Writ 109SS Research Paper

Parent Communication and Body Image 0
Parental Communication and the Impact on UCSB Students’ Body Image
Katharine A. Ross
University of California, Santa Barbara

Abstract
Parent communication is an important factor in the development of body image amongst children
and adolescents. This paper explores previous research on body image and parental
communication to build a foundation which I used for my own research into this subject. For this
study I measured body image and levels of parent communication amongst 30 UCSB students. I
found that high levels of body satisfaction were correlated with high levels of parent
communication. In addition, mother-daughter and mother-son relationships were the most
important in regards to the formation of a healthy body image.

Parental Communication and the Impact on UCSB Students’ Body Image
Communication with parents is an important factor during the development of
individuality in adolescents and may adversely affect their views on body image. Although the
family is the primary social institution that influences young children, family functioning has just
begun to be examined. Relationships between mothers and children are especially important in
the development of a healthy body image. Parental communication is additionally important
during college students first transitional year as they learn how to be separate from their parents.
Studies have also shown that increased communication between parents and children have
reduced the potential for health-risk behaviors in children. This study examines the relationship
between parental communication and body image amongst UC Santa Barbara students through
examination of previous studies and first-hand research with UCSB students.
Literature Review
Studies have shown links between excessive motherly control and eating disorders in
daughters, which greatly contributed to their formation of unhealthy eating disorders (Sira and
Parker White, 2010). Sira and Parker White’s study from 2010 attempted to tackle the concepts
of body satisfaction, global self-esteem, dieting behaviors, and parental care and control. They
conducted their research through the measurement of participant’s body mass index (BMI) and
surveys catered to these concepts. Their results found that women who had higher BMIs were
associated with more eating disorders which stemmed from lower self-esteem. Men with higher
BMIs were also associated with more eating disorders but these seemed to come from lower
parental care and higher parental control. Their findings, if supplemented with campus health
and counseling services, would be a great asset in addressing the problem of eating disorders by
providing information on where these behaviors could have come from and spreading awareness

of these problems to a wider audience. These learned behaviors and warped ideas of body image
carry on from adolescence into college, where they may become even more skewed from peer
pressure and social influences.
Parent communication with college students is especially important during their first year
of college life as they transition and learn how to be separate from their parents. According to
Kanter Agliata and Renk in their study from 2008, college students are emerging adults:
individuals in a transitional period ranging in age from 18 to 25 who are developing a new
identity separate from that of their parents. However, while these students are gaining their
independence they still have strong attachments to their parents because they are working for
their approval and respect. Freshman college students are especially susceptible to influences
from their parents because the “parents may instill unrealistic perceptions of their expectations
by stressing the importance of education and responsible social behavior” which can be
detrimental to the students’ overall adjustment in college. (Kanter Agliata and Renk, 2008).
According to the study, open communication between parents and college students provides
support and assistance for students during times of stress. Their results found that “college
students who participated in the study experienced lower levels of self-worth and college
adjustment when there were higher expectation discrepancies between themselves and their
parents (Kanter Agliata and Renk, 2008). Students did not believe they were performing up to
their parents’ expectations and mothers had high expectations for their students. Parent
communication is not only important for adolescents through developmental years but also for
emerging adults trying to adjust and enter the adult world.
Body dissatisfaction, from low self-esteem, has become a major problem amongst North
American universities because of the increased sociocultural pressures that students face from

their peers. These behaviors learned from adolescence may originate from parenting styles that
they experienced in childhood. Parental indulgence is a style which ultimately leaves
consequences for the child: indulgence can be seen as a spectrum in which having so much of
something can cause harm and/or prevents children from being self-efficient and reaching their
full potential (Coccia et al, 2011). Coccia, Darling Rehm, Cui, and Sathe conducted a study in
2011 on the effects of indulgent parenting and adolescent health. Through measurement of
participants’ BMIs and survey, Coccia et al. found that indulgence was associated with greater
life satisfaction amongst adolescents. However, this parenting style led to the development of
negative eating habits because the children were allowed to eat whatever they wanted (i.e. fast
food). The researchers also found that while indulgent parenting allowed the children to feel
more in control of their lives and allowed them to have less stress, the children would not have
proper coping methods for the stress that they will face later on in life. If the results of this study
were to be included in seminars or information on parenting styles, it would provide information
on the positives and negatives of indulgent parenting and spread awareness of the drawbacks that
may result from this parenting styles. Indulgence, over or under, can negatively affect how an
individual respond to stress or health issues.
Parents have the ability to influence a child’s weight-related behaviors and their
psychological outcome based on the environment they provide during a child’s adolescence. The
behavioral and psychological environment that the parent may provide a child is a factor in
determining the relationship between a child’s body weight and self-esteem (Taylor et al, 2012).
In a 2012 study on body dissatisfaction and self-esteem associated with parenting styles, Taylor,
Wilson, Slater, and Mohr found that increased weight in young children was largely due to low
self-esteem and body dissatisfaction. Their research was conducted through surveys on primary

school children which measured parenting style, self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction.
According to Taylor et al., increased parental responsiveness may help to promote positive self-
esteem in a child. The Taylor et al. study is important because it contributes to the growing
literature on body dissatisfaction and parenting, bringing these important topics to light. Acting
on this research would be helpful in addressing these issues of self-esteem by revealing that
influences behind it. The process of developing a negative or positive self-esteem lies in the
parenting styles that a child is exposed to and how they interact with their parents based on these
styles.
Parent-child communication is also an important factor in the prevention of health-risk
behaviors which include, but are not limited to, the following: “(a) activities that contribute to
unintentional and intentional injuries and violence, (b) tobacco use, (c) alcohol and other drug
use, (d) sexual behavior, (e) dietary practices, and (f) physical inactivity” (Riesch, Anderson, and
Heather, 2006). Closed communication channels and/or strained parent-child relationships have
been associated with increased health-risk behaviors by adolescents. In a study by Riesch et. al in
2006, they found that improving parent-child communication processes may directly affect
individual risk factors and may modify pre-existing parental practices by providing regulation
and structure. According to the study, “the communication processes that have been shown to
reduce health-risk behavior are characterized by open expression of ideas and feelings,
satisfaction with the family system, family caring, and ability to manage conflict” (Riesch et. al,
2006). Other familial factors for children’s health-risk behaviors include separated parents,
parents who don’t show disapproval over children’s participation in health-risk behaviors, etc.
This study would be an influential piece towards work that addresses youth at risk for health-risk

behaviors, providing recommended ways to improve the communication between parents and
their children.
The development of self-esteem is extremely important in terms of individuality and
body image. Negative body image has been increasingly found throughout adolescents, which
can lead to the development of eating disorders, depressions, and dysfunctional parent-child
relationships (Smith Carter et al, 2014). Smith Carter, Smith, Bostick, and Grant’s study in 2014
examined youth negative body images in correlation to maternal/paternal attachment and
internalization of symptoms. In their study, Smith Carter et al. found that direct comments about
body weight from mothers had a significant impact on a child’s negative body image, especially
if the child was a girl. Psychological development in early childhood is mostly influenced by
parents and parental relationships. Negative body image and self-esteem developed as a child
goes on to influence their choices as an adolescent. I attempted to prove this claim in my study
by interviewing student participants about their childhood family environment and the kinds of
communication they had with their mother. In order to understand body image and self-esteem in
college students, we have to look back at the beginning of their body dissatisfaction which lies in
individuals’ formational years.
Studies about body dissatisfaction have established that the mother-daughter relationship
has the largest influence on the daughter’s development of body image; to the point where if
there is an impairment in their relationship, it will have significant consequences in regards to the
child’s individuality (Taniguchi & Aune, 2013). In Taniguchi and Aune’s 2013 study, college
students participated in surveys assessing body satisfaction and communication with parental
figures. Gender was an important factor in this study, as the researchers were attempting to find a
correlation between gender-parent relationships. Taniguchi and Aune’s results were that

daughters’ body satisfaction was negatively correlated with problematic communications with
their mothers, while the opposite was true for mother-son relationships. This is probable when
considering that mothers spend significantly more time with their children than fathers do,
meaning mothers have more of an impact on their children’s lives. Taniguchi and Aune’s study
was important for my own because it provided a template for me to model my own work after as
I attempted to prove my hypothesis concerning mother-child relationships.
Research Questions and Hypotheses
In this study, I answered the following questions:
1. How does parenting style and parental communication effect UCSB student’s body
image and self-esteem?
2. How do genders differ in regards to parental communication and what can these parent-
child relationships tell us about body satisfaction?
While my research approach was as open-minded as possible, my hypothesis was that
negative parent communication adversely affects student’s body satisfaction and self-esteem. I
also hypothesized that mother-daughter communication and mother-son communication are the
primary factors in shaping individual views on body image, whether that be negative or positive.
Research Methods
In this study I surveyed 30 male and female undergraduates at UCSB, which consisted of
friends, roommates, and classmates in order to have a large enough data pool to work with. The
first part of the survey that I distributed was based on a survey from the study by Taniguchi &
Aune, 2013 in which they distributed a gender neutral survey in order to measure body
satisfaction at an American university. The survey included questions such as: I am generally

satisfied with my body shape/size/appearance; It is easy to find clothes that make my body look
nice; I often wear clothes that are meant to hide my body shape; I often wear clothes that are
meant to accentuate my body; I am comfortable with my weight; I have a strong desire to change
things about my body; I have avoided social interaction/functions because of how I feel about
my body; My body image has had a positive effect on my dating experiences; etc. Participants
responded to the questions with a 5-point scale, in which 1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly
agree.
Following the body image portion of the survey, I included questions on parental
communication in order to collect more data than what my interviews would have provided on
their own. This section of the survey included such questions as: I feel comfortable talking to my
parents about everything; I don’t feel comfortable talking to my parents at all; I was comfortable
talking to my parents about important issues during my childhood; When I have a problem, I talk
to my mother more often than my father; When I have a problem, I talk to my father more often
my mother; my parents made time to communicate with me during childhood; I feel that my
parents listened to my opinions during childhood; etc.
In addition to a survey, I conducted interviews with 2 female students and 2 male
students from the survey sample in an effort to learn about parenting style/communication in
their childhood. These interviews discussed the reasoning behind their answers on the survey and
were meant to gain more insight into the interviewees past. In order to find out this information, I
asked what influences had shaped their views on body image and their satisfaction or
dissatisfaction with their bodies. Additionally, I questioned them on the style of parenting that
they grew up with, if there was indulgence in their family environment and if they had (or have)
an eating disorder because of this. I also asked the interviewees how their relationship was with

their mother/father, if it was a strained relationship, and how they believe their parents’ words
effected them while growing up.
My intended audience for this study was parents, because I believe it would be more
beneficial to start at the root of the problem of body dissatisfaction and work from there. Because
I shaped this study to focus more on the parenting influences of self-esteem and body image, I
hoped to educate parents on the possible repercussions that their styles of parenting will have on
their children. One of the challenges to this was obtaining personal information from my
interviewees about their relationship with their parents and their childhood. It was also difficult
to organize my data on body satisfaction and parental communication based on the 5-point scale
that I used. Some of the limitations that my research faced was the amount of people surveyed
and interviewed. Due to time constraints on my project, I was unable to survey a larger amount
of people which would have helped my study to be more impactful. Another limitation my study
faced was the people whom I interviewed. Since the nature of my survey was anonymous, I was
unable to select 4 people at random to interview and I had to rely on those who I knew.
Results
Of the 30 participants for my survey, the average age was 20 years old with 15 males and
15 females. I distributed the survey amongst my friends/acquaintances, by the Arbor, and in my
Music 170V class. From the pool of participants, I then selected 2 male and 2 female students to
conduct interviews with but they all wished to remain anonymous so I will refer to them as
Interviewee #1- #4. The nature of the interview questions was highly personal so it is
understandable that they should wish to remain anonymous. Percentages for results are out of 15
for each gender.

According to the data, 11 men (73%) and 8 women (53%) either somewhat agreed or
strongly agreed that they were generally satisfied with the body shape/size/appearance. In
contrast, 4 men (27%) and 3 women (20%) responded with somewhat disagree or strongly
disagree. The students surveyed showed a trend towards higher levels of positive body image
when it concerned their appearance. Students reported they had an easier time finding clothes
that made their body look nice and they often wore clothes that were meant to accentuate their
body shape. When asked if they often wear clothes that are meant to hide their body shape, 3
men (20%) and 7 women (47%) reported they somewhat agreed or strongly agreed. Participants
reported having many areas of their body that they have positive feelings about and did not have
a strong desire to change things about their bodies.
0
4
0
6
5
1
2
4
6
2
0
2
4
6
8
Strongly Disagree Somewhat Disagree Neutral Somewhat Agree Strongly Agree
Question 3: I am generally statisfied with my body
shape/size/appearance.
Male Female
2
3
2
5
3
2
5
3
4
1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Question 7: I am comfortablewith my weight.
Male Female

When asked if they were comfortable with their weight, 8 men (53%) and 5 women
(33%) responded they somewhat agreed or strongly agreed. In comparison, 5 men (33%) and 7
women (47%) either somewhat disagreed or strongly disagreed to the question. Although 5
participants (33%) chose to remain neutral, this question showed the largest trend towards
negative body image out of the survey results. This response was confusing given the previous
responses that students felt satisfied with their body shape and appearance. In addition, when
asked “I am comfortable with my own body”, 11 men (73%) and 10 women (67%) responded
with somewhat agree or strongly agree.
The second half of my survey primarily focused on communication with parents. 11 men
(73%) and 7 women (47%) either somewhat agreed or strongly agreed to feeling comfortable
talking to their parents about everything. In contrast 2 men (13%) and 7 women (47%) reported
feeling uncomfortable talking to their parents, making the women evenly split on the subject
with only 1 woman (7%) responding neutral. According to the data, students were comfortable
talking to their parents and had open lines of communication with them. Students reported
1 1
2
7
4
3
4
1
5
2
0
2
4
6
8
Question 16: I feel comfortabletalking to my parents
about everything.
Male Female

having more positive than negative interactions with their parents and felt that their parents were
supportive of the choices that they made.
My study also addressed gender differences in parent communication in the form of
which parent the student went to the most when they had a problem or needed to talk with them.
When asked “When I have a problem, I talk to my mother more often than my father” 11 men
(73%) and 9 women (60%) reported they somewhat agreed or strongly agreed to that statement.
In comparison to the previous question, when asked “When I have a problem, I talk to my father
more often than my mother” 9 men (60%) and 10 women (67%) responded with somewhat
disagree or strongly disagree. Only 3 men (20%) reported they talked to their father more often
than their mother and no women responded as such. Also, when participants were asked if they
were comfortable talking to their parents about important issues during childhood, 6 men (40%)
and 4 women (27%) either somewhat disagreed/strongly disagreed whereas 7 men (47%) and 6
women (40%) somewhat agreed/strongly agreed.
0 0
1
7
6
0
2
4 4
5
0
2
4
6
8
Question 20: When I havea
problem, I talk to my mother
more often than my father.
Male Female
2
7
3
2
1
6
4
5
0 0
0
2
4
6
8
Question 21: When I havea
problem, I talk to my father
more often than my mother.
Male Female

Discussion
Students demonstrated high levels of satisfaction, although there were some
discrepancies towards body weight and their comfortability with their body. I found that while
there were high levels of body satisfaction, there were also high levels of parent communication
which correlated with each other. According to Interviewee #1, she said that she had very open
lines of communication with her mother who made very positive comments about her weight and
looks. #1 said that this positive body reinforcement from her mother was a significant factor in
her forming a positive body image. In contrast, Interviewee #2 had a very negative experience
with her mother, who constantly made negative comments to her about her weight, such as “You
should really eat less” or “I think you need a bigger size jean”, which was a big influence on her
development of body image. #2 also said that her mother constantly compared her with her
younger sister, which is a factor that I had not thought about when going into this study (how the
role of siblings effects body image).
The women from my study reported a higher level of body satisfaction than the men, who
were evenly distributed between high and low levels of body satisfaction. When I asked
Interviewee #3 what influenced his view on body image, he described the way his father had
always pressured him to play sports when he was younger, claiming it would make him more of
a man and straining the relationship between the two of them. He told me he was more satisfied
with his body when he was in shape; if he was not fit and not going to the gym he was very
dissatisfied with his body. #3 described his relationship with his mother as very close and open
with her being the parent he turned to the most when he had a problem with his father or a
problem in general. Interviewee #4 unknowingly provided a significant contrast to #3 because he
had a more strained relationship with his mother. He said that she would comment frequently on

his body weight: “Look at you, you’re too skinny” or “why aren’t you eating enough”. Although
#4 said he had a positive body image, he had low self-esteem when it came to social situations.
He explained that over time he had grown to be comfortable with his own body and his weight
but he was still very unconfident when it came to unfamiliar social situations. As a result of his
mother’s negative comments about his weight, #4 reported that he developed a habit of stress
eating whenever he felt low self-esteem or was under times of great stress.
From the data I collected through surveys, I received inconclusive results in my effort to
link negative parent communication with negative body image. In fact, my data displayed the
other side of my hypothesis: that positive parent communication is correlated to positive body
image. Many of the students I surveyed had a healthy, positive body image which stemmed from
open lines of communication with their parents and their own ability to be open with them.
While hypothesis #1 was inconclusive, I was able to prove my second hypothesis as correct both
from surveys and interviews. 73% of men and 60% of women from my survey reported that their
mother was the parental figure they turned to when they had problems they needed to talk about.
This supports my hypothesis of mother-daughter and mother-son relationships being an
important factor in the development of a positive body image (since my results on negative body
image were inconclusive).
Limitations
In my study I have identified a number of limitations which resulted from demographic
and modality limitations. Given the time constraints for my research, these limitations could
have been resolved given a larger time frame. Each of these limitations will be examined in
further detail below.

Demographic limitations. Some of the limitations for my study were the amount of
people surveyed as the sample size was not large enough to draw definitive conclusions about
the student population at UCSB. If more time been provided to conduct my study, I would have
liked to have more surveys and a larger number of interviews from which to draw my data from.
Another limitation could also be due to the fact that UCSB is a very health-conscious university,
which could have had an impact on students wants for a healthy lifestyle (thereby leading to a
more positive body image). There are many healthy options on campus for the students to choose
from, such as organic restaurants (Root 27), miles of bike paths, and a student gym.
Modality limitations. Another limitation to the survey was that students provided many
neutral answers to survey questions, particularly on the questions about parent communication.
Although the neutral answers were there to balance out the survey, the amount given contributed
to the inconclusiveness of the data that I received. The content of my survey was another
limitation because they were not specific enough, for example: My mother makes negative
comments about my weight to me. This is too broad because negative comments on weight may
be about weighing too much or too little. It was also difficult during interviews to gain
information from students about their communication with the parents and their own personal
feelings about their bodies. In addition, it would have been better if I had distributed my surveys
at random instead of handing them out to friends and classmates because then there wouldn’t be
a chance for bias as there was in my study.
Conclusions and Future Studies
Although negative body image is a major concern in today’s society, it does not
seem to be a big problem for the UCSB students that I surveyed. Participants were satisfied with
their appearance, comfortable in their own bodies, and dressed to accentuate their figures. Their

few negative views of their body centered around their weight and a further study could be useful
to determine why this was so (i.e. why body weight is viewed negatively when body satisfaction
is high). The participants of this study had open channels of communication with their parents
and were comfortable talking to their parents about their lives. My second hypothesis that
mother-daughter and mother-son relationships being the most significant contributors to the
development of body image was proven true but it could be expanded upon more in further
studies. Since the target audience for this study was parents, it was very beneficial to have the
qualitative data from the interviews to provide an insight into how these relationships affect
students. A further study could be done between eating disorders and parent communication in
order to reinforce the importance of positive parent communication and parenting style.

References
Coccia C, Darling C, Rehm M, Cui M, Sathe S. Adolescent Health, Stress and Life Satisfaction:
The Paradox of Indulgent Parenting. Stress and Health. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2011;
28: 211-211.
Dyson R, Renk K. Freshman and Adaptation to University Life: Depressive Symptoms, Stress,
and Coping. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2006; 62: 1231-1244.
Kanter Agliata A, Renk K. College Students’ Adjustment: The Role of Parent – College Student
Expectation Discrepancies and Communication Reciprocity. Journal of Youth
Adolescence, 2008; 37: 967-982.
Riesch S, Anderson L, Krueger H. Parent-Child Communication Process: Preventing Children’s
Health Risk Behavior. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, Vol. 11, No. 1. 2006;
41-52.
Sira N, Parker White C. Individual and Familial Correlates of Body Satisfaction in Male and
Female College Students. Journal of American College Health, Vol. 58, No. 6. 2010;
507-514.
Smith Carter J, Smith S, Bostick S, Grant K. Mediating Effects of Parent-Child Relationships
and Body Image in the Prediction of Internalizing Symptoms in Urban Youth. Journal of
Youth Adolescence, 2014; 43: 554-567.
Taniguchi M, Aune K. Communication with Parents and Body Satisfaction in College Students.
Journal of American College Health, Vol. 61, No. 7. 2013; 387-396.
Taylor A, Wilson C, Slater A, Mohr P. Self-esteem and Body Dissatisfaction in Young Children:
Associations with Weight and Perceived Parenting Style. Clinical Psychologist, The
Australian Psychological Society, 2012; 25-35.

Appendix A
The Survey
For my original research, I designed a two-part survey on body image and parent
communication. The first half of the survey was taken from an existing study by Taniguchi and
Aune, 2013 in which they did their own research on body image. The second half of the survey
was designed by myself and included questions on parent communication and parent-child
gender dynamics.
Figure A1
Survey: Body Satisfaction
The results from this survey will be incorporated into a paper on body image and parent
communication for my Writing for the Social Sciences class (Writing 109SS) at UCSB. Thank
you for participating in this survey!
Please indicate your answers by writing in the spaces provided.
1. What is your gender? ____
2. What is your age? ____
Please indicate your answers by circling the appropriate selection from the scale below.
1: strongly disagree / 2: somewhat disagree / 3: neutral / 4: somewhat agree / 5: strongly agree
3. I am generally satisfied with my body shape/size/appearance.
1 2 3 4 5
4. It is easy to find clothes that make my body look nice.
1 2 3 4 5
5. I often wear clothes that are meant to hide my body shape.
1 2 3 4 5
6. I often wear clothes that are meant to accentuate my body.
1 2 3 4 5

7. I am comfortable with my weight.
1 2 3 4 5
8. There are many areas of my body that I have negative feelings about.
1 2 3 4 5
9. There are many areas of my body that I have positive feelings about.
1 2 3 4 5
10. I have a strong desire to change things about my body.
1 2 3 4 5
11. I am comfortable with my own body.
1 2 3 4 5
12. I have avoided social interaction/functions because of how I feel about my body.
1 2 3 4 5
13. My body image has had a positive effect on my dating experiences.
1 2 3 4 5
14. I feel great about my body when I am around same-sex individuals who have physically
attractive bodies.
1 2 3 4 5
15. I feel great about my body when I am around opposite-sex individuals who have physically
attractive bodies.
1 2 3 4 5
16. I feel comfortable talking to my parents about everything.
1 2 3 4 5
17. I feel comfortable talking to my parents about relationships.
1 2 3 4 5
18. I don’t feel comfortable talking to my parents at all.
1 2 3 4 5
19. I was comfortable talking to my parents about important issues during my childhood.
1 2 3 4 5
20. When I have a problem, I talk to my mother more often than my father.
1 2 3 4 5

21. When I have a problem, I talk to my father more often than my mother.
1 2 3 4 5
22. My mother makes negative comments about my weight to me.
1 2 3 4 5
23. My father makes negative comments about my weight to me.
1 2 3 4 5
24. My parents made time to communicate with me during childhood.
1 2 3 4 5
25. I feel that my parents listened to my opinions during childhood.
1 2 3 4 5
26. My parents encourage me to confide in them.
1 2 3 4 5
27. I usually have positive interactions with my parents.
1 2 3 4 5
28. I usually have negative interactions with my parents.
1 2 3 4 5
29. I feel comfortable talking to my parents about weight-related topics.
1 2 3 4 5
30. I feel my parents support the choices I make.
1 2 3 4 5

Appendix B
The Interview Questions
In order to gain more qualitative information about parental communication and body image, I
conducted 4 interviews (2 male and 2 female) asking them about these topics. The nature of my
interview questions were deeply personal and they requested to remain anonymous (sensitive
subject matter included the discussion of eating disorders). Below are the questions I asked
during these interviews.
Figure B1
Interview Questions
1. What influences have shaped your views on body image?
2. Are you satisfied or dissatisfied with your body? Why? What parts of your body do you
love or wish that you could change?
3. Did your parents indulge you as a child?
4. How would you describe the style of parenting that you grew up with?
5. Have you had or have an eating disorder? If yes, why and how it came about.
6. How is your relationship with your mother? How is your relationship with your father?
7. Do you believe comments from your parents (negative or positive) and communication
with them has influenced your self-esteem (in a positive or negative way as well)? How
do you think your parents’ words have influenced you?

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