poorest behavioral
outcomes. These children were perceived as
showing significantly more internalizing and
externalizing problem behavior and less prosocial
behavior compared to children of parents
adopting other parenting styles. In contrast,
children of two positive authoritative parents
demonstrated the lowest levels of conduct
problems. These findings could suggest an
additive effect in which the impact of similar
parenting styles is reinforced as having two
authoritarian and two positive authoritative
parents was associated with the least and most
favorable child behavioral outcomes, respectively.
