The document provides an overview of the Indian sugar industry. It discusses the history and manufacturing process of sugar production. It then analyzes the current state of the Indian sugar industry, including sugar production cycles, government policies around sugarcane pricing, demand trends, exports and imports. The document examines opportunities and challenges for the industry, including the potential for ethanol production from sugarcane.

1. PROJECT REPORT
On
Indian Sugar Industry
Submitted by:
Anshul Rohit

2. CONTENTS
Part A- About Sugar Industry
Executive summary
Introduction
History
Manufacturing Process
Types of sugar
Sugar Brokers
Sugar Producers
Part B- Indian Sugar Industry Scenario
Introduction to Indian sugar industry
Sugar year 2012-2013
Recent supply and demand developments
Policies drive sugarcane production cycle
Central and state government price support policies for sugarcane
Indian sugar demand trends
Sugar Export Import of India
International Trade opportunity
Sugar cane production potential in India
Domestic Sugar policies
Sugar Industry in year 2012-13
Business Roadmap-Transformation Opportunities
Indian Sugar Industry

3. Part-A
About Sugar Industry

4. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In an era where there is a need for inclusive growth, the sugar industry is
amongst the few industries that have successfully contributed to the rural
economy. It has done so by commercially utilizing the rural resources to
meet the large domestic demand for sugar and by generating surplus
energy to meet the increasing energy needs of India. In addition to this,
the industry has become the mainstay of the alcohol industry. The sector
supports over 50 million farmers and their families, and delivers value
addition at the farm side. In general, sugarcane price accounts for
approximately 70 percent of the ex-mill sugar price .The sector also
have a significant standing in the global sugar space.
The Indian domestic sugar market is one of the largest markets in the
world, in volume terms. India is also the second largest sugar producing
geography. India remains a key growth driver for world sugar, growing
above the Asian and world consumption growth average. Globally, in
most of the key geographies like Brazil and Thailand, regulations have a
significant influence on the sugar sector. Perishable nature of cane, small
farm landholdings and the need to influence domestic prices; all have
been the drivers for regulations. In India, too, sugar is highly regulated.
Since 1993, the regulatory environment has considerably eased, but
sugar still continues to be an essential commodity under the Essential
Commodity Act. There are regulations across the entire value chain land
demarcation, sugarcane price, sugarcane procurement, sugar production
and sale of sugar by mills in domestic and international markets.
This research is an endeavour to study the International and domestic
sugar industry along with India’s ethanol production feasibility and its
regulatory framework. This research is based on assumptions about
general economic conditions, agricultural policies, population growth,
weather conditions, and technological changes.

5. The world sugar market continues to experience considerable price
volatility. The world indicator price for raw sugar witnessed a
succession of peaks and downward corrections in 2010 before soaring to
a 30-year high of USD 795.4/t in February 2011. Market fundamentals
driving volatile prices were large global sugar deficits in the previous
two seasons and adverse weather in a number of countries that reduced
the size of the expected rebound in production to higher prices. World
sugar stocks, which had already been drawn down, fell to their lowest
level in 20 years in 2010-11, supporting higher as well as more volatile
market prices. International sugar prices are expected to ease back over
in latter 2012 and into 2012-13, as production responds around the world
to recent high prices and the global balance moves into a larger surplus
that allows the start of stock rebuilding.
Brazil’s sugar production, as one of the lowest cost sugar producers with
considerable capacity to expand sugar cane area on a large scale, along
with the projected growth in ethanol production, will be key
determinants of global sugar production, which is projected to reach
over 209 Mt in 2020-21. Government policies that intervene in sugar
markets, and production cycles in some major cane producing countries
of Asia, will continue to influence world sugar production and price
volatility over the longer term. World sugar consumption is expected to
grow at a lower average rate over the longer term in response to higher
prices to reach 207 Mt in 2020-21.
A cyclical decline in sugar production is shifting India, the world’s
second largest producer, from net exporter to net importer during 2009-
10 (October/September) and contributing to the current run up in global
sugar prices. The downturn in production is primarily due to a policy-
induced cycle that has become increasingly pronounced. India is forecast
to shift from net sugar exports of 5.8 million tons in 2007-08 to net
imports of 2.8 million tons in 2008-09 and a record 6.0 million tons in
2009-10. Sugar production rebounded in 2010-11, as higher government
price supports and open-market prices stimulated plantings and
improves incentives to deliver sugarcane to sugar mills. In the longer

6. term, India has the capacity to boost sugarcane output, and the
government and the sugar industry are considering policy measures to
moderate the increasingly sharp cycles in sugar production and trade.
The Government of India launched National Bio fuel Mission in 2003,
primarily with a view to explore the potential of bio fuels as a cleaner
source of energy and to partially offset the growing burden of crude oil
import bills. This paper analyzed the economic viability and long term
sustainability of bio ethanol production from sugarcane molasses and
commercial feasibility of biodiesel produced from tree-borne oilseeds
like Jatropha. Based on the analysis the paper observed that, given the
slow growth in area and yield of sugarcane on the one hand and rising
demand for sugar, potable and industrial demand of ethanol on the other,
it is highly unlikely that the blending targets of ethanol with petrol
would be met as planned by the government. To ensure long-term
sustainability and economic viability of bio ethanol
Production, it is imperative to diversify the feed stock basket by
including more crops like sweet sorghum and tropical sugar beet and
encourage research on industrial production of second generation bio
fuels. The commercial feasibility of Jatropha based biodiesel largely
depends on evelopment of a proper supply chain by augmenting
marketing of Jatropha seeds, upgrading processing infrastructure and up-
scaling biodiesel distribution.
This research also studies the ethanol blended petroleum pricing
mechanism in India in comparison with the globally accepted price
mechanism. The research finds that the cost of producing ethanol varies
with molasses prices and hence cyclical variations in sugarcane
production largely determine the cost of ethanol production. However,
given the cyclical nature of sugarcane, a periodic review of ethanol
prices becomes critical. The pricing issue is also complicated by the
decontrol of petrol prices and administered pricing of sugarcane.

7. Introduction
Sugars are a major form of carbohydrates and are found probably in all
green plants. They occur in significant amounts in most fruits and
vegetables. There are three main simple sugars sucrose, fructose and
glucose. Sucrose is in fact a combination of fructose and glucose and the
body quickly breaks down into these separate substances.
The Need for Energy
All energy stored in food is derived originally from the sun and it is
made by green plant life. The sun's energy acts upon the green chemical
"chlorophyll" in the leaves of plants to produce sugars and starches from
the carbon-dioxide in the atmosphere and the water from the roots by a
process known as Photosynthesis. These carbohydrates (starches and
sugar) acts as a plants food and energy supply. The energy need of
human body is largely dependent on the carbohydrates that are derived
from plants.
A Balanced Diet
A balanced diet can come from a variety of different foods, calculated to
give the desired levels of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and
minerals. Nutritional scientists advocate that carbohydrates should
provide at least 50% of over energy requirements

8. History
The history of sugar has five main phases:
1. The extraction of sugar cane juice from the sugar cane plant and
the subsequent domestication of the plant in tropical Southeast
Asia many thousands of years ago (a firm date is unknown).
2. The invention of manufacture of cane sugar granules from the
sugar cane juice in India a little over two thousand years ago,
followed by improvements in refining the crystal granules in India
in the early centuries AD.
3. The spread of cultivation and manufacture of cane sugar to the
medieval Islamic world together with some up scaling of
production methods.
4. The spread of cultivation and manufacture of cane sugar to the
West Indies and tropical parts of the Americas beginning in the
16th century, followed by more intensive up scaling of production
in the 17th through 19th centuries in that part of the world.
5. The development of beet sugar, high fructose corn syrup and other
sweeteners in the 19th and 20th centuries.
The discovery of sugarcane, from which sugar as it is known today, is
derived dates back unknown thousands of years. It is thought to have
originated in New Guinea, and was spread along routes to Southeast
Asia and India. The process known for creating sugar, by pressing out
the juice and then boiling it into crystals, was developed in India around
500 BC.
Its cultivation was not introduced into Europe until the middle-ages,
when it was brought to Spain by Arabs. Columbus took the plant, dearly
held, to the West Indies, where it began to thrive in a most favourable
climate.

9. It was not until the eighteenth century that sugarcane cultivation was
began in the United States, where it was planted in the southern climate
of New Orleans. The very first refinery was built in New York City
around 1690; the industry was established by the 1830s. Earlier attempts
to create a successful industry in the U.S. did not fare well; from the late
1830s, when the first factory was built. Until1872, sugar factories
closed down almost as quickly as they had opened. It was 1872 before a
factory, built in California, was finally able to successfully produce
sugar in a profitable manner. At the end of that century, more than thirty
factories were in operation in the U.S.

10. Manufacturing Process
Manufacturing Process and Technology
Sugar (sucrose) is a carbohydrate that occurs naturally in every fruit and
vegetable. It is a major product of photosynthesis, the process by which
plants transform the sun's energy into food. Sugar occurs in greatest
quantities in sugarcane and sugar beets from which it is separated for
commercial use. The natural sugar stored in the cane stalk or beet root is
separated from rest of the plant material through a process known as
refining.
For sugarcane, the process of refining is carried out in following steps-
• Pressing of sugarcane to extract the juice.
• Boiling the juice until it begins to thicken and sugar begins to
crystallize.
• Spinning the crystals in a centrifuge to remove the syrup,
producing raw sugar.
• Shipping the raw sugar to a refinery where it is washed and filtered
to remove remaining non-sugar ingredients and color.
• Crystallizing, drying and packaging the refined sugar.
Beet sugar processing is similar, but it is done in one continuous
process without the raw sugar stage. The sugar beets are washed,
sliced and soaked in hot water to separate the sugar -containing
juice from the beet fiber. The sugar-laden juice is then purified,
filtered, concentrated and dried in a series of steps similar to cane
sugar processing.
For the sugar industry, capacity utilization is conceptually different from
that applicable to industries in general. It depends on three crucial
factors the actual number of ton of sugarcane crushed in a day, the

11. recovery rate which generally depends on the quality of the cane and
actual length of the crushing season.
Since cane is not transported to any great extent, the quality of the cane
that a factory receives depends on its location and is outside its control.
The length of the crushing season also depends upon location with the
maximum being in south India.
Sugarcane in India is used to make sugar, khandsari or gur. However,
sugar products produced worldwide are divided into four basic
categories: granulated, brown, liquid sugar and invert sugar.
Granulated: Granulated sugar is the pure crystalline sucrose. It can be
classified into seven types of sugar based on the crystal size. Most of
these are used only by food processors and professional bakers. Each
crystal size provides unique functional characteristics that make the
sugar appropriate for the food processor's special need.

12. Types of Sugar
Granulated Sugar
There are many different types of granulated sugar. Most of these are
used only by food processors and professional bakers and are not
available in the supermarket. The types of granulated sugars differ in
crystal size. Each crystal size provides unique functional characteristics
that make the sugar appropriate for the food processor's special need.
"Regular" Sugar, Extra Fine or Fine Sugar
"Regular" sugar, as it is known to consumers, is the sugar found in every
home's sugar bowl and most commonly used in home food preparation.
It is the white sugar called for in most cookbook recipes. The food
processing industry describes "regular" sugar as extra fine or fine sugar.
It is the sugar most used by food processors because of its fine crystals
that are ideal for bulk handling and are not susceptible to caking.
Fruit Sugar
Fruit sugar is slightly finer than "regular" sugar and is used in dry mixes
such as gelatin desserts, pudding mixes and drink mixes. Fruit sugar has
a more uniform crystal size than "regular" sugar. The uniformity of
crystal size prevents separation or settling of smaller crystals to the
bottom of the box, an important quality in dry mixes and drink mixes.

13. Bakers Special
Bakers Specials crystal size is even finer than that of fruit sugar. As its
name suggests, it was developed specially for the baking industry.
Bakers Special is used for sugaring doughnuts and cookies as well as in
some commercial cakes to produce fine crumb texture.
Superfine, Ultrafine, or Bar Sugar
This sugar's crystal size is the finest of all the types of granulated sugar.
It is ideal for extra fine textured cakes and meringues, as well as for
sweetening fruits and iced-drinks since it dissolves easily. In England, a
sugar very similar to superfine sugar is known as caster or castor, named
after the type of shaker in which it is often packaged.
Confectioners (Powdered) Sugar
This sugar is granulated sugar ground to a smooth powder and then
sifted. It contains about3% corn starch to prevent caking.
Confectioners’sugar is available in three grades ground to different
degrees of fineness. The confectioners’ sugar available in supermarkets
is the finest of the three and is used in icings, confections and whipping
cream. The other two types of powdered sugar are used by industrial
bakers.
Coarse Sugar
The crystal size of coarse sugar is larger than that of "regular" sugar.
Coarse sugar is normally processed from the purest sugar liquor. This
processing method makes coarse sugar highly resistant to colour change

14. or Inversion (natural breakdown to fructose and glucose) at high
temperatures. These characteristics are important in making fondants,
confections and liquors.
Sanding Sugar
Another large crystal sugar, sanding sugar, is used mainly in the baking
and confectionery industries to sprinkle on top of baked goods. The
large crystals reflect light and give the product a sparkling appearance.
Sugar produced in India is mainly of granulated type. Granulated sugar
is further classified in to various types based on colour and grain size.
According to the Indian Standards Specifications (ISI), there are around
20 grades of sugar based on the grain size and colors. The colour series
has four grades designated as 30,29,28 and 27, while the grain size has
five grades namely A, B, C, D, E. Bulk of production in the country is of
C, D and E grains, branded as large, medium and small and has colour
specification of 30. The D grade produced in the country is comparable
to world standards.
Brown Sugars - Turbinado Sugar
This sugar is a raw sugar which has been partially processed, removing
some of the surface molasses. It is a blond colour with a mild brown
sugar flavour and is often used in tea.
Brown Sugar (light and dark)
Brown sugar consists of sugar crystals coated in molasses syrup with
natural flavour and colour. Many sugar refiners produce brown sugar by
boiling a special molasses syrup until brown sugar crystals form. A

15. centrifuge spins the crystals dry. Some of the syrup remains giving the
sugar its brown color and molasses flavor. Other manufacturers produce
brown sugar by blending special molasses syrup with white sugar
crystals. Dark brown sugar has more color and a stronger molasses
flavor than light brown sugar. Lighter types are generally used in baking
and making butterscotch, condiments and glazes. Dark brown sugar has
a rich flavor that is good for gingerbread, mincemeat, baked beans, plum
pudding and other full flavoured foods.
Muscovado or Barbados Sugar
Muscovado sugar, a British speciality brown sugar, is very dark brown
and has a particularly strong molasses flavor. The crystals are slightly
coarser and stickier in texture than "regular" brown sugar.
Free Flowing Brown Sugars
These sugars are fine, powder-like brown sugars that are less moist than
"regular" brown sugar. Since it is less moist it does not lump and is free-
flowing like granulated white sugar.
Demerara Sugar
Popular in England, Demerara sugar is a light brown sugar with large
golden crystals which are slightly sticky. It is often used in tea, coffee or
on top of hot cereals.

16. Liquid Sugars
Liquid sugars were developed before today's methods of sugar
processing made transport and handling granulated sugars practical.
There are several types of liquid sugar. Liquid sucrose(sugar) is
essentially liquid granulated sugar and can be used in products wherever
dissolved granulated sugar might be used. Amber liquid sucrose (sugar)
is darker in color and can be used where the cane sugar flavor is
desirable and the non-sugars are not a problem in the product.
Invert Sugar
Inversion or chemical breakdown of sucrose results in invert sugar, an
equal mixture of glucose and fructose. Available commercially only in
liquid form, invert sugar is sweeter than granulated sugar. One form of
liquid invert was specially developed for the carbonated beverage
industry and can be used only in liquid products. This liquid sugar is
actually part invert sugar combined with part dissolved granulated sugar.
Another type, named total invert sugar syrup, is commercially processed
and is almost completely invert sugar. It is used mainly in food products
to retard crystallization of sugar and retain moisture.

17. Sugar Brokers
Sugar Brokers &
Wholesalers Address Phone Number
76, Rajammal
A R Layout,
Chocklingam Coimbatore - 641
Chettiar & Sons 001
Tamil Nadu, India
+ 91 - 422 -
2470687
113, Subbiah
Kesajee
Corporation
Mudaliar Street,
Coimbatore - 641
001,
Tamil Nadu, India
+ 91 - 422 -
2395605
11 / 33A,
Thadagam Road,
Lakshmi Sugar Edayarpalayam, + 91 - 422 -
Merchant Coimbatore - 641 2401028
025
Tamil Nadu, India
79, Subbiah
P N Nelson
Agency
Mudaliar Street,
Coimbatore - 641
001,
Tamil Nadu, India
+ 91 - 422 -
2395454
180, Race Course
Sakthi Sugars
Ltd
Road ,
Coimbatore - 641
018
+ 91 - 422 -
2210569

18. Tamil Nadu, India
Central Co-Op
Tamil Nadu Co-
Op Sugar
Federation
Bank Building,
State Bank Road, + 91 - 422 -
Coimbatore - 641 2300573
018
Tamil Nadu, India
105 / 106, Old
Tribhovandas Market Street,
Vendravan & Tiruppur - 641
Bros 604,
Tamil Nadu, India
+ 91 - 421 -
2240060
23 / 63, Subaiyah
Mudaliyar Street,
V Hirachand Coimbatore - 641
001,
Tamil Nadu , India
+ 91 - 422 -
2392993
438, Rangai
Gowder Street,
Vellingiri & Co Coimbatore - 641
001,
Tamil Nadu, India
+ 91 - 422 -
2391019

19. Sugar Mill Machinery
Sugar Mill
Machinery Mfrs
Address Phone Number
167, Thirumalayam
Palayam,
Aeromen Engg Co
Ettimadai Pirivu,
Coimbatore - 641
105,
Tamil Nadu, India
+ 91 - 422 - 2656495
A1, Kanakkal Street,
Doall Ehgineering
Products
K.K.Pudur,
Coimbatore - 641
038,
Tamil Nadu, India
+ 91 - 422 - 2447519
29-D, Dharapuram
Road,
Krishna Industries Udumalpet - 641 + 91 - 4252 - 223879
126
Tamil Nadu, India
12 / 15,
Ammankulam
Murthy Industries Street,
Coimbatore - 641
107,
+ 91 - 422 - 2654271

20. Tamil Nadu, India
761, Marapallam
Madukkarai,
R K Industries Coimbatore - 641 + 91 - 422 - 2622378
105,
Tamil Nadu, India
45, N Gounder
Sakthi Sugars Ltd
Street,
Pollachi - 642 001
Tamil Nadu, India
+ 91 - 4259 - 223935
1276, Mettupalayam
Sri Sujay Road,
Engineering Coimbatore - 641 + 91 - 422 - 2442430
Products 043,
Tamil Nadu, India
54, Sowripalayam
Sri Vijayalakshmi
Industries
Road,
Coimbatore - 641
028,
Tamil Nadu, India
+ 91 - 422 - 2316202

21. Sugar Producers
This is some of the sugar mills in India which produce a finished sugar.
Sugar Producers Address Phone Number
Bannariamman
Sugars Ltd
12/175 Sathy Road,
Annur, Tamil Nadu, + 2354214
India
23 / 63 Subbiah
Hirachand V &
Ottagee Sugars
Mudaliyar Street,
Coimbatore - 641
001,
Tamil Nadu, India
+ 91 - 422 - 2392983
53-54, Race Course
Road,
Jeypore Sugar Co
Ltd
Coimbatore - 641
018,
Tamil nadu, India
+ 91 - 422 - 2216767
338, Avinashi Road,
Peelamedu,
Raasi Sugars Coimbatore - 641 + 91 - 422 - 2576746
004,
Tamil Nadu, India
Rajshree Sugars
D 338 Avinashi
Road,
+ 91 - 422 - 2575199

22. Chemicals Ltd Coimbatore - 641
004,
Tamil Nadu, India
95-A, Vyshnav
Complex, Race
Sakthi Sugars Ltd
Course ,
Coimbatore - 641
004,
Tamil Nadu, India
+ 91 - 422 - 2211060
818, Ranga Gounder
Sri Velmurugan
Trading Co
Street,
Coimbatore - 641
001,
Tamil nadu, India
+ 91 - 422 - 2393381
1127, R G Street,
Velan Distributors
(P) Ltd
Coimbatore - 641
001,
Tamil Nadu, India
+ 91 - 422 - 2397733

23. Part-B
INDIAN SUGAR INDUSTRY
SCENARIO

24. Introduction to Indian Sugar Industry
Sugar is one of the oldest commodities in the world and traces
its origin in 4th century
AD in India and China. In those days sugar was manufactured o
nly from sugar cane. But both
countries lost their initiatives to the European,American andOce
anic countries, as the 18th
century witnessed the development of newtechnology to manuf
acture sugar from sugar beet. However, India is presently adomi
nant player in the global sugar industry along with Brazil in
terms of production. Given the growing sugar production and
the structural changes witnessed in Indian sugar industry, India
is all set continue its domination at the global level.
Indian sugar industry
is highly fragmented with organized and unorganized players.
The unorganized players mainly produce Gur and Khandari, the
less refined forms of sugar. Sugar industry, one of the major
agro-based industrial in India, has been instrumental in resource
mobilization, employment generation, income generation and
creating social infrastructure in rural areas. Indeed, sugar
industry has facilitated and accelerated pace of rural
industrialization. The government had a controlling grip over the
industry, which has slowly yet steadily given way to
liberalization. The production of sugarcane is cyclical in nature.
Hence the sugar production is also cyclical as it depends on the
sugarcane production in India. As the industry is a fragmented
one, even leading players do not control more than 4 percent
market in India. However, the situation is changing and players
off late are striving to increase their market share either by

25. acquiring smaller mills or by going for green field capacity
additions.
Indian sugar industry can be broadly classified in to two sub sect
ors, the organized sector i.e. sugar factories and the unorganized
sector i.e. manufacturers of traditional sweeteners like gur and
khandsari. The latter is considered to be a rural industry and
enjoys much greater freedom than sugar mills. The production
of traditional sweeteners gur and khandsari is quite substantial.
Though the trends indicate a progressive shift from traditional s
weeteners to white sugar over the years, they still account for
about 37% of total sweetener consumption in India. Since the
sugar industry in the country uses only sugarcane as an in input,
sugar companies have been established in large cane growing
states like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
Punjab and Gujarat. Uttar Pradesh leads the tally by contributing
24% of the countries total sugar production and Maharashtra
stands next with 20% contribution. The farmer’s co-operatives
own and operate the largest chunk of the industry's
total capacity.
They are concentrated primarily in Maharashtra and eastern Utta
r Pradesh. The largest number of sugar companies in the private
sector is located in southern India, in the states of Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
At present, there are 553 registered sugar factories having
capital investment of Rs. 50,000 crores and annual production
capacity of 210 lakhs metric tonnes (ISMA Report, 2008). The
annual turnover of industry is to the tune of Rs. 30,000 crores.
The central and state governments receive annually Rs. 5000

26. crores as excise duty, purchase tax, and cess. The sugar industry
in the country uses only sugarcane as input, hence sugar
Companies have been established in large sugarcane growing
states like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat,
Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh. These six states contribute
more than 85% of total sugar production in the country; Uttar
Pradesh and Maharashtra together contribute more than 57% of
total production. Indian sugar industry has grown horizontally
with large number of small sized sugar plants set up throughout
the country as opposed to the consolidation of capacity in the
rest of the important sugar producing countries, where greater
emphasis has been laid on larger capacity of sugar plants. Sugar
industry has brought socioeconomic changes in rural India by
way of facilitating entrepreneurial activities such as dairies,
poultries, fruits and vegetable processing, and providing
educational, health and credit facilities.
Source: FOA

27. Source: ISMA
Source: ISMA 2008

28. Sugar year 2012-13
In 2012-13, the sugar consumption reached about 22.5 mmt, a
similar level to that of the previous season. Production at around
24.5 mmt allowed end-of-season stocks to rise to about 15 days
of consumption. Exports were at 2.5 mmt within the highly
regulated policy structure of the Government of India. The OGL
(Open general license) scheme benefitted the mills to export at
the time when world sugar prices were at a premium over
domestic sugar prices. In 2012-13, the government had allowed
2.6 mmt of sugar exports, of which 1.5 mmt were under OGL in
three equal tranches. The GOI decisions on exports timings and
quantities in future shall depend upon the likely domestic
demand pattern and the crop assessment.
(In mmt, Source: Indian Mills Association)
The sugar prices, M-30, have been in the range of Rs 2400 to
3200 per qtl and is expected to be in the same range due to
delayed crushing in Maharashtra and UP, expected export
announcement, lower pipeline stocks, increase in acreage
compared to last year. The cane crop should rise again in 2011-
12 to reach to cross 25 mmt due to both an increase in the cane
areas and regular rainfall and satisfying agricultural cane yields
similar to those of the previous season. In Maharashtra, sugar
production forecasts are up and the area under cane has
increased.

29. Sugar industry is the second-largest agro based industry after
textile, employing 0.5 million people in the sugar mills and 50
million farmers engaged in sugarcane cultivation. India is the
largest consumer and the second largest producer of sugar across
the globe. Sugar industry is largely driven by domestic
consumption. Indian sugar industry is again entering the supply
glut situation after witnessing a production shortfall in the
previous two sugar season- SS2008-09 and SS2009-10.
However, allowing exports would help maintain the sugar prices
which peaked in SS2009-10. In SS2009-10, sugar production
registered a growth of 31 per cent to reach 24.5 mn tonnes on
YOY basis. However, the consumption declined in the SS2009-
10. Sharp increase in production coupled with the decline in
consumption led to increased levels of closing stock, thereby
driving sugar prices downwards. The production of sugar is
spread across the country. Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh are the
major sugar producing states in the country. In SS2009-10, these
six states together accounted for almost 94% of the total sugar
produced in India. In SS2009-10, the State of Maharashtra
produced the highest sugar at 7.0 mn tonnes followed by UP
with 5.1 mn tonnes. These two states together account for almost
64.5% of the total sugar produced in India.
Sugarcane is the primary raw material for the sugar industry. It
accounts for almost 80-85% of the total operating cost of the
sugar industry. UP is the largest sugarcane-producing state in the

30. country and accounted for about 36.2% of the total sugarcane
output in SS 2010-11 followed by Maharashtra with 23.6%.
Even though, UP is the largest sugarcane-producing state in the
country it is the second largest sugar producer in India as
recovery rates in UP are one of the lowest in India.
A cyclical decline in sugar production is shifting India, the
world’s second largest producer, from net exporter to net
importer during 2009-10 (October/September) and contributing
to the current run up in global sugar prices. The downturn in
production is primarily due to a policy-induced cycle that has
become increasingly pronounced. India is forecast to shift from
net sugar exports of 5.8 million tons in 2007-08 to net imports of
2.8 million tons in 2008-09 and a record 6.0 million tons in
2009-10.
Sugar production is poised to rebound in 2010-11, as higher
government price supports and open-market prices are likely to
stimulate plantings and improve incentives to deliver sugarcane
to sugar mills. In the longer term, India has the capacity to boost
sugarcane output, and the government and the sugar industry are
considering policy measures to moderate the increasingly sharp
cycles in sugar production and trade.

31. Recent Supply and Demand Developments
Indian sugarcane and sugar production are historically cyclical,
and the cycle appears to have become increasingly pronounced
in the 2000s. After soaring to 30.8 million tons in 2006-07, 39%
more than previous record set in 2002-03. Sugar production
dropped to an estimated 16.1 million tons in 2008-09 and is
forecast at 17.3 million tons in the current 2009-10 year. All of
India’s sugar is produced from sugarcane, and the swings in
production have been driven primarily by similarly large swings
in harvested area of sugarcane. Estimated area of 4.25 million
hectares in 2009-10 is about 17 percent below the record amount
in 2006-07. Although more than 90 percent of sugarcane area in
India is irrigated, yields are affected by the share of area that is
relatively high-yielding first-year growth and, to a lesser extent,
by variation in rainfall. Relatively small shares of first-year
growth in2008-09 and2009-10, as well as below-normal
monsoon rainfall in 2009, likely contributed to reduced average
sugarcane yields in 2008-09 and estimated yields for 2009-10.
In contrast to the volatility of production, Indian sugar
consumption has continued to expand relatively steadily due to
rising per capita incomes and government interventions to adjust
stocks, facilitate trade, and assure adequate monthly availability.
Despite the sharp drop in sugar production in2008-09 and
continued low output in2009-10, sugar consumption has
remained relatively stable and on trend due to monthly releases
of “free-sale” sugar into the open market and allocations of
subsidized “levy” sugar. However, despite net imports of 2.8
million tons in 2008-09 and an anticipated 6.0 million tons in

32. 2009-10, Indian sugar stocks are forecast to fall to 3.5 million
tons by October 2010, the lowest level since 1993-94.
Domestic open-market prices of sugar and gur, the primary
substitute sweetener, remain under pressure. For the 2008-09
marketing year, wholesale sugar prices averaged43 percent
higher in real terms than prices a year earlier, while gur prices
averaged 53 percent higher.

33. Policies Drive Sugarcane Production Cycles
India’s sugar area and production cycles are driven largely by
policy interventions, including sugarcane support price policies
set by the central and state governments as well as sugar storage
and trade policies set by the central government. Biological
factors also play a role, sugarcane remains in the field for 3
years once it is planted, and area and production adjust
downward slowly as price incentives fall, thus prolonging
periods of oversupply, weak market prices, and financial distress
for sugar mills. The key policy interventions are:
• Central and state government price support policies for
sugarcane.
• Central government regulation of releases of levy and free-sale
sugar and buffer stocks.
• Central government regulation of sugar trade.
• Other domestic marketing restrictions (e.g., private storage
limits).
Domestic Cycle: turning Shorter & Viscous

34. The average period for a sugar cycle has been decreasing over
the last 15 years. The primary reason for shorter sugar cycles
emanates from the short term cropping pattern of farmers with
respect to the widely fluctuating sugarcane prices vis-à-vis
steadily rising prices for other crops.
Source: ISMA

35. Central and state government price support
policies for sugarcane
In marketing year 2008-09, the Commission on Agricultural
Costs and Prices (CACP) under the Ministry of Agriculture
recommended annual Statutory Minimum Prices (SMP) based
primarily on estimated costs of production. State governments in
some of the major producing states then set higher State Advised
Prices (SAP) that mills in the state are required to pay sugarcane
growers. The substantially higher SAPs set by some state
governments account for regional variations in the productivity
and profitability of sugarcane, as well as pressures from local
sugarcane growers. The central government financed the cost of
supporting the SMP, but sugar mills were required to pay the
difference between the SMP and the higher SAPs and incur any
resulting financial losses.
There is strong but lagged relationship between changes in the
SAPs for sugarcane and changes in area harvested. Drops in area
harvested in 2003-04 and 2004-05 were preceded by declines in
real SAPs, and higher SAPs in2004-05 and2005-06
corresponded with increased area in 2005-06 and 2006-07. Most
recently, the drop in area in 2008-09 was preceded by sharply
lower real SAPs in 2007-08. The fall in sugarcane area in 2008-
09 was likely also influenced by the unusually large increases in

36. Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) for wheat and rice, which
compete with sugarcane for irrigated land, in 2006-07 and 2007-
08. Unlike the SMPs for sugarcane, the MSPs set by the central
government for wheat and rice are good indicators of prices
received by growers because a large share of the marketed
surplus of wheat and rice is purchased at the MSPs. The SAP
policy also affects the volatility of sugarcane area when it
imposes financial losses on sugar mills that prevent them from
honouring the SAP. During periods of surplus, SAPs can
continue to rise without any specific link to sugar market
conditions. These price hikes catch the mills between the fixed
SAPs they are required to pay and weakening market prices they
receive for their refined sugar. The resulting financial losses lead
to deferral or default by mills on payments to growers that
undermine incentives and contribute to volatility in sugarcane
planting and production.
With higher open-market sugar prices in 2009, as well as
central and state government measures to assist the mills, the
financial health of the mills has been largely restored and is not
expected to affect processing or grower payments for the 2009-
10 sugarcane crop. Government regulated releases of levy, free-
sale, and buffer stock sugar. The central government regulates
all releases of refined centrifugal mill sugar into the market by
sugar mills. Marketing of khandsari and gur, which are produced
by farmers and small-scale enterprises, is unregulated. Mills are
now required to sell 10 percent of their production at a fixed,

37. below-market levy price to the Public Distribution System for
sale to consumers determined to have incomes below the
poverty line. The remaining 90 percent of mill production is sold
at market prices, but the amounts that can be sold are determined
by quarterly quotas set by the central government.

38. Indian Sugar Demand Trends
In contrast to the volatility of sugar production and prices, sugar
consumption in India has grown relatively steadily, increasing
about 3.7 percent annually (2.0 percent per capita) since 1990-
91.While Policies have been associated with considerable
volatility in sugar production, trade, stocks, and prices,
government distribution programs have led to relatively stable
growth in per capita sugar availability. The stable growth in
consumption is also reflective of both the robust growth in
aggregate demand and the price inelasticity, or unresponsiveness
to changes in prices, of sugar demand. These factors stem from
sugar’s importance as an ingredient in tea, coffee, soft drinks,
and traditional sweets that play a central role in Indian diets.
Refined centrifugal sugar from sugarcane is the dominant
sweetener in India, with the two traditional sugarcane-based
sweeteners, gur and khandsari, accounting for smaller shares of
overall use. Khandsari has been declining in terms of production
and consumption, and it now accounts for only about 3 percent
of the market, but gur maintains a significant, albeit variable,
25-percent share of the market. Gur production and consumption
are unregulated and tend to rise in years when higher gur prices
or payment arrears by sugar mills create incentives for farmers
to divert sugarcane to production of gur. During 2008-09 and
2009-10, gur’s share of the market rose to about 35 percent
when growers diverted sugarcane from the financially distressed
mills, magnifying the drop in centrifugal sugar production
caused by reduced sugarcane plantings. Although India does
have an ethanol-petrol blending program using ethanol produced
from sugarcane, the program does not, so far, affect the supply

39. of sugarcane for the production of sweeteners. Unlike Brazil,
India produces all of its ethanol from molasses, which is a
normal by product of India’s centrifugal sugar milling process.
As a result, there is no trade off between sugar and ethanol
production.
India’s current goal is to require a 10-percent blend of ethanol
with petrol in 20 states and 4 union territories, subject to its
commercial viability. The drop in sugar production in 2007-08
and 2008-09 has led to reduced supplies and higher prices for
molasses and mills have been unable to deliver ethanol at the
currently negotiated price of Rs21.5/litre.

40. Sugar Export-Import of India
Like sugar production, sugar trade in India is cyclical, with
exports of primarily refined sugar during periods of surplus and
imports of mostly raw sugar during periods of deficit. Consistent
with the increased volatility of sugar production since the early
2000s, swings in sugar trade have also become more volatile.
Since 2000, India’s sugar trade has fluctuated between average
net exports of 1.3 million tons during 2000-01 and 2002-03, net
imports of 1.2 million tons during 2003-04 and 2004-05, net
exports of 3.3 million tons during 2005-06 and 2007-08, and
forecast net imports of 4.3 million tons during 2008-09 and
2009-10.

41. The shifts in India’s sugar trade are increasingly significant for
world markets, contributing to periods of both under supply and
over supply. India’s record 2007-08 exports accounted for about
11 percent of global exports, and record imports in 2009-10 are
forecast to account for 12 percent of world imports. India’s
current shift to large net importer is further tightening a world
sugar market that continues to adjust to European Union (EU)
sugar policy reforms begun in 2006. The EU reforms, including
reduced price supports, are due to be completed in 2009-10 and
have led to sharp declines in sugar production and exports by
member nations.
During 2006-07 and 2007-08, the EU-25 averaged net sugar
exports of 4.6 million tons, but by 2008-09, the EU-27 became a
net importer of 2.1 million tons of sugar. The major sugar
import markets affected by the instability of Indian supplies are
mostly nearby countries in South and Southeast Asia and the
Middle East, including Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, the United Arab
Emirates, Pakistan, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Yemen. India is a
small supplier of sugar to the U.S. market, with annual exports
averaging 8,082 tons during 2000-01 to 2007-08. Brazil, the
world’s largest sugar exporter, is India’s major supplier during
years of deficit.

43. International trade opportunity
International trade is of strategic importance to India as it can
help maintain stability in the domestic market, despite the
cyclicality in production. If there is a sugar surplus either due to
excess production or due to greater economic attractiveness of
cane for ethanol and cogen in the future, exports could be used if
the surplus cannot be managed in the domestic market.
Acceptability as a credible exporter will provide the Indian
sector an alternate set of markets for diverting surplus
production. Similarly, in case of deficits, raw sugar imports
could help bridge the supply gap.
India has the potential to export to major Indian Ocean markets,
due to freight competitiveness with respect to key competitors,
Brazil and Thailand. With EU exports reducing by 4.5 million
MT, world prices per MT of sugar are expected to increase in
the range of USD 50 to USD 100. This could potentially make
exports more viable for India. However, due to the increasing
emergence of destination refineries, key markets are importing
greater share of raw sugar, and India's competitiveness for raw
exports is relatively lower as of today. Currently, India's
competitiveness is higher in markets, where share of white sugar
imports as percentage of cumulative imports is higher. Going
forward, India would need to build the capability to produce raw
sugar and refined sugar of international quality standards, in
order to leverage the export opportunity.

44. The target markets are estimated to import 10 million MT of
sugar by 2017. India would be able to leverage this opportunity
through productivity improvements and alignment of cane and
sugar prices in the domestic market. India's competitiveness can
also be increased by enhancing export infrastructure like loading
rates and draft in Indian ports. Since the current cost structure of
the Indian industry is uncompetitive for exports, in case of a
large sugar surplus, the government could consider using WTO
compliant subsidies to enable exports while creating stability in
the domestic market. The industry could also explore ways of
collectively sharing losses due to exports, if any, since exports
would enable lower stocks in the domestic market, thus
benefiting both mills and farmers through higher sugar
realization.

45. Sugarcane Production Potential in India
India likely has significant potential to expand sugarcane
production by increasing both planted area and yield. While
India’s area planted to sugarcane, averaging about 4.5 million
hectares per year of primarily irrigated land, is the second
largest in the world after Brazil, it accounts for a relatively small
Share of India’s cropped area (about 142 million hectares) and
net irrigated area(about60 million hectares). Sugarcane,
however, is a year-round crop that typically remains in the field
for3 years, and returns to sugarcane production must be
competitive for irrigated land on which two and in some areas
three, crops are taken in one year.
Above figure provides gross returns from sugarcane, wheat-
paddy double crops common in irrigated areas of north India,

46. and paddy-paddy double crops common in irrigated areas of
south India over a10-year period. A comparison shows
generally higher returns to sugarcane, based on both average
SAPs and the lower SMPs, although there has been a
convergence in recent years due to the relatively large increases
in wheat and paddy MSPs. However, cost of cultivation data
indicate that labour costs for sugarcane are roughly double those
for wheat and paddy, suggesting that labour availability and
costs may be constraints to growth in sugarcane area.
India also appears to have the potential to improve sugarcane
yields, and the average sugar content of harvested sugarcane,
through a continued shift of planted area from northern states,
where the climate is subtropical, to southern states, where the
climate is tropical and conducive to higher sugarcane yields and
sugar recovery rates. Sugarcane yields in India average about 68
tons per hectare, about the same as China but below other major
producers, such as Australia, Brazil, and Mexico. But, an
increasing share of India’s sugarcane is being planted in
southern states, where yields average about83 tons/hectare,
rather than in north India, where yields average about58
tons/hectare. Although the northern state of Uttar Pradesh the
historical center of the Indian sugar industry still accounted for
about 46 percent of sugarcane area and 39 percent of output
during 2005-06 and 2007-08, the southern state of Maharashtra,
where both average yields and the sugar content of sugarcane
are higher, is now the largest producer of sugar. Most Indian
sugarcane is grown under irrigation in all major producing
states, providing favourable conditions for improving average
yields.

48. Domestic Sugar Policies
Sugar industry has two stages of policies
• Sugar cane price policy
• Sugar price policy
Sugar cane pricing policy
Sugar cane pricing is politically sensitive in India. Every year
central government announces Statutory Minimum Price (SMP)
for sugarcane. The sugar cane producing states also announce
their own State Advised Price (SAP), which is many times much
higher than SMP. The difference in SMP and SAP has resulted
in market distortions and huge pile of arrears with sugar mills to
be paid to farmers.
As per Sugarcane (Control) Order, 1966, sugar mills have to pay
cane price to farmers within 14 days of delivery of sugarcane
and any failure in this regard could attract penal interest rate of
15% per annum.
Government has been increasing SMP over the years except for
2008-09. Sugarcane production remained stable for three years
after record output in 2006-07. Stable SMP from 2006 to 2008-
09 and stagnant rainfall kept production lower. The sugar prices
started rallying from 2008 followed by fall in output in 2008-09.
It is observed that in 2009-10, production showed marginal rise,
despite huge increase in SMP (32.7%), because of fall in rainfall
(down by 20.5 percent from normal). The sugar cane output

49. estimated to increase by over 15 percent in 2010-11, favoured
by higher SMP and better rainfall. So, SMP and rainfall has
direct impact on production, but rainfall seems to be more
influential factor.
Apart from following price intervening policy in sugar cane,
Government also has price policy on consumption side.
Government has been following dual and partial sugar pricing
system for decades. Despite efforts from various industry to do
away with price intervention, Government continue to follow
dual price model to balance this highly sensitive market.
• Levy sugar
• Non-levy (free sale)
Levy Sugar-Under this policy, certain percentage of sugar
produced by mills has to be given to government as compulsory
levy at a price fixed by Government in every sugar season for
distribution in Public Distribution System (PDS).

50. Non-levy sugar (free sale)- Under this policy, sugar is allowed
to be sold in the market as per the quantity fixed by the
government. The free sale quota is mostly fixed on monthly
basis and also quarterly. In order to decontrol the sugar industry
in phased manner, Government reduced levy obligation of sugar
factories from 40% to 30% from January 1 2000. It further
reduced compulsory levy sugar to 15 percent from February 1
2000.

51. Sugar Industry in year 21012-13
Excessive availability of sugar this year is unlikely to deter
Indian exporters to intensify supplies to global markets and
increase realisation this year. Reeling under severe financial
stress, Indian sugar companies are looking for opportunities for
higher realisation from overseas markets with permission from
the local government.
The government of India had allowed one mt of exports under
open general licence so far.
An increase in India’s exportable surplus and strong production
prospects in key Northern Hemisphere producers will limit the
upside on prices. The important questions for the sugar market
in 2012 will be whether cane output in Brazil recovers after a
production setback, when and how much Brazilian cane will be
converted into ethanol instead of sugar, and the outlook for
Indian sugar exports.
Here I am attaching State wise production and stock of all
sectors factories, factory wise production & stock of sugar of
cooperative sugar factories at the end of March 2013 and state
wise average realisations from sale of non-levy sugar up to
February 2013 during the season 2012-13.
Data is maintained by NATIONAL FEDERATION OF
COOPERATIVE SUGAR FACTORIES Ltd.

62. BIBLIOGRAPHY
o http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx
o http://agricoop.nic.in/Agristatistics.htm
o http://dacnet.nic.in/eands/costofcultivation.pdf
o http://eaindustry.nic.in/
o www.sugarindustry.com
o http://coopsugar.org/notification.php
(National Federation of Cooperative Sugar Factories
Ltd.)