economic equilibrium is a state where economic forces such as supply and demand are balanced and in the absence of external influences the (equilibrium) values of economic variables will not change.
Learn how to mathematically solve for the equilibrium price and quantity in a market when given specific supply and demand curves.
Higher prices tend to reduce demand while encouraging supply, and lower prices increase demand while discouraging supply. Economic theory suggests that, in a free market there will be a single price which brings demand and supply into balance, called equilibrium price.
economic equilibrium is a state where economic forces such as supply and demand are balanced and in the absence of external influences the (equilibrium) values of economic variables will not change.
Learn how to mathematically solve for the equilibrium price and quantity in a market when given specific supply and demand curves.
Higher prices tend to reduce demand while encouraging supply, and lower prices increase demand while discouraging supply. Economic theory suggests that, in a free market there will be a single price which brings demand and supply into balance, called equilibrium price.
In this presentation I have explained class 11 topic on inflation. it will be really helpful for students and for the teachers appearing for demo during their interview.
Inflation is the rise in the prices of goods and services with time. Inflation is of various types and is determined based on different parameters. It is important to have some level of inflation in an economy as deflation can have a negative effect. Visit https://indianmoney.com/articles/different-types-of-inflation to know more.
inflation-causes types and control methodsIMS GHAZIABAD
PPT on inflationary trends in INDIA, which consists of all the information about inflation begning from types of inflation to causes and trends of inflation in INDIA.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
2. The term “inflation” is from the
Latin term inflare, meaning to
“blow up or inflate,” and it was first
used in a monetary sense to
describe “an increase in the
amount of money”.
In1838 the concept of inflation
was first used.
3. Definition
Inflation can be defined as the rise in
overall price level in the economy, i.e.
rise in prices of all the goods and
services.
When prices rise,it erodes the
purchasing power of money.
Inflation is a situation in which there is
a persistent and appreciable increase
in general level of prices.
4. Inflation is the gravest economic concern
which has gripped India into its jagged
tentacles.
India has been plagued by the disease of
inflation since the 1950s but it has started
showing its prominently harmful symptoms
and ill effects since 1991, post liberalization.
Kick started by the fiscal crisis of
1991, marked by deficits in government
finances and devaluation of the rupee, a
whopping inflation of 13.66 per cent took its
toll on the Indian economy.
6. Measuring
A chief measure of price inflation is
the inflation rate. It is measured by:
1.Change in price index
a)Consumer Price Index(CPI)
b) Wholesale Price Index (WPI)
2. Gross National Product Deflator
(GNP Deflator).
7. Change in price index
Rate of change in inflation can be
measured through change in price
index
where,P0 is current average price level
P-1 is the price level a year ago
8. Consumer Price Index(CPI)
A consumer price index measures
changes in the price level of consumer
goods and services purchased by
households.
A CPI can be used to index (i.e., adjust for
the effect of inflation) the real value of
wages, salaries, pensions, for regulating
prices and for deflating monetary
magnitudes to show changes in real values.
9. Wholesale Price Index(WPI)
The Wholesale Price Index or WPI is the price of a
representative basket of wholesale goods.
The Indian WPI figure is released every 10 days
and influences stock and fixed price markets.
The Wholesale Price Index focuses on the price of
goods traded between corporations, rather than
goods bought by consumers, which is measured
by the Consumer Price Index.
The purpose of the WPI is to monitor price
movements that reflect supply and demand in
industry, manufacturing and construction.
In India WPI is the indicator for inflation rate.
10. GNP DEFLTOR
GNP deflator is not obtained directly
like CPI and WPI. It is measured as
follows:
where, nominal GNP= GNP at current
prices
Real GNP= GNP at constant prices
12. There are different types inflation which are explained below:
Creeping Inflation: This is also known as mild inflation or
moderate inflation. This type of inflation occurs when the
price level persistently rises over a period of time at a mild
rate.
Galloping Inflation: If mild inflation is not checked and if it is
uncontrollable, it may assume the character of galloping
inflation. Inflation in the double or triple digit .Indian
economy has witnessed a galloping inflation .It causes
economic distortion and disturbances.
13. Hyperinflation: It is a stage of very high rate of inflation. While
economies seem to survive under galloping inflation, a third and
deadly strain takes hold when the cancer of hyperinflation strikes.
Nothing good can be said about a market economy in which prices
are rising .
Stagflation: It is an economic situation in which inflation and
economic stagnation or recession occur simultaneously and remain
unchecked for a period of time. Stagflation was witnessed by
developed countries in 1970s, when world oil prices rose
dramatically.
Deflation: Deflation is the reverse of inflation. It refers to a sustained
decline in the price level of goods and services. It occurs when the
annual inflation rate falls below zero percent (a negative inflation
rate), resulting in an increase in the real value of money.
15. The rate at which the prices of everything go up is called the "rate of
inflation". For example, if the price of something is Rs.100 this year
and next year the price becomes approximately Rs.104 then the rate
of inflation is 4%. If the price of something is Rs.80 then after a year
with a rate of inflation of 4% the price go up to (80 x 1.04) = 83.2.
So, when you make an investment, make sure that your rate of return
on the investment is higher than the rate of inflation in your country.
In our county India, for the year 2005-2006 the rate of inflation was
4%.
16.
17.
18. REASONS OF INFLATION IN
1990S
The 1990s is widely described in general as
a price stability era all over the
globe, barring some external factors like
bouts of:
Increase in international oil price and
Natural disasters like drought or flood
showed an ebbing trend.
19. Continued…
The main problem of inflation came to head in
August 1990.
When Iraq invaded Kuwait the prices of oil
doubled in international market.
Trade deficit (import exceeding exports) in 1991
rose to 15600 cores therefore,
India borrowed funds from International
Monetary Fund(IMF).
20.
21.
22.
23. REASONS FOR INFALTION IN
EARLY 20TH CENTURY
The first half of India's fiscal 2002-03 (beginning
April 1, 2002) witnessed uptrend in inflation
largely due to:
Increase in oil prices twice during the period.
Adverse impact of drought on Agricultural
products leading to increase in prices –
particularly of:
Oilseeds and Edible oils.
24. At the end of the fiscal 2002-03 inflation was up
3.3 percentage points. In the light of overall
variation in wholesale price inflation, the inflation
in fiscal 2002-03 was dominated by non-food
items unlike preceding years, as per a RBI
report
Defence expenditures (official) skyrocketed, also
four times, from Rs 16,347 cores to Rs 65,000
cores in the budget of 2002/03.
30. Food Inflation
Food inflation can be defined as a consistent rise in
the price level of all agricultural food items. This
rise in price level is neither seasonal nor sudden, it
keeps on increasing over a period of time. This is
one of the biggest problem faced by the economy.
Prices of close substitutes for rice are rising sharply
as well: wheat, maize, and soybeans are all at
record highs
31. The nature of India's current bout of inflation is also
a pointer to the fact that it is not a product of
growth. It is largely driven by a rise in prices of
food items. Wholesale prices of all commodities
have risen by about 38% between 2005 and
2010, but prices of food items have jumped by
over 77%. Some food items have seen even bigger
hikes like vegetables (101%), milk, eggs, meat and
fish (80%).
In 2009-2010 the country faced worst situation in
food inflation which was the major cause of
overall inflation.
32. UPDATE ON FOOD INFLATION
India's food inflation plunged sharply to 4.3 per cent for
the week ended December 15 as compared to 8 per cent
in the previous month as onions, potatoes and wheat
became cheaper and the rise in the prices of other items
moderated on the back of a good monsoon.
Food inflation has dropped sharply in the last four weeks.
It had come down in single digit for the week ended
November 12 from 12.21 percent. The headline inflation
based on the wholesale price index was recorded at 9.73
per cent.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has hiked key policy
rates 13 times since the beginning of 2010 to control the
price rise.
33. Causes of inflation
1-Cost push inflation.
2-Rising imported raw materials costs.
3-Rising labor costs.
4-Higher indirect taxes imposed by the government.
5-Demand pull inflation.
34. Effects of inflation on prices
1. Over-expansion of money supply i.e. excess liquidity in the
economy leads to inflation .
-- Expansion of Bank Credit .
-- Deficit Financing: The high doses of deficit financing which
may cause reckless spending.
-- A high population growth leads to increase in demand and
money income and cause a high price rise.
-- Excessive increase in the price of fuel or food products due to
political, economic or natural reasons
35. 2. Western economies like us are consuming on a massive scale
leading to huge trade imbalance.
3. As government has reduced protection and subsidies on
agriculture that results into high cost of energy which directly
translates into high cost of cultivation and therefore high prices
of output.
.
4. The problem of inflation is directly linked to the price of
crude oil imported by our country. India’s 70% oil needs are
fulfilled through imports.
36. Effect of inflation on different
industries
Effect on bank
1-The RBI may go for further monetary tightening in the light of rising
inflation .
2-Yields are rising, compelling the banks to raise interest rates, which will
hamper their business growth .
3-Inflation concerns remain high with finance ministry officials indicating
the rate could go up to 13 per cent in the near term.
Effect on airline industry
1-One major issue is cost of Aviation Turbine Fuel
2-Job cuts in airline industries on a rise
37. Effect on automobile industries in india
1-The automobile sector is also suffering because of soaring raw
material price.
2-The two-wheeler sector is especially suffering, as banks are not
willing to lend fearing delinquency.
Effect on IT companies
1-Patni computers has handed the pink slip to over 400 employees
for non performance.
2-TCS other companies warns its employees that non
performance wont be tolerated.
3-Companies like wipro and sutherland may cut down on
incentives and other perks
38. EFFECTS ON STOCK MARKET
1-A huge 6.5 % fall in Reliance Industries & 4.5 %
fall in Bharti Airtel was responsible for the
benchmark
Sensex to close at 14590.16 points, down 498
points.
2-For the first time in 2008, the Sensex dipped
from the psychological level of 15,000 point.
3-Investors confidence is dented by the rising
inflation.
39.
40. Inflation widening gap between rich and
poor
Inflation in country creates a breeding
ground for social upheavals .Inflation
redistributes income and wealth in favor of
rich and black marketers .
The rich and business class get ample
chances of making profit while poor
indirectly suffer the social sins done by
rich.
42. Here are broadly two ways of controlling inflation in an
economy – Monetary measures and fiscal measures.
1). Monetary measures
2). Fiscal measures
I).Monetary Measures
The most important and commonly used method to
control inflation is monetary policy of the Central Bank.
Most central banks use high interest rates as the
traditional way to fight or prevent inflation.
43. Monetary measures used to control inflation include:
(i) bank rate policy
(ii) cash reserve ratio and
(iii) open market operations.
(i) Bank rate policy is used as the main instrument of
monetary control during the period of inflation. The
central bank raises the bank rate. The increase in bank
rate increases the cost of borrowing which reduces
commercial banks borrowing from the central bank.
Consequently, the flow of money from the commercial
banks to the public gets reduced. Therefore, inflation is
controlled to the extent it is caused by the bank credit.
44. (ii) Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) : To control inflation, the
central bank raises the CRR which reduces the lending
capacity of the commercial banks. Consequently, flow of
money from commercial banks to public decreases. In
the process, it halts the rise in prices.
(iii) Open Market Operations: Open market operations
refer to sale and purchase of government securities and
bonds by the central bank. To control inflation, central
bank sells the government securities to the public through
the banks.
45. 2) Fiscal Measures
Fiscalmeasures to control inflation include
decrease in government expenditure and delay in
payment of old debts and taxation.
The government can also take some protectionist
measures (such as banning the export of essential
items such as pulses, cereals and oils to support
the domestic consumption, encourage imports by
lowering duties on import items etc.)
46. Others Measures:
(a)Increase in production
(b) Provision of subsidies
(c) Proper commercial polices
(d) Imposing direct control on prices of
essential items.
(e) Encouragement to savings
47. MEASURES TAKEN BY
GOVERNMENT
Government has reduced import duty on skimmed milk
powder, petrol and diesel and customs duty on crude oil.
“As part of the monetary policy review stance, the RBI has
taken suitable steps to maintain its growth without provoking
price rise.
Headline inflation, as measured by Wholesale Price Index
(WPI), has been above the 9 per cent mark since
December, 2010, and stood at 9.22 per cent in July . Food
inflation stood at 9.80 per cent in mid-Year.
The government has been under attack from various
quarters over sustained inflationary pressure.
In its Annual Report the RBI said inflation is likely to stay
elevated at least till the third quarter of the current
fiscal, before falling to 7 per cent by March, 2012.
48. Future predictions`
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Governor D Subbarao has
said that inflation will come down by March on the back of
strengthening agro-based economy in the country.
"Inflation will come down because the production and
agriculture sectors will boost up the rural agro-based
economy of the country," Subbarao said at a RBI Financial
Outreach Programme in Dungabori in central Assam's
Morigaon district.
According to the RBI Governor, the Indian economy is
stable and will grow despite the global economic slow
down.
49. RBI's Role:
The Reserve Bank of India has tightened liquidity by raising the
interest rate. It currently stands at 8.5 per cent.
In India RBI uses repo technique for increasing or decreasing
liquidity in market.
The RBI takes into account the important concern of balancing the
targets of controlling inflation and keeping up growth and
employment generation.
The fiscal deficit as a percentage of GDP was 6.4 per cent in 2009-10.
In 2010-11 this was brought down to 4.7 per cent. This year a target
of 4.6 per cent has been set. This is a difficult target, given the
deterioration in the global economy and its impact on India over the
last 3 to 4 months.
50. Government role:
Liberalization of imports and cutting of
excise and custom duties
Has directed RBI to take monetary
measures and to put down interest rates to
control inflation
State governments have taken initiative to
provide lower priced ration goods for the
BPL (below poverty line).
52. BIOFUELS
More usage of bio fuels.
Need for focus on the crops that will yield
these oils.
The problem of huge oil import bill and
price uncertainty can be mitigated by
cultivating bio fuel crops on over 60
million hectares of waste land available in
the country.