This document discusses various industrial emission control techniques and equipment. It begins by explaining that air pollution can be prevented by reducing pollutants at their source or minimizing emissions. Source correction techniques include raw material changes, process changes, equipment modifications, and proper operation and maintenance. When source correction is not enough, effluent gas cleaning techniques are used, which involve unit operations to control particulate and gaseous emissions. The document then describes various source correction methods and gas cleaning techniques like wet scrubbers, fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators, and catalytic oxidation. It provides details on the mechanisms and examples of common equipment used for particulate and gaseous pollutant control in industries.
In this presentation i have made the design and development of De-Dusting system for the reduction of dust and chemical emission from the atmosphere of the steel industry (Electrotherm India Ltd.) [Final Semester project Mechanical Engineering 8th sem]
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
- Raw Material Handling Plant
- Dust Generation & Necessity of Control
- Types of Dust Control System
- Dust Collection System
- Air Cleaning Devices
- Bag House Dust Collector
In this presentation i have made the design and development of De-Dusting system for the reduction of dust and chemical emission from the atmosphere of the steel industry (Electrotherm India Ltd.) [Final Semester project Mechanical Engineering 8th sem]
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
- Raw Material Handling Plant
- Dust Generation & Necessity of Control
- Types of Dust Control System
- Dust Collection System
- Air Cleaning Devices
- Bag House Dust Collector
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Bag Filter | Dust Collector | Air Pollution Control System | Air Blowerlouiesmith
Fantech provides Bag Filter, Dust Collector, Air Pollution Control System, Air Blower, Bag Filter Accessories and Centrifugal Air Blower in all over India.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Bag Filter | Dust Collector | Air Pollution Control System | Air Blowerlouiesmith
Fantech provides Bag Filter, Dust Collector, Air Pollution Control System, Air Blower, Bag Filter Accessories and Centrifugal Air Blower in all over India.
As member of the Product Group "Air Filters" within the Eurovent Association, I am proud to announce that the first edition of the guidebook "Air Filters for General Ventilation" has been released.
Among all the main arguments related to air filtration, I would like to highlight the following:
1. New EN ISO 16890: an overview on filter classification according to the brand new standard
2. Maintenance: a critical and important topic for all the applications of air filters
3. Energy efficiency: because energy saving is not only money, but mainly an ethical choice
Air pollution is a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air. Car emissions, chemicals from factories, dust, pollen and mold spores may be suspended as particles. Ozone, a gas, is a major part of air pollution in cities. When ozone forms air pollution, it's also called smog. Some air pollutants are poisonous.so the air pollution to be controlled using these equipment's.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
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Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
1. Industrial Emission Control Techniques
And Equipments
B. Padma S. Rao
Scientist
Air Pollution Control Division, NEERI, Nagpur-440 020
Introduction
The problem of air pollution can be prevented by reducing the formation of
the pollutants or minimizing their emissions at the source itself. In the case of
industrial pollutants, this can often be achieved by investigating various
approaches at an early stage of process design and development, and selecting
those methods, which do not contribute to air pollution or have the minimum air
pollution potential. These are known as source correction methods. Application
of these methods to existing plants is difficult, but still some of these correction
methods could be applied without severely upsetting the economy of the
operation. Control of the pollutant at the source can be accomplished in several
ways through raw material changes, operational changes, modification or
replacement of process equipment, and by more effective operation of existing
equipment.
When source correction methods cannot achieve the desired goal of air
pollution control, use is made of effluent gas cleaning techniques. These involve
many of the chemical engineering unit operations and at present form the main
part of pollution control technology. Many advanced techniques have been
developed recently like bio filters & plasma technology but its cost effectivity is
still under study. A brief analysis of various techniques and equipments used for
industrial emission control is described in the following section.
Source Correction Techniques
These are further classified as :
• Raw Material Changes e.g. Ciean fuel, sintered etc.
• Process changes e.g. Petroleum refinery
2. • Equipment Modification/Replacement e.g. Floating roof tanks
• Proper Operation and Maintenance
Emissions Cleaning Techniques :
The emissions from industries are mainly particulates & gases. The cleaning
techniques are divided into :
• Gaseous/Odour Pollutant Control Method
- Absorption (wet and dry)
- Chemical alteration usually through combustion and catalytic
conversion
- Incineration
(Basic mechanism is diffusion of the gas either to the surface of the
absorbing liquid or adsorbing solid/catalyst or to the reaction zone of a
chemical reaction)
• Particulate Emission Control Method
- Choice of collection device depends on
* Physico chemical characteristics
* Size and concentration
* Volume handled
* Temperature and humidity etc.
(Basic mechanism relies on diffusion of particles from gas stream to a
collecting surface etc.)
The important performance of these techniques is collection efficiency
which differs based on collection mechanism and is given by :
3. Collection Efficiency yiy
p">»
u
c
2
o
£<d
£
O•*-»
o
0)
O
100
75
50
25
0
100 x weight of material collected
Total amount entering the collection
10 20 30 40 50
Particle diameter, jjm
Fractional efficiency curve
However for each fraction of the material vis-a-vis, each size of the material the
fractional efficiency curve is plotted for all control methods. From this figure, the
efficiency in each size range can be computed by the equation.
, „. . weight of fraction i collected A n n
Fractional efficiency r), = x100
m.
Where, mi is the weight of material in range i
The overall efficiency is then calculated for n number of size fractions as
n
I m n.
i=1 1 1
%Overall collection efficiency hT =1
M
Where, M is total amount entering the collection
4. Baffled Plate Scrubber
• Gas stream passes through a flooded perforated plate for scrubbing
The efficiencies of dust collectors can be obtained at a glance for
preliminary selection of a suitable control device for specific applications.
A comparitive cost analysis and environmental implications are taken into
account for final selection.
Type of Collector % EfficiencyType of Collector
at 10pm at 5pm at 2pm at 1pm
Inertial collector 30 16 7 3
Medium-efficiency cyclone 45 27 14 8
High-efficiency cyclone 87 73 46 27
Low-resistance cellular cyclone 62 42 21 13
Tubular cyclone 98 89 77 40
Irrigated cyclone 97 87 60 42
Self-inducted spray deduster 98 93 75 40
Spray tower 97 94 87 55
Wet impingement scrubber >99 97 92 80
Disintegrator 99 98 95 91
Venturi scrubber-medium energy >99.9 99.9 99 97
Venturi scrubber-high energy >99.9 99.9 99.5 98.5
Electrostatic precipitator >99.5 >99.5 >99.5 >99.5
Irrigated electrostatic precipitator >99.5 >99.5 >99.5 >99.5
Shaker-type fabric filter >99.9 99.6 99.6 f 9
Pulse-jet fabric filter >99.5 99.6 99.6 99.6
5. Guide to Selection of Dust Control Equipment
Factors Cyclones Wet
washers
low-
energy
Wet
washers
high-
energy
Dry
electros-
tatic
precipit-
ators
Wet
electros-
tatic
precipit-
ators
Aggre-
gate
filters
Fabric
filters
Fibrous
filters
DUST PROPERTIES
High inlet
burden
Care Care Care Beware
Erosive Care Care
Sticky Beware Care Beware Beware Care
Light fluffy Beware Care
Difficult to
wet
Care Care Care
Pyrophoric Care Care Beware Care
Resisitivity
problem
Beware Care
GAS CONDITIONS
Constant
pressure
drop
Care Care Care
Varying flow Care Care Care Care Care Care
Explosive,
combustible
Care Beware Beware Care Care Care
Corrosive Care Care Care Care Care Care Care Care
Suitable for
high
pressure
Care Care Care
OTHER FACTORS
Minimum
ancillary
equipment
Care Care Care Care Care Care
On-line
regeneration
Care Care Care Beware
Key :
Indicates that the type of plant can generally cope with the process requirement,
if well designed
• care indicates that special attention is required in plant design and operation
to prevent problems
• beware indicates that this process condition could lead to severe operational
difficulties alternatives that avoid the problem are normally sought.
For all gas cleaning problems associated with explosive or combustible materials,
competent advice should be sought.
r^ A r-
6. Techniques for Dry Collectors Particulate Matter Control
The basic mechanism & equipment needed for particulate control are as under:
Basic Mechanism Equipments
Gravitational settling Settling chambers
Centrifugal Impaction Cyclone and Multicyclone
Inertial Impaction Battled settlers
Direct Interception Fabric filters
Diffusion Scrubbers
Electrostatic precipitation ESP
Plasma technology combined ESP & bag house ESP
Gravitational Settling Chambers
The technique is generally used to remove large abrasive particles (>50 |itn) from
gas stream
>- Chamber
't 7
Y
Dust
Typical Gravity Settling Chamber
It provides low pressure drop to the flue gas stream and is simple for
maintenance. However it give low efficiency for smaller particles and hence are
mostly used as precleaners
In the settling chamber the gas steam with its entrained particles is
allowed to flow at a low velocity allowing sufficient time for particles to settle down
and maintain near-laminar flow condition. Since these equipments work under
the principle of gravity only larger size particles can be removed (> 50pm).
246
7. Cyclone Separators
These utilize centrifugal force generated by a spinning gas stream to
separate the particulate matter from the flue gas. This unit works on the principle
that the centrifugal force is much greater than the gravity and hence these
cyclones can remove, smaller particles of size (> 10pm).
Salient Features
• Utilises less space to handle large volume of gas
• Inertial separating force is the radial component of the simple centrifugal
force and is a function of tangential velocity
• The performance of a cyclone depends on the separation factor (5-2500).
High separation factor takes into account high velocity and pressure drop
• Most satisfactory expression for cyclone performance is the Lapple
correlation which provides collection efficiency as a function of cut size
diameter dpc i.e. size of the particles collected with 50% efficiency
• The operating range pressure drop is 25-30 cm
• The main advantage of this unit is its compactness and the principal
drawback is its tendency towards plugging from solid buildup
0
i H
Generalized design configuration of a cyclone
9. Efficiency curve
P a r t ic 1« - size r a t i o <Jp /d
Lapple's correlation for cyclone efficiency
10. FABRIC FILTERS
These are highly efficient dry particulate collectors working on the principle
mechanisms of impaction, interception and diffusion. These are as follows :
Inertial Impaction
Direct Interception
Diffusion
change in particle trajectory around the fibre
provides particle deposition
Interception of particle with the fabric provides
particle deposition
for Sub-micron sized (0.001-0.5 pm). The zigzag
brownian motion causes the particles to impinge
and adhere to the surface of the fiber
The salient features of these units are :
• These are high efficiency type but has a draw back of working in lower
temperature range
• Periodic maintenance and cleaning is necessary for their efficient
utilization
• These units can be categorized as woven fabric or felt cloth; cotton is least
expensive fiber
• The choice of fabric depends on operating temperature and abbrasiveness
of particles
• They can collect fine particles in dry form and provides low pressure drop
but have high contribution cost
— C l t o n go*
hotter mtehanKm
Fill«r baefs
D u s t y g a s i n - —
Hopper
— Lorq«f portictt
s«porotion by
c«n»ri'fugol action
Dutt outltl
Typical fabric filter systems
11. Electrostatic Precipitator
This unit is mostly used in power plants, cement and paper mills.
Electrostatic, precipitation is a physical process in which particles suspended in
gas stream are electrically charged and get separated from the gas stream under
electric field.
An electrostatic precipitator consists of a positively charged collecting
surface and a high voltage discharge electrode wire suspended from an
insulation on the top and held in position by weight at the bottom. At a very high
DC voltage (50 KV) the corona discharge occurs close to the negative electrode
setting up an electric field between the emitter and the grounded surface.
Particle laden gas enters bottom and flows upward. The negative charged
particles pass through the grounded positive electrode and deposit there/get
collected. Periodically the collected particles are removed by rapping or vibrating
the collection plate.
• The collection efficiency is a function of gas flow rate and precipitation
size
• The particle migration velocity is another important term. It is a
function of electric field strength, gas viscosity, dielectric and resistivity
property of the dust
• The unique feature of this unit is the separating force is applied directly
to the particles without the necessity of accelerating the gas
12. A typical wire and plate precipitator
Wet Scrubber
These are used for simultaneous removal of particulates and gaseous
pollutants. These have problems of corrosion and liquid waste disposal. The
principle for particulate collection is by scrubbing in contact with liquid usually
water. The contact with liquid can be achieved through impacting targets i.e.
wetted surface (packed bed) and individual droplets (spray scrubber).
The basic collection mechanism is inertial impaction and interception for
particles of diameter greater than 3pm size while diffusion for particles of dia less
than 3pm size.
Various types of scrubber are spray towers, centrifugal scrubbers and
packed bed/plate columns these are used for collecting particles greater than
3pm size whereas the venturi scrubbers are used for collecting particles less than
3pm size.
13. Packed Bed and Plate Columns
• In the counter current packed bed scrubber, the packing provides a
target which allows the gas steam to follow a curved path through the
pore spaces while the particles carried by the gas stream are captured
by inertial impaction. Fine particles are collected by diffusion
• The packing can be of raschig rings, saddle coke, broken stone etc.
• These can be used for particles that are insoluble in the scrubbing
liquid. Otherwise it will encounter plugging problems which can be
reduced by low density packing material or by backwashing
The schematic of Packed Bed and Plate Columns
Spray Scrubber
• water spray is introduced through nozzles
• polluted gas flows upwards and particle collection results by inertial
impaction and interception of droplets
• optimum droplet size/dia as found experimentally should be > 600pm
t
(0.6 mm)
14. • nozzle producing spray with droplet size < 1 mm is satisfactory
• efficiency of spray tower is a complex function of droplet size, gas
velocity, liquid : gas ratio & droplet trajectory
The schematic of Spray Scrubber
Centrifugal Scrubber
• Simplest type is the one wherein banks of nozzles are inserted inside a
conventional dry cyclone
• The spray acts on the particles in the outer vertex and the droplets
loaded with particles are thrown outward against the wet inner wall of
the cyclone
• The particle cut diameter i.e. with >50% efficiency is between 2-3pm
with droplet size of 100pm
Clean q<K
t
254
15. Venturi Scrubber
• Offers high performance collection for fine particles usually smaller than 2-3 pm
• Suitable for sticky, flammable and corrosive particles
• Gas stream velocity ranges from 60-120 m/s (high)
• In the throat, the droplet accelerates and due to velocity difference between the
particles and droplets, the particles get collected
• Particle collection continues in diverging section also
• The gas-liquid mixture is diverted to a cyclone seperator wherein the particles are
further collected
• Mechanism of collection are:
- Inertial impaction
- Diffusion
- Condensation and agglomeration
• Used in many applications viz. fertilizer, paint, paper industry
Clton 9<rt ou<
i
SlMffy ou*
Schematic of venturi scrubber
Control of Gaseous Emissions
Various methods for the gaseous emission control are :
• Absorption
• Adsorption
• Combustion
• Catalytic oxidation
16. Absorption by liquids
These are used for controlling concentration of gaseous pollutants before
being discharged into the air. It involves transfer of pollutants from gas to liquid
phase across the interface in response to concentration gradient with the
concentration decreasing in the direction of mass transfer. The rate of mass
transfer is controlled by diffusion through the phases on each side of the
interface. The selection of scrubbing medium depends on scrubbing liquids with:
o High gas solubility
o Low vapour pressure
o Easy regeneration and recovery
o Low cost
o Low viscosity
o Non flammable and non toxic
o Chemical stability
o High selectivity between solute species
Adsorption on solids
These are used for odour control and for recovery of valuable organic substances
that cannot be scrubbed. The desorption process makes the adsorbent inactive
until it is regenerated. The rate of adsorption depends on :
o Concentration of material around the adsorbent
o Surface area of adsorbent
o Pore volume of adsorbent
o Temperature and chemical nature of adsorbent
Combustion
Combustion methods are used for controlling odours, toxic/reactive
hydrocarbons. The products of combustion are mostly harmless. However
higher molecular weight compound can cause smoke. The normal incineration
temp, range is 375-825 C with residence time of 0.2-0.5 sec and velocity of 4.5-
7.5 m/sec. Combustion methods include :
o Direct combustion (flares)
o Thermal incineration (after burners)
Catalytic oxidation
It is used when thermal incineration is not economical. In this technique,
combustion takes place on a catalyst usually platinum, palladium and their alloys.
These catalyst are arranged to provide maximum surface area and are coated in
suitable elements such as metal ribbons, ceramic rods or alumina pellets
256
17. f lame
Polluted
stream
Steam injection type flare
Fud go
Sc roll
E * hau5?
P o M u ' o n i
gOS
1
( T c n g c n t i r . l
» n l r y )
' l i l .
/ / / / / / / /
Flo Combustion chamber
i Minna
s / ss sys ss s J / / / s
H e t f a c t o r y l i n e d st««l «*all
Thermal incinerator
18. b I O V r
» o U v j ' e n t 4 .v.
Ochcot bur r«?i
Schematic of catalytic oxidation units
The selection of suitable control device for a specific application requires
consideration of particle size, its concentration, desired efficiency of collection,
space available and maintenance cost. A preliminary selection of these devices
can be made based on the secondary data available. This has to be followed by
comparative cost analysis which must include operating and maintenance cost
also. After a general selection, a detailed engineering design is made which is
followed by actual cost, operating efficiency and pressure drop estimation. Due
weightage to the environmental implication are given before taking final decision.
Alternatively a physical simulation and control technique through treatability
studies would provide better option for final selection. This would not only
provide better control but also lead to realistic cost estimation for techno-
economic control.
References :
1. Danielson, "Air Pollution Engineering Manual", 1990
2. C.S. Rao, "Environmental Pollution Control Engineering", 1995
3. G.J. Celenza "Designing air pollution control systems", Chemical Engineering
Progress, Vol. 66(11), (1970), p.p. 31
258