India had a significant share of global exports in the early 20th century, but this declined steadily from 1950 to 1980, reaching a low of 0.4% before improving to around 1% by 1997. However, since the 2000s, India's exports have grown rapidly, reaching $252 billion in 2010-2011, with sectors like IT and pharmaceuticals driving growth. Various Indian governments have implemented policies to promote and diversify exports in order to reduce the trade deficit and dependence on foreign aid.
Trade Policy Reform of India 2008 - 2019
The Trade Policies in India are formulated by Government of India, Ministry Of Commerce And Industries and Department of Commerce.
It introduces various policies under FTP 2009-14. It also includes the role of EXIM (Export Import Bank) in foreign trade. It introduces the concept of Special Economic Zones. Changing trends in foreign trade in India are also shown in the presentation in the form of graphs and tables.
Non-Tariff barriers are trade barriers that restrict imports but are not in the usual form of a tariff.
Some common examples are anti-dumping measures and countervailing duties also called non-tariff barriers.
Non-Tariff barriers include macro-economic measures affecting trade.
Non-Tariff barriers comes under Trade Policy.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) consists of consumer spending, investment expenditure, government spending and net exports hence it portrays an all-inclusive picture of an economy because of which it provides an insight to investors which highlights the trend of the economy by comparing GDP levels as an index. It is used as an indicator for most governments and economic decision-makers for planning and policy formulation. In case of GDP, each component is given the weight of its relative price. GDP helps the investors to manage their portfolios by providing them with guidance about the state of the economy. Calculation of GDP provides with the general health of the economy. A negative GDP growth portrays bad signals for the economy. When the economy is expanding, the GDP growth rate is positive. If it's growing, so will businesses, jobs and personal income. If the GDP growth rate turns negative, then the country's economy is in a recession. It is not a measure of the overall standard of living or well-being of a country. Although changes in the output of goods and services per person (GDP per capita) are often used as a measure of whether the average citizen in a country is better or worse off, it does not capture things that may be deemed important to general well-being. Without an increase in GDP, there are always going to be limitations to economic development.
Trade Policy Reform of India 2008 - 2019
The Trade Policies in India are formulated by Government of India, Ministry Of Commerce And Industries and Department of Commerce.
It introduces various policies under FTP 2009-14. It also includes the role of EXIM (Export Import Bank) in foreign trade. It introduces the concept of Special Economic Zones. Changing trends in foreign trade in India are also shown in the presentation in the form of graphs and tables.
Non-Tariff barriers are trade barriers that restrict imports but are not in the usual form of a tariff.
Some common examples are anti-dumping measures and countervailing duties also called non-tariff barriers.
Non-Tariff barriers include macro-economic measures affecting trade.
Non-Tariff barriers comes under Trade Policy.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) consists of consumer spending, investment expenditure, government spending and net exports hence it portrays an all-inclusive picture of an economy because of which it provides an insight to investors which highlights the trend of the economy by comparing GDP levels as an index. It is used as an indicator for most governments and economic decision-makers for planning and policy formulation. In case of GDP, each component is given the weight of its relative price. GDP helps the investors to manage their portfolios by providing them with guidance about the state of the economy. Calculation of GDP provides with the general health of the economy. A negative GDP growth portrays bad signals for the economy. When the economy is expanding, the GDP growth rate is positive. If it's growing, so will businesses, jobs and personal income. If the GDP growth rate turns negative, then the country's economy is in a recession. It is not a measure of the overall standard of living or well-being of a country. Although changes in the output of goods and services per person (GDP per capita) are often used as a measure of whether the average citizen in a country is better or worse off, it does not capture things that may be deemed important to general well-being. Without an increase in GDP, there are always going to be limitations to economic development.
Introduction of foreign trade
Background
What is Trade? Meaning and Nature
Different Types of Trade
Internal and External trade
Advantages and Disadvantages of International Trade
Importance/Role of foreign trade in economic development of countries
Fdi in india:An analysis on the impact of fdi in india’s retail sectorSubhajit Ray
This presentation aims to briefly discuss the critical aspects of FDI in India, present a case study on the success of reforms in the telecommunications sector, analyze both sides of the arguments currently going on regarding FDI in retail and conclude with suggestive measures on the part of the government which can eliminate the negative effects of allowing FDI in India’s retail sector.
The presentations describes the 1991 Liberalization Privatization Globalization(LPG) model of Indian economy. Following are the topics discussed in the ppt:
Reasons for implementing LPG
Definitions
Advantages
Disadvantages
Disinvestment Commission
Successful privatizations in India
FDI
MNCs
Effects
Group 7
AGUILA, Don George Kinsee M.
DIMACULANGAN, Shella H.
DINGLASAN, Rydg Chrejt V.
MANTUANO, Dannah Francesca B.
OLAN, Elona Mathel B.
PAALA, Kaycee Ericka B.
PROMENTILA, Julie Anne E.
A2D - Macecon
India vs China: Trade is an Engine of GrowthAritra Ganguly
India and China are two major players in International Trade with potential to grow. This presentation takes a look at the history between these two great nations, how trade has flourished and helped economies to grow in terms of Trade Balances, how it can contribute to GDP growth, barriers to trade and how each country can maximise their potential in this regard.
Kegler Brown and the Ohio Development Services Agency presented "Succeeding in India: Business and Legal Insights" on Tuesday, October 14, with Dr. Manoj Kumar Mohapatra, Deputy Consul General, Consulate of India, New York, as the keynote speaker.
Topics included legal intelligence when conducting business in India, how the Ohio Development Services Agency can help Ohio businesses and a panel of local business leaders provided insight and practical advice from their experiences in India.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. INDIA- HISTORY
• Glorious Tradition
• Indian Spice and Cloth exported to East and West-
during 1920’s
• Colonial: Raw material exports and manufacturers
importing
• India’s Exports 300 Crores in 1920
• 5th Largest Exporting Nation- 1920’s
• 1947-48--- 400 Crores of Exports
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3. POST INDEPENDENCE
• Liberal Import Policy- Wartime shortages and to
help nascent industrial development
• Accumulated Sterling balances of Large external
aid
• Tighter Control on Sterling
• Forced exports as a priority in 1960’s
• Exports in 1st Five year Rs 962 crores
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4. POST INDEPENDENCE
• 977 Crores in 2nd Five year plan 1956-61
• Rising domestic demand and international
recession
• Change in Intl. trade pattern
• 1957 Imports was contained – only essentials
• World exports 1950’s Doubled
• India’s share in world exports
2.5%-in 948 to 1. 27% in 1958
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5. INDIA AND GLOBAL TRADE
India had a significant share in the world trade at
the time of independence. However, since then
there was a regular decline in India’s share in the
world exports till 1980. From 1950 to 1980 the
percentage declined from 2 to 0.4. It, how ever
improved to about 0.8 by 1997. It reached 0.83% in
2003 and rose to 1.45% in 2008.
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6. THE BREAK-UP OF FOREIGN TRADE IN TERMS
OF EXPORTS & IMPORTS (RS.CRORES)
Year Export Import BOT
1995-96 106353 122678 -16325
1996-97 85623 97111 -1488
1997-98 126286 151553 -25267
1998-99 101850 132447 -25267
2002-03 255137 297206 -42067
2003-04 291582 353976 -62394
2004-05 356625 481950 -125190
2005-06 456418 660408 -203990
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7. EXPORTS AS A % 0F NATIONAL
INCOME
YEAR IN %
1960-61 6.8
1970-71 3.8
1980-81 5.4
1990-91 7.2
1996-97 9.6
1997-98 8.4
1998-99 8.0
1999-00 8.5
2000-01 8.8
2001-02 8.7
2002-03 9.0
2007-08 17
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8. EXPORT STRATEGY
• Imports will increase and to finance them , we need
higher exports earning.
• It is not advisable to depend on external assistance
to finance imports.
• Debt-servicing burden is ever mounting,
necessitating increased export earning.
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9. INDIA’S INTERNATIONAL TRADE
India accounts for 1.3 percent of world merchandise trade (2009)
India ranks 21 among leading exporting countries in the world
(2009)
Among leading importers, India is ranked 14 and accounts for 2
per cent of total global imports
In respect of trade in commercial services India is placed in the
12th position among global exporters of commercial services
India exported 87 billion dollars worth of commercial services
in 2009 www.StudsPlanet.com
10. INDIA – SURGING EXPORTS
Total Exports during April- September (2011-12) topped $ 160
billion
52 per cent growth registered
Exports crossed target of $ 200 billion for 2010-11 to reach $ 252
Billion ( $41 per cent growth)
IT software and IT enabled services exports touched $49 billion in
2010 rising from $2 billion in 1998
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11. SLIDE 11
Mauritius has been the largest contributor towards FDI (42%)
Singapore (9%), USA (7%), UK (5%), Netherlands (4%), Cyprus (4%), Japan (4%),
Germany, France and UAE are among the top ten investors
Sectors attracting Highest FDI equity inflows are –
Financial and non financial services (21%)
Computer Software and Hardware (9%)
Telecommunications (8%)
Housing and Real Estate (7%)
Construction activities (including roads & highways)(7%)
Power (5%)
Automobile Industry (4%)
Metallurgical Industries (3%)
Petroleum and natural gas (3%)
Chemicals (2%)
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12. SLIDE 12
India-Regional Cooperation
Regional Trading Agreements have been a very prominent
feature of the Multilateral Trading system
India has signed free trade agreements with SAARC,
ASEAN , Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka and Bhutan,
Negotiating FTAs with EU, EFTA, Japan, Thailand and
Bangladesh
India is a member of the SAARC Regional Trading Bloc
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13. INDIA-REGIONAL COOPERATION
Regional Trading Agreements have been a
very prominent feature of the Multilateral
Trading system
India has signed free trade agreements
with SAARC, ASEAN , Singapore, South
Korea, Sri Lanka and Bhutan,
Negotiating FTAs with EU, EFTA, Japan,
Thailand and Bangladeshwww.StudsPlanet.com
14. FOREIGN TRADE POLICY
(2004-09)
OBJECTIVES
(i) to double our percentage share of global
merchandize trade within 5 years
(ii) to use trade expansion as an effective instrument
of economic growth and employment generation.
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15. ACHIEVEMENTS OF FOREIGN TRADE
POLICY (2004-09)
Looking back, we can say with satisfaction that the UPA
Government has delivered on its promise.
In the last five years ;
• our exports witnessed robust growth to reach a level of US$
168 billion in 2008-09 from US$ 63 billion in 2003-04.
• Our share of global merchandise trade was 0.83% in 2003; it
rose to 1.45% in 2008 as per WTO estimates.
• On the employment front, studies have suggested that nearly
14 million jobs as a result of augmented exports in the last five
years.
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