aerodynamic study of do-228 (HAL Kanpur)

1. INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PRESENTATION
ON
AERODYNAMIC STUDY OF DO-228
COMPILED BY-
ABHISHEK MISRA
[ ME,4TH YR ]

2. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

3. INTRODUCTION
 Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) came into existence on 1st
October 1964 and one of the largest aerospace company with an annual
turnover of US $ of 2 Billion.
 H.A.L is the largest PSU under the department of Defence production
and is a Navaratna Company.
 H.A.L is a leading aerospace company of India engaged in Design,
Manufacturing and Overhaul of a variety of Aviation Products from
Basic Trainer Aircraft to highly sophisticated Fighters, Helicopters,
Transport aircraft, avionics, system accessories and other aerospace
products.

4. Company Profile
FOUNDER OF H.A.L
PRODUCT PERIOD QUANTITY
HS-748
Aircraft
1960-83 89
Gliders 1963-86 164
HAS-31
Aircraft
1975-78 19
HPT-32
Aircraft
1983-98 142
Dornier-
228
Aircraft
1985 onwards 83
ATP tail
plane
1987-95 24
COMPANY LOGO
Late “Walchand Hirachand” at Bangalore set
up “Hindustan Aircraft Limited” in December
1940 in association with the Government of
Mysore as a private Limited Company.

5. 19 Production Units and 9 R&D in 7 locations over India
Bangalore Division
Kanpur Division
Koraput Division
Hyderabad Division
Nasik Division
Lucknow Division
Korwa Division
HAL DIVISIONS

6. KANPUR DIVISION PRODUCTS

7. ABOUT DORNIER-228
 The aircraft’s main structure is of aluminum alloy. Other materials are
used where advantageous i.e. strength endurance etc.
 The fuselage is manufactured from aluminum alloy and is of monologue
fiber nose cone is installed .
 The wing is light alloy. Trail edge structure is reinforced fiberglass with
honeycomb.
 The Do-228 has been protected against major corrosion damage.

8. “Dornier” : Information
 External Dimensions
 Wing span : 16.97 m
 Overall length : 16.56 m
 Overall height : 04.86 m
 Cabin
 Passenger seat : 19
 Length : 7.02 m
 Width : 1.35 m
 Height : 1.55 m

9. BASICS OF AERODYNAMICS
Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics is the study of objects in motion through the air and
the forces that produce or change such motion.
It is unnecessary that a mechanic be totally versed on
Aerodynamics and Theory of Flight. However he must understand the
relationships between the atmosphere, the aircraft and the forces acting on
it in flight, in order to make intelligent decisions affecting the flight safety
of both airplanes and helicopters.

10. Airfoil
An airfoil is the shape of a wing or blade (of a propeller, rotor or turbine) as
seen in cross-section. An aircraft's wings, horizontal, and vertical stabilizers
are built with airfoil-shaped cross sections, as are helicopter rotor blades.
- The mean camber line is a line drawn midway between the
upper and lower surfaces.
- The chord line is a straight line connecting the leading and
trailing edges of the airfoil, at the ends of the mean camber
line.
Mean camber line
Chord line

11. kinetic energy
(velocity)
potential energy
(pressure)
velocity
increases
pressure
decreases
Airfoil as a Venturi Tube
Lift force appear

12.  Cockpit
 Fuselage
 Wing
 Flap
 Aileron
 Empennage
 Stabilizers
 Rudder
 Elevator
 Engine
PARTS OF
AIRCRAFT

14. The forces acting on an airplane in flight are lift, weight, thrust, and drag.
These forces are in equilibrium during straight-and-level, unaccelerated
flight.
The Four Forces of Flight
DRAG
WEIGHT
THRUST
LIFT

15. LIFT-
Lift is the force created by the interaction between
the wings and the airflow. It always act upwards. It
is considered to be the 'most important force' as
without it, an aircraft cannot ascend from ground
and maintain altitude.
DRAG-
This force acts in reverse direction to that of 'Thrust'
and hinders forward motion. Drag is considered as a
negative force and all engineers try their best to
reduce drag.
Drag Equation: D=CD × ½ ρ × A × V2

16. Newton’s Third Law and Lift

17.  The angle of attack is the angle between the chord line and the average
relative wind.
 Greater angle of attack creates more lift (up to a point).
Angle of Attack

18. High velocity
Low pressure
Low velocity
High pressure
Angle of Attack and Lift Force

19. Horizontal Component of Lift

20.  Lift acts through the center of pressure, and perpendicular to the relative
wind.
 This creates induced drag.
total
lift
effective
lift
induced drag
Lift and Induced Drag

21. Pitch Around the Lateral Axis Roll Around Longitudinal Axis
Yaw Around the vertical Axis

22. Types of Rivets and
Fasteners (Used in DO-228)
 Solid Shank Rivet
On the Basis of Shank Diameter-
2.4 mm
3.2 mm
4.0 mm (Annealed Rivet)
4.8 mm
 Blind Rivet
 Cherry Max Rivet
 Hi-Lok Fasteners
 Huck Bolts
 Lock Bolt Rivets
 Latches and Quick Release Fasteners

23. Blind Rivet
Countersunk and Flat Head
Rivets
Solid Shank Rivet

24. QUALITY INSPECTION
Rivet checking is necessary as if not checked properly may lead to
distortion, or failure and may weaken the aircraft structure the problems can
be of following type-
• Cutting of rivet head
• Tilting of rivet
• In blind rivet if ring has been removed
• Snap scratches on rivet head
• Domb head, if not perfectly round
• Huck bolt if mandrel drove out
• If grip range is too long or short
• If proper pitch is not maintained
• If blind rivet is used where attachment is subjected to appreciable tension
or heavily stressed area

25. Role of DO-228 Aircraft-
ø Maritime Surveillance
ø Pollution Prevention
ø Troop Transport
ø Aerial Survey
ø Search and Rescue
ø Commuter Transport
ø Calibration of airport NAV-COM Aids
ø Remote Sensing Applications
ø Causality Evacuation
ø Executive Transport
ø Cargo & Logistics Support

26. CONCLUSION
The training has proved to be quite faithful. This gave me a chance to
encounter with large aircrafts like AVRO, Indian Coast Guard ,etc. The
architecture of H.A.L., the way the various units are linked and the way
working of the whole organization is controlled, makes the student realize
that engineering is not just the structural description but more of planning
and management. It has provided me an opportunity to learn that
optimization of technology used at proper place and time can save a lot of
labour.

27. REFERENCES
While making this presentation I went through few books and websites which
are as under-
BOOKS-
CONCEPTS OF AERODYNAMICS by THG Medson
 FLUID MECHANICS by RK Bansal
WEBSITES-
 http://howstufworks.com/airplanes.html
 http://av8n.com/how/htm/aerofoils.html
 http://hal-india.com