This presentation explains the conditions which led to the introduction of 1991 economic reforms of India, the key features of the reforms and the impact it created on Indian economy.
Liberalization privatization and globalization LPG 1991 Shruti Kumari
Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization in India. The economy of India had undergone significant policy shifts in the beginning of the 1990s. This new model of economic reforms is commonly known as the LPG or Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation model.
The New Economic Policy -1991
Liberalisation
Privatisation
Globalisation
Picture gallery
Just sharing my efforts makes me feel happy and self-satisfied. Feel free to use my works as your project work at school.
Contact me at @ashmitg132@gmail.com
An appraisal of economic reforms in India in 1991 periodHarshagrawal1996
An appraisal view/ analysis of economic reforms during 1991 industrial reforms period in India. Change in Indian Economy after LPG reforms 1991 with data. Suitable for all purposes. Main topics with detial are- Goals of Economic Reforms. GDP growth and Poverty Reduction. GDP growth and Employment Growth Rate. Improvement in industrial relations. Increase in productivity and Real Wage earnings. Neglect of Agriculture. Reforms and Industrial Growth. Performance of Public Sector. Economic reforms and inflation. Growth in infrastructure. Foreign trade and balance of payment. Foreign Investment. Regional Disparities. Social Infrastructure and Human Development. Conclusion
The presentations describes the 1991 Liberalization Privatization Globalization(LPG) model of Indian economy. Following are the topics discussed in the ppt:
Reasons for implementing LPG
Definitions
Advantages
Disadvantages
Disinvestment Commission
Successful privatizations in India
FDI
MNCs
Effects
This presentation explains the conditions which led to the introduction of 1991 economic reforms of India, the key features of the reforms and the impact it created on Indian economy.
Liberalization privatization and globalization LPG 1991 Shruti Kumari
Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization in India. The economy of India had undergone significant policy shifts in the beginning of the 1990s. This new model of economic reforms is commonly known as the LPG or Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation model.
The New Economic Policy -1991
Liberalisation
Privatisation
Globalisation
Picture gallery
Just sharing my efforts makes me feel happy and self-satisfied. Feel free to use my works as your project work at school.
Contact me at @ashmitg132@gmail.com
An appraisal of economic reforms in India in 1991 periodHarshagrawal1996
An appraisal view/ analysis of economic reforms during 1991 industrial reforms period in India. Change in Indian Economy after LPG reforms 1991 with data. Suitable for all purposes. Main topics with detial are- Goals of Economic Reforms. GDP growth and Poverty Reduction. GDP growth and Employment Growth Rate. Improvement in industrial relations. Increase in productivity and Real Wage earnings. Neglect of Agriculture. Reforms and Industrial Growth. Performance of Public Sector. Economic reforms and inflation. Growth in infrastructure. Foreign trade and balance of payment. Foreign Investment. Regional Disparities. Social Infrastructure and Human Development. Conclusion
The presentations describes the 1991 Liberalization Privatization Globalization(LPG) model of Indian economy. Following are the topics discussed in the ppt:
Reasons for implementing LPG
Definitions
Advantages
Disadvantages
Disinvestment Commission
Successful privatizations in India
FDI
MNCs
Effects
A Matter of Plain Reason: Why Christians Must Believe in Joseph SmithRonald Kimmons
They say: "You believe in a different Jesus."
I say: "It is wonderful that you believe in Jesus. Since you do, you have to believe in living prophets, as prophetic guidance is an essential aspect of Christianity. And no one in modern times has a stronger case for being such a prophet than Joseph Smith."
Human Cell Systems Biology for Drug Discovery and Chemical Safety. Presentation at the 7th Brazilian Symposium on Medicinal Chemistry, November 12, 2014, Campos do Jordao-SP, Brazil. Ellen Berg.
SmartSuite is an enterprise foundation that integrates and harmonizes POS and Syndicated Data with your internal master data to support business intelligence needs of all departments for consumer goods manufacturers.
On this 30 min. Webinar you will hear from Relational Solutions co-founder, Janet Dorenkott as she discusses: Harmonizing POS data with master data to support
• Assortment Optimization
• OOS & Potential OOS Issues
• Post Event Analytics
• Event Alignments & more
Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization (Six Thinking Hat Technique) Syril Thomas
Six Thinking Hats is a system which describes a tool for group discussion and individual thinking involving six colored hats. "Six Thinking Hats" and the associated idea parallel thinking provide a means for groups to plan thinking processes in a detailed and cohesive way, and in doing so to think together more effectively.
In the further slides me and my team members will be explaining L.P.G (i.e. Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization) using the Six Thinking Hat Technique. The team would be more focusing on India and brushing up some parts of the world in our presentation.
Making India a global hub an Artical writen by Raghuram G RajanSubin Suresh
this ia the study on how India can become a global hub what measures it is required to be taken for becoming a global hub. major pillars, India has to focus on.
this module describes aout the hr role and Excess of consumption and expenditure over revenue resulting in heavy govt. borrowings.
Growing inefficiency on the use of resources.
Over protection to industries.
Mismanagement of the firm and the economy.
Increase in losses for public sector enterprises.
Various distortion like poor technological development, shortage of foreign exchange and borrowing from abroad.
Low foreign exchange reserves.
Inflation
Market scenario before and after LPG policy and economic reforms,1991 in the time P.V. Narsimha Rao's govt. where political enterprenuer is Dr. Manmohan Singh.
Its about economics reforms that were introduced in 1991.
why such reforms were needed ?
what was situation at that time ?
what were the achievement and limitations of economic reforms ?
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
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how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
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3. Why new Economic Policy 1991 ?
• The Indian currency, the rupee, was
inconvertible and high tariffs and import
licensing prevented foreign goods reaching
the market.
• India also operated a system of central
planing for the economy, in which firms
required licenses to invest and develop.
4. • Restriction on Private Investment
• Socialism
• Mixed Economy
Internal debt liability increased to 53% of GDP.
Why new Economic Policy 1991
5. The Economic Indicators
• Since 1991, India's GDP has quadrupled, its forex reserves have surged
from $5.8 billion to $279 billion, and exports from $18 billion to $178
billion.
• The change in our lives and lifestyles is a lot more fascinating. Back in
1991, owning a Maruti 800 (Rs 1.48 lakh in Delhi) was a middle- class
status symbol.
• Scooters like Bajaj Chetak and Lambretta accounted for more than half of
the two-wheelers sold in the country.
• A bottle of soft drink, be it desi versions like Gold Spot or Thumps Up, cost
just Rs 4.50.
• Today, we are one of the consumption engines of the world as we are
guzzling colas, downloading music on our iPads and zipping around in our
sedans.
• The cola market is worth about Rs 10,000 cr, up from just Rs 200 cr in
1991.
6. Features of the new policy
• Integration with world economy with.
dismantling of tariff wall.
• Protection of foreign direct investment.
• upgrading the technology of production.
• Financial stability.
• Outward looking policies.
• Deregulation of domestic market.
7. Features of the new policy
– Correcting the disequilibrium in foreign exchange
market through demand reduction.
– Reform in trade policy
– Reduction in fiscal deficit
– Dismantling of barrier to free flow of capital.
– Depreciation of exchange rate.
8. The following steps were taken:
- In a brilliant political move, he instituted Dr Manmohan Singh (an economist rather than a
politician) as Finance Minister, and began India's Economic Reform (New India) by first
devaluing the Rupee
- Industrial de-licensing followed shortly afterward. Industrialists could finally breathe free of
the License Raj.
- The MRTP Act (that protected businesses from monopolies) was reformed and India could
finally be on the path to producing competitive and productive industries
- Gradual reduction of import duties followed, allowing foreign investments to slowly start
flowing in. More clearance was given to capital goods
- Slowly, taxes were lowered (income and corporate taxes) and Foreign Technology
Agreements started getting signed
- In cities where the population was less than a million, they didn't even need Government
permits for industries
- The threats of massive layoffs were avoided by legislating judiciously and exercising
regulations carefully
9. Components of New Economic policy
Exchange rate.
Trade and industrial policy.
Policies concerning the public sector.
financial sector.
Capital market.
10. Outcome of New Economic policy
• Liberalization
• Privatization
• Globalization
11. Liberalization
• Amendment in MRTP act.
• Emphasis to be on controlling and regulating
monopolistic, restrictive and unfair trade
practices
Except the six industries , all other kinds of
industrial license have been abolished.
14. Effect of new economic policy
(positive)
• Increase in GDP growth rate
• Increase in foreign direct investment
• Increase in foreign exchange
Fulfilled a long-felt demand of the corporate sector
for declaring in very clear terms that licensing was
abolished for all industries except 18 industries
which included coal, petroleum, sugar, motor cars,
cigarettes, hazardous, chemicals, pharmaceuticals
and some luxury items
15. Effect of new economic policy
(positive)
• Increase in per capita income
• Increase in foreign
trade.(Import,Export,FDI,FII,Merger )
• Increase mobility of factor of production
• Outsourcing
16. Effect of new economic policy
(negative)
• Growing unemployment
• Neglect of agriculture
• Growing personal disparities
• Infrastructural inadequacies
• Wide spread poverty.
17. Effect of new economic policy
(negative)
• Demonstration effect (luxury goods)
• Indian small scale industries badly affected
Failure of MRTP to break the monopolistic or
Oligopolistic character of the Indian market
18. The Negative side
• Faster growth has not reduced poverty as much as it should have done
• Growth has not created sufficient number of high quality jobs to satisfy the
aspirations of our increasingly educated youths.
• Growth has not been as regionally balanced as it should have been.
• The deficiencies in social development indicators such as primary
education, primary health care, safe drinking water, nutrition, sanitation,
etc., have also continued to exist.
• The low level of social development is affecting the country's economic
development.
• Woefully lacking in providing basic services such as healthcare, education,
safe drinking water, etc.
19. • The Gini coefficient, which measures income
inequality across households, has gone up from 25.8
in 1993-94 to 28.8 in 2009-10 in rural areas and from
31.9 in 1993.94 to 38.3 in 2009-10 in urban areas.
• The number of absolute poor in India has declined
only marginally from 404.9 m in 1993-94 to 397 m in
2009-10.
• The average rate of employment generation during
this period has been a meagre 1.3% per annum.
• During the last five years the rate of employment
growth has been the lowest at 0.2% .per annum
20. Share Of Services Sector In GDP
28.0
23.8 20.5
27.2
40.6 43.9
48.9
52.4
32.2 28.1
27.2 27.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 2004-05
Agriculture Industry Services
21. Economic Scenario : Post Policy
India - One of the fastest growing economies in the world
• Average GDP growth (1995 -2005) : 6.2 % per annum
• Average annual growth (1995 - 2005)
Agriculture & Allied :+ 2.1 % per annum
Industry :+ 6.6 % per annum
Services : + 7.8 % per annum
• Average Per Capita Income growth (1995 - 2005): 3.8 % per annum
• Inflation down to a single digit level continuously for the last ten years
• Foreign exchange reserves increased from US $ 2 b (March 1991)
» to US $ 145 b (September 2005)
• Merchandise Exports : +20 % average rate of growth in last three years
• Booming Services Exports from US $ 4.6 b in 1990-91 to US $ 51.3 b in
» 2004-05
22. Economic Scenario : Post Policy
• Balance of Payments surplus (US $ 26 b in 2004 - 05)
• External Debt Service Ratio down from 26.2 % in 1995 to 6.2 % in
2005
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) : Average +US $ 5 b pa in the last
» five years.
• Foreign Portfolio Investment : US $ 11.4 b in 2003-04 and
» US $ 8.9 b in 2004-05
• Reforms continuing and have unleashed dynamic forces –
» putting the economy on a trajectory of unparalleled economic
» growth in the future