India's Independence Movement and Partition

The Indian Independence Movement
The history of the Indian Independence Movement against the British in the 20th Century was evidently influenced and motivated by the underlying
differences and perceptions of communal identities. The freedom struggle in essence was also an assertion of the interests and aspirations of the
diverse communities of the Indian subcontinent. The Indian National Congress and the Muslim League were the two big powers that sought to
mobilize public sentiments in the quest for Independence. While the Muslim League (formed in 1906), stood as a symbol of Islamic nationalism, the
INC on the other hand was seen as pro–Hindu (with a strong influence of radical groups like the Hindu Mahasabha).
Mohammad Ali Jinnah, initially a Congress nationalist, joined the Muslim League in 1913 in order to align the views of the two communities in their
collective struggle for freedom. The result was The Lucknow Pact which laid down the constitutional framework of seat and power sharing
arrangements for elections to the Provincial Legislative Councils. Muslims were provided with separate electorates and one third representation in the
Central government. Congress that claimed to fight only for secular goals and considered religion as a private matter of individual granted the separate
electorates for Muslim went against their very own ideologies. This lead to the settlement of differences between the two parties and immediate goal of
both the parties through the pact called for greater autonomy as a
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India After 20 Years
Draft January, 2007 INDIA's GROWTH: PAST AND FUTURE by Shankar Acharya* * Honorary Professor and Member Board of Governors, Indian
Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) Paper for presentation at the Eighth Annual Global Development Conference of
the Global Development Network, January 14–16, Beijing. 0 India's Growth: Past and Future By Shankar Acharya1 This paper is divided into five
sections. Section I briefly reviews India's growth performance since 1950 and indicates a few salient features and turning points. Section II discusses
some of the major drivers of India's current growth momentum (which has averaged 8 percent in the last 3 years) and raised widespread expectations
(at least, in India) that...show more content...
This acceleration was due to a number of factors, including: the early efforts at industrial and trade liberalization and tax reform dur ing the 1980s, a
step– up in public investment, better agricultural performance and an increasingly expansionist (almost profligate!) fiscal policy. Fiscal controls
weakened and deficits mounted and spilled over to the external sector, requiring growing recourse to external borrowing on commercial terms.
Against a background of a low export/GDP ratio, rising trade and current account deficits and a deteriorating external debt profile, the 1990 Gulf War
and consequent oil price spike tipped India's balance of payments into crisis in 1990/91. Although the policy reforms of the 1980s were modest in
comparison to those undertaken in the ensuing decade, their productivity "bang for the buck" seems to have been high (see Table 4) 2 . Perhaps this 2
Several different factor productivity studies support this conclusion, including: Acharya–Ahluwalia Krishna–Patnaik (2003), Bosworth and Collins
(2003) and Virmani (2004). 3 w as a case of modest improvements in a highly distorted policy environment yielding significant gains. Table 4: Growth
of GDP, Total Factor Input and Total Factor Productivity

Indian Economy After Independence : India
India is rich in natural resources and labor which has helped India progress after attaining independence from British rule in 1947. The purpose of this
research paper is to trace the Indian economy after independence. India is the largest democracy in the world with a stable democratic government.
Recently, India has elected a new prime minister, Narendra Modi who took office in the year 2014. (India Today). The new government in India is
credited with reviving the economy and strengthening India's foreign policy. Corruption, poor infrastructure, and economic shortages are a drag on
development, but with lower global oil prices, the economy has been sustaining a growth rate of about 7 percent. (Finance. Yahoo) furthermore, Modi
has opened the defense and insurance sectors to private investment as well making the government forces stronger and advancer. India's growth is
below potential because of the corruption in the government. India is set to emerge as the world's fastest–growing major economy by 2025 ahead of
China, as per the recent report by The World Bank. However, the inconsistent policies make it harder for the nation to progress economically as well as
politically. This paper will analyze the current growth in the economy of India and the outlook for the nation in the longer term.
The Indian economy has been a journey of evolution starting form agriculture and farming to heavy industrialization and transportation. Central
government planning's led to more

Agriculture In India – Introduction
Agriculture has been an integral part of the Indian Economy, before and after Independence, despite its decline in share of GDP (17.2% as of 2011).
Half of India's population depends on Agriculture as a livelihood. India is 2nd in farm output. It the largest producer of coriander, spices, millets and
many more; second in fruits such as mangoes and papaya; and third in rapeseed, tomatoes and coconuts. Yet 1/3rd of Indian population is under poverty
line.
Before independence:
The British colonial government of India did not pursue an active policy of agricultural development despite modest efforts to formulate one. Indian
exports, at the latter part of British Raj mainly comprised of foodgrains,...show more content...
The Partition created further imbalance. A major part of India's population was under the poverty line.
So the govt. was to initiate a growth process in agriculture and was faced with a challenge. It laid out a set of goals to be implemented by adopting a
package approach. Throughout the late 1940s and entire of 1950s, Campaigns focusing on food and cash crops were observed. The National Five Year
Plans initiated growth in agriculture after 1950.
Land reforms and technological developments took place simultaneously. Most of the national goals included land reclamation, land development,
consolidation, control of prices and forward thinking, mechanization and industry development. Chemical fertilizers were widely created.
Diversification of crops was also observed and non–traditional crops such as soybeans and peanuts gradually gained importance.
The growth strategy of Indian Agriculture evolved with time in several stages. In the early stages, aims were to eradicate socioeconomic constraints
through land reform, change in the village power structure, reorganization of the rural poor into cooperatives, and better citizen participation in
planning. The Land Tenure System was aimed to be abandoned (by removing Zamindari system). Area–specific intensive programmes were
implemented.
Production was increasing, but India's population was rapidly

Mahatma Gandhi was a primary leader of India's independence movement and also the architect of a form of non–violent civil disobedience that
influenced the world. Mahatma Gandhi was born on October 2nd, 1869 in Porbandar, Kathiawar, India, which was then apart of the British Empire.
He was assassinated on January 30, 1948. His father, Karamchand Ghandi served as a chief minister and his mother Putlibai was deeply religious.
Gandhi grew up worshipping the Hindu god Vishnu and followed Jainism, a morally rigorous ancient Indian religion that espoused non–violence,
fasting, meditation and vegetarianism. At the age of 13 Gandhi married a merchants daughter, in an arranged marriage. After his father's death,
Gandhi's family sent him to England in 1888 to study law, where he became interested in the philosophy of nonviolence. Gandhi returned to India in
1891, because he found little success in his attempts to practice law. Seeking a change of scenery, he accepted a position in South Africa for a year
where he assisted on a lawsuit. In South Africa, he became involved in efforts to end discrimination against the Indian minority there, who were
oppressed by the British. When the British cracked down on Indian civil liberties after World War I, Gandhi began to organize nonviolent protests.
When the British troops gunned down peaceful Indian protestors, it convinced Gandhi and India of the need to self–rule. After the war Gandhi's
reputation grew. He became even more adamant in his

Socio вЂ“ Political Situation of India
SOCIO – POLITICAL SITUATION OF INDIA
Any society is a fabrication of diverse regions, cultures, religions, politics and economical overtures. India is a unique land that harbours amorous
people and astounding cultures. As many would accept without doubt it is a RICH nation in every walk of life. Every Indian has something to feel
proud about in its history and riches. It has
в†ђ 5000 year old ancient civilization в†ђ 18 official languages, 325 spoken languages and 1652 dialects в†ђ 30 states and 5 union territories в†ђ
World's largestdemocracy with parliamentary form of government в†ђ 1.3 billion People in an area of 3.28 million sq.kms of which 7,516km is the
coastline в†ђ World's 4th largest economy with GDP of $567 bn...show more content...
LITERACY
[pic]With Kerala at one end and Bihar at the other the table above represent the paradox of India. From 18.33% of literates at Independece, we have
grown to be 64.84% today. This has enormously contributed towards our growth and development. Yet we have another 35% who are still illiterates
and all of them at the rural sector. The largest segment of worlds' illiterates are in India. But an encouraging factor is that the youth (15–24) literacy rate
is at 73.3%.
However our neighbour and competitor China has 98.9% of literacy under the same age group. Even the reduction in the school drop out which was a
major concern in implementing literacy programs is attributed to the famous midday meal scheme in the schools. May be schools are frequented by
many because it fills the stomach more than reaching out to the mind. Apart from the statistics what remains as a disturbing factor is that this growth in
education doesnot usher in the desired change in attitude and mind set of every educated Indian.
POLITICS
After 60 years of Independence with pride we can look back at the shaping of the democratic political system in the country. We are the largest
democratic political system in the whole world with 6 major national parties and innumerable small and approved parties. In spite of the vicissitudes
we have safe guarded the sovereignty of our land. There are more than 50% of the youth today who show great interest in politics compared to the 1990

India 's Development And Growth Essay
Background: India is one of the most popular countries in the world. Geographically, India is located at the south of the Asian continent. India's
development and growth has been one of the most significant accomplishments in recent times. India neighboring countries include Pakistan, Nepal,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Bhutan. The size of the population in India is 1,266,883,598 and the Territorial size of the country is 3, 287,
263 sq. km (The World Factbook, 2016). The prime minister of India is known as Narendra Modi who is the leader of the majority party in Lok
Sabha and is currently the head of the Council of ministers in India. India's political party that is in power right now is Bharatiya Janata Party. The
Bharatiya Janata Party, was first founded by Shyama Mukherjee in 1953 with the main purpose of safeguarding the Hindu interests in India (The
World Factbook, 2016). India is becoming more of an open market economy. While most emerging nations were have struggled mightily against the
strong U.S. dollar and falling commodity prices, India continues to lead. The view for India's long–term growth is positive due to the staggering young
population and corresponding low dependency ratio (World Factbook, 2016). For example healthy savings, investment rates, and increasing integration
play a role in the global economy. India being the 4th largest economy in the world, India has bought about a landmark agricultural revolution that has
changed the country

India
INDIA'S PROGRESS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
A New Frontier
The tradition of science and technology (S&T) in India is over 5,000 years old. A renaissance was witnessed in the first half of the 20th century. The
S&T infrastructure has grown up from about Rs. 10 million at the time of independence in 1947 to Rs. 30 billion. Significant achievements have been
made in the areas of nuclear and space science, electronics and defence. The government is committed to making S&T an integral part of the
socio–economic development of the country.
| |
India has the third largest scientific and technical manpower in the world; 162 universities award 4,000 doctorates and 35,000 postgraduate degrees
and the Council of Scientific and...show more content...
The INSAT series ofsatellite launched earlier are performing well and provide vital services for telecommunications, television, meteorology, disaster
warning and distress detection. The latest INSAT series include new features like Ku–band transponders and mobile satellite services transponders.
The remote–sensing satellites, launched in 1988 and 1991, have already become the mainstay of the natural resource management system of the country.
The projected launch of advanced remote sensing satellites will not only enhance the scope of their application, but will also offer commercial service
to other countries.
The Indian achievement in the application of space–based remote sensing technology has led a US company to enter into an agreement for marketing
the data from Indian satellites globally.
India's progress in space technology has attracted worldwide attention and demand, with leasing agreements for marketing of IRS data and supply of
space hardware and services. India also believes in co–operation in space with agencies all over the world. A high–level UN team selected India for
setting up a UN Centre for Space Science and Technology Education. India is on the threshold of achieving self–reliance in the launch capability. It
will be a befitting tribute to the father of the Indian space programme, Dr. Vikaram Sarabhai, whose 80th birth anniversary was observed in August

1996.
Electronics
The Department of

Sri Lanka Post Independence Essay
During the first decade after independence in 1948, Sri Lanka (commonly called Ceylon until 1972) continued as an open trading nation with only
relatively minor trade and exchange rate restrictions. From the late 1950s, a combination of the influence of the state of development thinking at the
time, change in political leadership and balance of payments difficulties led to the adoption of a state–led import substitution development strategy. By
the mid–1970s the Sri Lankan economy was one of the most inward–oriented and regulated outside the communist bloc, characterized by stringent
trade and exchange controls and pervasive state interventions in all areas of economic activity.2
At the time of independence Sri Lanka was regarded by many...show more content...
Sri Lanka was the first country in South Asia to undergo such policy transition (Panagariya 2002). The first round of reforms carried out during
1977–79 included a significant trade reform: supplanting quantitative restrictions on imports with tariffs and revising the tariff structure to achieve
greater uniformity; lifting of price controls on domestic trade; opening up the economy to foreign direct investment (FDI), with new incentives for
export–oriented foreign investment under an attractive Free Trade Zone (FTZ) scheme; the unification of the exchange rate followed by a sharp
devaluation; financial reform: adjusting interest rates to levels above the rate of inflation, opening the banking sector to foreign banks and freeing
credit markets to determine interest rates; and the abolition of state enterprise monopolies over the imports of a number of key commodities and the
introduction of limits on public sector participation in the economy.
The reform process lost momentum in the early 1980s, first because of an unfortunate shift in policy priorities towards politically appealing glamour
investment projects, and subsequently owing to the onset of the ethnic conflict in 1983 between Sinhalese–dominated Government of Sri Lanka and
the Tamil militants.3
3For discussions on the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka see Rotberg (1998) and Richardson (2005). Abeyratne (2004) provides a penetrating analysis of
how lack–lustre economic

India After Ww1
The question for this investigation is: "How did WW1 affect India's social development with Great Britain? India played a key part in World War
One; however, their contribution to Great Britain is severely overlooked. They began pushing towards a more self–government approach and this
began impacting their relations with Britain. Expecting to be rewarded for their efforts, India assisted Britain in the war by sending millions of
volunteers to the Western Front; thus began their alliance goals with them. Near the end of the war, they began realizing that self–government they
pictured wasn't going to happen, so tensions began rising towards the Independence movement with Mahatma Gandhi and the efforts towards Civil
Disobedience. Sources in relevance were "Letter from Gandhi to the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, 2 March 1930. No. 77" and The Lord Pethick–Lawrence's
"Britain's India Policy." There...show more content...
Hence, the purpose of this letter was written in hopes of giving the British government an idea of the tension India has with them since they do not
approve of their constrictive efforts and lack of acknowledgment for the war effort. It emphasizes the trend of decreased Indian involvement due to
British policy and outlines the effects this has on the people of India. This source is a valuable example of a personal statement made by the leader of
the Indian people and it introduces key concepts as to why British rule is a "curse." However, limitations to my investigation using this source are that
it may be biased since Gandhi is a Hindu reformer and this letter outlines his actions personally not the entire nation. Another limitation is the time
period in which the letter was written as it could not meet the needs of the people and the sacrifice they made and wanting

Since India's independence in 1947, the country has been growing exponentially in every possible way. The GDP and India's economy have both
been booming in the last 70 years. All of this incredible growth has brought with it a new wave of culture, technology and way of life. Close your eyes
and imagine the bustling streets of Ahmedabad, a city in the northwest of India. Hundreds of thousands of cars and scooters, all racing about to their
destinations, as thousands more walk around during the busy days under the sun. Engaging in commerce and socialization, the people of India from the
outside are looked down upon as the people of a developing nation. India is just that, developing, but there is nothing that anyone can say that makes it
...show more content...
"Public Health is not viewed as distinct and essential scientific discipline by policymakers and health administrators." (Mohindra et al. 839). Due to
this very controversial opinion, India provides little funding to public healthcare, and the distribution of these funds varies by state. So what does
this mean for the people? My grandfather, who resides in Ahmedabad, had faced many years of deteriorating knee pains. He finally after much
convincing considered getting knee replacement surgery to improve his quality of life and mobility. After an initial consultation, confirming his
eligibility for the knee replacement, he first entertained the idea of using public health care clinics. This would be much cheaper making it much less
cumbersome for our family financially, thus reducing some tension as well. He researched various public hospitals who were capable of performing
the surgery and found the top three institutions. After scheduling appointments with all of them, he was greeted by an NPC in a sub par check up
room in relation to hygiene and quality. The lack of funding showed. Even after seeing this he tried to schedule aa surgery date and was informed he
would have to wait months to get a time slot in the operating theatre (which was in direct correlation with the standards of the checkup room). My
grandfather was fed up and decided it was enough and instead approached private

India was granted independence from the British on 15 August 1947. Her to path independence was not because of one person or just one movement.
It was rather a collection of multiple events which were both violent and nonviolent in nature. In essence the Indian Independence Movement lasted
nearly a century starting with the Sepoy rebellion(1857) to the formation of the Indian National Congress to the Salt Satyagraha(1929) to the Quit
India Movement (1942) and finally Independence in the 1947. In this paper, we will discuss the roles of each of these movement and their effects.
Also discussed in this paper is the effect of music on the movement. Before we look in depth at the Indian Independence Movement, it is important to
understand...show more content...
This put the Company under immense financial burden and were forced to take loans to avoid bankruptcy. Following this, the British Parliament set up
the post of Governor–General to oversee activities by the Company and protect British interests in India (Lal). With a close watch from the British
Parliament and the Governor–General the Company continued to control and dominate India till the middle of the 20th century. But the straw that
broke the camels back goes or in this case the company relinquishing control of India over to the British Crown was the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857.
To control a vast territory the British copied the French system of recruiting natives to serve in the army(Butler). Therefore, the British enlisted the
natives and trained them to serve as sepoy(soldiers) in the army. Most of the sepoy were either hindus or muslims who would not eat meat or
consume pork respectively. By early 1857, the British began issuing new rifles to the sepoy regiments. To use the rifle, the sepoys had to bite off the
end of the cartridge, which included the gunpowder and the bullet. The cartridges were, however, were heavily greased with pork and beef fat
(Streets). If the sepoys were to use these new rifles, it would be strictly going against their religious beliefs. This mutiny turned into a revolt under the
pretence of religious beliefs being offended and "political, economic, social and cultural westernization" (Streets). The rebellion spanned a total of two

India 's Independence And Present Day India
WH Research Paper Rough Draft – Gandhi Truthfully, one becomes speechless and unsure of where to begin when conversing about Bapu. What can
be said for a mentor, leader, politician, and human being like Mahatma Gandhi? Words are vulnerable to describe such a god–like figure. His life is his
message from which people around the world have inspired their own lives from. He was from a middle class family, an average student in school,
shy, nervous, could not muster courage to speak in public, nor was a good writer. Despite these facts, Gandhi went on to become the "Father of the
Nation". When hearing such things, certain questions would cross the mind such as how did he do all of this? What made people follow him to such
an extent that they would stake their own lives for him? Why did people follow him? Such questions intrigues and puts oneself in wonderment of how
India's independence and present–day India's modern nationalism came to existence. Nevertheless, the dedication, non–violence, and the faith of
Satyagra enforced by Gandhi led to the independence of India, hence creating a modern nationalism for present–day India. This outcome came due to
two major reasons, patriotism and satyagra. Without the relevance and balance of both of these reasons, India would have never gained the freedom
and nationalism it has today.
The sole morality of Satyagraha became the path to gaining independence from the British. Satyagra was the greatest weapon that Gandhi used to
defeat the

CORBUSIER AND MODERNISM IN INDIA
Exploring the Influence of Corbusier in India and India on Corbusier
Post World War II, Indian architecture was already on its way towards modernism and was being shaped by western ideologies. After independence in
1947, the Indian government voted on the reconstruction of Chandigarh which was to be designed as a new idyllic city.
Albert Mayer and Mathew Nowicki were first commissioned to design the city but after Nowicki suddenly died, in 1951 Le Corbusier (on the right)
was invited by Jawaharlal Nehru (on the left) to plan the city as "a new town, symbolic of the freedom of India, unfettered by the traditions of the past".
This paved the way for Corbusier's architecture in India.
Although Corbusier was not the first choice to design Chandigarh, his modernist ideologies appealed to Nehru. Nehru wanted Chandigarh to be a clean
slate severing economic backwardness and colonial suppression.
Corbusier had proposed ideas for many cities, like Paris, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janiero, and Algiers. However, except for Chandigarh none had been
realized.
"The city of today is a dying thing because it is not geometrical. To build in the open would be to replace our present haphazard arrangements,"
Corbusier wrote in his book The City of To–morrow and Its Planning.
The idea of actually planning a city is unique for India. The picture above is a sketch by Corbusier showing the plan for Chandigarh on the left against
the one of Delhi on the right.

India 's Priority After Independence
The right to good health is of paramount importance not just in India but also in every corner of the world. It is sad that India, the world's most
populous democracy, can't guarantee that to our citizens especially to the ones who fall below poverty line. On one hand, our country is fast
becoming the hub for medical tourism where people from other countries flock to get good quality and affordable medical treatment. On the other
most of these facilities are simply not available to the natives who should be the first preference looking at the economy of the country (Bajpai, 2014).
Healthcare was never a top priority after independence. The initial focus was on agriculture, infrastructure and military. This led to social sectors like
health and education being neglected. In its recent assessment of the Indian economy, the Organization for Economic Co–operation and Development
(OECD) identified India's poor health outcomes as one of the country's major developmental challenges. India is a laggard in health outcomes not
just by OECD standards, but also by the standards of the developing world. In 2012, India witnessed 253 deaths per 100,000 persons due to
communicable diseases alone, much higher than the global average of 178. India faces a higher disease burden than other emerging economies such
as China, Indonesia, Brazil, Mexico and Sri Lanka. Even poorer neighbors such as Nepal and Bangladesh have a better record in health compared to
India (Gawande, 2012).
HISTORY
In

The Causes of Indian Independence in 1947 Essay
The Causes of Indian Independence in 1947
In 1947 India was declared an independent country from Britain, after years of peaceful and violent protests, pressure from all sides, and numerous
promises. Not only this, but Pakistan was also formed by partitioning the country into two, providing a separate homeland for the Muslims of India.
Although independence was greeting with relief from all, partition came with riots, millions of murders and a hatred between countries that has not
healed up even by today. The word "inevitable" in the essay title implies something which was almost 'destined' to happen from the beginning, and the
course of action could not be averted under any circumstances. In this...show more content...
This can be put down primarily to the harsh treatment of Hindus and Sikhs by Emperor Aurangzeb, despite the fact he made attempts to reconcile,
especially towards the Sikhs, in the last few days of his life. This underlying hatred continued for hundreds of years and it was perhaps the first cause
of hatred between Muslims and Hindus which made them believe they could not live together. This was an important first cause for the partition as it
instilled hatred between Hindus and Muslims.
The East India Company, or EIC was also the longest term cause, this time relating to independence by causing a rift between the British and Indians.
The EIC first landed at Indian shores in 1608 at the time of the Mughal Emperor Jehangir. Many years of trading followed as the EIC made large
amounts of money through lucrative deals with Indian businessmen. By 1744 the company was in a position to loan ВЈ1 million to England; however
this was detrimental to relations for all; British people saw the Indians as underhand, corrupt people (as these were the only people they came into
contact with) and the Indians saw themselves as being exploited. Men who travelled to India were seen as "fallen gentlemen", an image that was only
broken years later. This showed a lack of trust even from the beginning of the British Indian relationship as it begun with corrupt dealings and
exchanges. Although at this point

The Indian Independence movement started in 1857. At time of the movement, India had been under British control for many years. India never had
political freedom, so while they were under British colonization, they were becoming poor as the British were gaining wealth. Indians were being taxed
and treated unfairly. Mohandas Gandhi was the most important leader of India's independence movement. Gandhi made his people realize that they can
be self–reliant and stop paying the British government to oppress them. He showed India that they can have economic independence. Gandhi practiced
Hinduism and they believe in peace and equality. In Joseph Prabhu's "Gandhi's Economics of Peace", he says "The single most valuable idea of
Gandhi was village reconstruction and his stress on the self –sufficient, relatively nonindustrialized, "natural" rural life characterized by compulsory
bread labor for all, handicrafts, and simple market and distribution structures. Gandhi saw this as the best answer to the steep unemployment, illiteracy,
and powerlessness of the village poor, exploited both from within by rural landlords and from without by urban interests plundering their natural
resources." (Prabhu). Gandhi united his people and pushed them to use self–contained resources. After many non–violent protests and marches, Gandhi
and the people of India were able to...show more content...
He argues that religion makes us "narrow minded and keeps us from making our own choices. He says organized religions are dogmatic."To choose
unbelief is to choose mind over dogma, to trust in our humanity instead of all these dangerous divinities." (Rushdie 522) He believes that religion is
oppressing us because it keeps us from reaching our own potential. Religion focuses on the higher powers' wants and needs instead of human wants and

August, 14, 1947 and August, 15, 1947 the Indian partition of 1947 was created and it granted Indian its freedom from its 350 year of British ruling.
After India's freedom was granted it was divided into two states which were Dominion of Pakistan later known as Islamic republic of Pakistan and
Union of India later known as Republic of India. Right after the partition of 1947, it declared that it was leader or King of the state to decide if the
state should follow the Muslim or a Hindu religion. This Policy separated the people of India and Pakistan, and caused a lot of hatred between both
sides. This policy also cause huge problems because some states would have a huge population of Hindus, and the king would be Muslim which made
Hindus...show more content...
The United Nations mediation process brought the war to an end on January 1. The mediation force Pakistan to retreat its forces, while letting India to
maintain some strength of its forces in the state to preserve some law and order. It gave Pakistan two–fifths of Kashmir and India maintaining the
remind three fifths of Kashmir which included the most populous and fertile regions. This war caused 1500 soldiers died on each side. On August 5,
1965 the second Indo–Pakistani war took place. The conflict was also over Kashmir, it also started without a formal declaration of war. The war was
started by Pakistan, Pakistan also though it was great timing to start this war with India because they assumed that India's military would be unable to
defend against a quick military campaign in Kashmir. The first major battle in this war between Pakistan and India took place on August 15, when
Indian forces scored a major victory after a prolonged artillery barrage and took over three important mountains positions in the northern sector. A
month later, Pakistan counter attacked, which moved the war near Tithwal, Uri, and Punch. This attack provoked India to thrust into Azad Kashmir.
India also had other forces gain position on other mountains and eventually took over Haji Pir Pass which was eight kilometers into Pakistan territory.
India's claiming Haji Pir Pass, made

Indian Independence Movement and Gandhi
 Gandhi was an influential figure in our society. He taught many people about equal rights, honouring thy neighbour, and peace and
tranquillity. Although at times his actions were deemed improbable and insane nevertheless, they were effective. Life of Mohatama Gandhi;his goals
he accomplish for freedom for South Africa; and how Mohatama finally obtained freedom for India. Gandhi, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was
born in the present state of Gujarat on October 2, 1869. He was educated in law at University College, London. In 1891, after Gandhi was admitted to
the British bar, he returned to India and attempted to create a law practice in Bombay, which failed. Two years after his failure, and India firm with
...show more content...
Once more Gandhi was arrested but was released in 1931, stopping his methods after the British government agreed to some of his demands. In
1932, Gandhi began a new civil disobedience method against Britain. Gandhi was arrested twice, then fasted for long periods of time. These fasts
were effective against the British because if Gandhi dies all of India would have revolted against Britain. In 1934 Gandhi completely resigned
from politics and was replaced by a leader of the Congress party named Jawaharlal Nehru. Gandhi then travelled across India teaching passive
resistance. In 1939, Gandhi returned to political life because of the federation of Indian principalities with the rest of India. He then decided he
would force the ruler of the state to modify his autocratic rule. Gandhi fasted until his demands were met. When World War II broke out, Congress
and Gandhi demanded that a declaration of war aims and their application to India. Due to the unsatisfactory response from the British the party
decided not to support Britain in the war unless the country was granted independence. The British again refused only offering compromises, which
were rejected by the party. Gandhi was sent to prison in 1942 due to refusing to help Britain in the war even after Japan entered but was released two
years later suffering from Malaria. By 1944 Britain had almost completely

India's Independence Movement and Partition

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