Indian Constitution Unitary & Federal
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The document discusses key features of the Indian constitution including its quasi-federal nature with a central government and state governments that share powers. It notes the constitution establishes single citizenship across India and divides powers between central and state levels while making each supreme in its own sphere. The document also outlines other characteristics like the constitution being the supreme law of the land, written down, and containing provisions for flexibility, emergency rule, and governor appointments.
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Violation of the doctrine of separation of powers and accountability of the j...
The constitution regulates the structures and functions of the principle organs of the Government. It also regulates relationship between the institutions of the government by setting out balance of power among them. Separation of power is a means to balance the power among these three branches of government. The three branches are Legislative, Executive and Judiciary.
Government give separate powers to all the three branches but at some point the separation of power by government is violated because it is the need of situation. For example; during the time of some internal aggression or attack by any other country state or national emergency has to be applied among the state or country. This also includes the violation of power because during emergency president rule applied on the state or country, state government cannot rule during the emergency. But, in this situation the violation has not been done intentionally therefore this is not called the violation of Doctrine of separation of power. This can be measured by the Check and Balance theory.
The modern design of the doctrine of separation of powers is to be found in the constitutional theory of John Locke (1632-1704).He wrote in his second treaties of Civil Government as follows: “It may be too great a temptation for the humane frailty, apt to grasp at powers, for the same persons who have power of making laws, to have also in their hands the power to execute them, whereby they may exempt themselves from the law, both in its making and execution to their own private advantage” .
Any act done by Executive, Legislative or Judiciary cannot violate the Doctrine of separation of power because on each of these branches there are other two branches to check their acts and decisions given by them. Every branch has to give explanation about their each and every act and decision. Any wrong, unconstitutional or null and void decision taken by them can cause the impeachment order or arbitrary action against them.
This paper talks about the Doctrine of Separation of powers, Definition of Separation of Power, from where this doctrine has been adopted, violation of doctrine of separation of power, steps taken by government to control the violation of Doctrine of SOP . It also discuss the articles under which all the three branches of the government have their separate power. Role of all the three branches of government, relationship between Doctrine of SOP and Judicial Accountability. This paper will also discuss the relationship among all three branches of the Government and accountability of judiciary.
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Lecture 4 union and its territory
- Article 1 establishes India as a union of states rather than a federation, meaning states do not have the right to secede from the union.
- Article 2 gives Parliament the power to admit new states into the union or establish new states on terms it sees fit. This is how states like Goa were acquired.
- Article 3 allows Parliament to reorganize states by changing boundaries, merging states, or splitting states, but requires Presidential recommendation and consultation with state legislatures. This article means the union can alter states but states cannot alter the union.
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The constitution of India is considered to be the ‘General Will’ of the people of India. It is a document of immense importance.
It is not only is the basic law of the land but the living organic by which the other laws are to be created as per the requirement of the nation.
The life of a nation is dynamic, living, and organic its political, social and economic conditions are always subject to change.
Therefore, a constitution drafted in one era and in a particular circumstance may be found to be inadequate in another era in a different context.
It becomes necessary therefore to have machinery or some process by which the constitution may be adopted from time to time as per the contemporary needs of the nation. Such changes may be brought by different ways including formal method of amendment contained in Article 368 of the constitution. Article 368 of the constitution does not prescribe any express limitation upon the parliament’s amending power.
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Government give separate powers to all the three branches but at some point the separation of power by government is violated because it is the need of situation. For example; during the time of some internal aggression or attack by any other country state or national emergency has to be applied among the state or country. This also includes the violation of power because during emergency president rule applied on the state or country, state government cannot rule during the emergency. But, in this situation the violation has not been done intentionally therefore this is not called the violation of Doctrine of separation of power. This can be measured by the Check and Balance theory.
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Any act done by Executive, Legislative or Judiciary cannot violate the Doctrine of separation of power because on each of these branches there are other two branches to check their acts and decisions given by them. Every branch has to give explanation about their each and every act and decision. Any wrong, unconstitutional or null and void decision taken by them can cause the impeachment order or arbitrary action against them.
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- Article 1 establishes India as a union of states rather than a federation, meaning states do not have the right to secede from the union.
- Article 2 gives Parliament the power to admit new states into the union or establish new states on terms it sees fit. This is how states like Goa were acquired.
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The constitution of India is considered to be the ‘General Will’ of the people of India. It is a document of immense importance.
It is not only is the basic law of the land but the living organic by which the other laws are to be created as per the requirement of the nation.
The life of a nation is dynamic, living, and organic its political, social and economic conditions are always subject to change.
Therefore, a constitution drafted in one era and in a particular circumstance may be found to be inadequate in another era in a different context.
It becomes necessary therefore to have machinery or some process by which the constitution may be adopted from time to time as per the contemporary needs of the nation. Such changes may be brought by different ways including formal method of amendment contained in Article 368 of the constitution. Article 368 of the constitution does not prescribe any express limitation upon the parliament’s amending power.
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Federalism in India combines unitary and federal characteristics. While sovereignty comes from the central union government, powers are also distributed to state governments. India's system most closely resembles a federal system with a strong central government that can assume state powers in emergencies. Article 356 of the Indian constitution allows the central government to take control of a state government if it fails to function in accordance with constitutional provisions, but this was intended as an absolute last resort to maintain democracy and rule of law.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the Constitution of India. It begins by explaining that the Constitution is the supreme law of India that establishes the framework and structure of government. It then describes the key features of the Constitution, including that it is the longest written constitution in the world. The summary also explains that the Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly over several years and enacted on November 26, 1949. It came into force on January 26, 1950. The preamble establishes India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and guarantees certain fundamental rights and duties to its citizens. Key features of the Indian Constitution discussed include its federal structure with unitary features, an independent judiciary, adult franchise, and fundamental rights and directive principles
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Federalism
Federalism is a system of government where power is divided between a central authority and constituent units. In India, power is shared between the union and state governments according to the constitution. The constitution outlines three lists that distribute powers - the Union List grants the central government authority over national issues, the State List gives states control over local matters, and the Concurrent List allows both to legislate on shared subjects. The judiciary plays an important role in resolving disputes between the two levels of government.
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India has characteristics of both a federal and unitary system of government. While the constitution establishes two levels of government with divided powers, it also gives the central government strong authority over states. Some federal features like two parallel court systems and equal representation of states are absent. The constitution does not strictly conform to a federal model. India is thus considered a quasi-federal or incomplete federation, with a combination of federal and unitary elements designed to meet the country's needs. The central government retains significant control over states through powers like imposing president's rule, though states have autonomy in some matters. Scholars debate whether India's system leans more federal or unitary.
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Federalism is a system of government where power is divided between a central authority and constituent units. Key features include multiple levels of government, each governing citizens within their jurisdiction as specified in the constitution. India practices federalism through linguistic states which divide power along language lines, a language policy that protects minority languages, and power sharing between central and state governments. Decentralization further divides power to local governments.
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Federalism refers to a system of government where power is shared between a central authority and constituent units. In India, power is shared between the central government and state governments according to the constitution. Key features include two levels of independent yet interdependent governments, division of powers outlined in three lists, and an adjudicating supreme court. Decentralization further devolves power to local rural and urban governments.
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This document discusses federalism and decentralization in India. It defines federalism as a system of government where power is divided between a central authority and constituent units. India practices federalism through its three-tier structure of government with power shared between the central, state, and local governments. While India started as a "holding together" federation with an initially stronger center, power sharing has increased over time through the formation of new states along linguistic lines, the three-fold division of legislative powers, and recognition of regional political parties. Decentralization to local governments through the Panchayati Raj system aims to solve problems at the local level through increased participation and delegation of powers, though challenges remain in fully implementing this framework.
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The document discusses the nature of the Indian constitution, describing it as neither purely federal nor unitary, but a combination of both. It contains features associated with federalism like division of powers between central and state governments, an independent judiciary, and a written constitution. However, it also has unitary aspects like emergency powers for the central government, appointment of state governors by the president, and single citizenship. Overall, the document analyzes why the Indian constitution is considered a quasi-federal or cooperative federal system with a strong centralizing tendency.
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Federalism is a system of government where power is divided between a central authority and constituent units. In India, power is shared between the central and state governments according to the constitution. Key features include separate taxing powers and jurisdictions over various subjects for each level of government. India's federal system has succeeded due to the creation of linguistic states, flexible language policies, power sharing between central and state governments, and increased decentralization to local authorities through constitutional reforms.
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Federalism involves dividing power between a central authority and constituent units. In India, power is shared between the central and state governments according to the constitution. While not explicitly called a federation, India has a two-tier system with the central and state governments. A third tier of local governments was later added through panchayats and municipalities. Federalism in India balances unity and diversity through power sharing between levels of government and recognition of linguistic and cultural differences through state reorganization.
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The document provides an overview of key aspects of the Indian constitution, including its definition, purpose, and salient features. It notes that the Indian constitution is the longest in the world, written, and contains provisions for fundamental rights and duties of citizens, directive principles of state policy, single citizenship, universal adult franchise, a combination of rigid and flexible amendment processes, a republic and democratic form of government, federalism, secular and socialist policies, an independent judiciary, emergency provisions, one national language, and grassroots government systems.
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Federalism is a system of government where power is divided between a central authority and constituent units. In India, power is divided between the central government, state governments, and local governments. Key aspects of Indian federalism include a three-tier structure of governance, distribution of legislative powers between union and state lists, and the creation of linguistic states to better represent cultural diversity. However, local governments still face difficulties like irregular village assemblies and lack of resource/power transfers from states.
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The document discusses the features of federalism in India and its unitary nature. It outlines key features of federalism such as the division of powers between central and state governments, a written constitution, and an independent federal judiciary. However, it also notes unitary aspects of the Indian federation like the central government's ability to change state names and boundaries, a single constitution and judiciary, and centralized control in emergencies. Some additional unitary elements mentioned are single citizenship, a strong central authority, and state financial dependence on the central government.
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Federalism refers to a system of government where power is divided between a central authority and constituent units. In India, power is shared between the central government and state governments. The constitution outlines three lists that distribute legislative powers - the Union List for national issues, State List for local matters, and Concurrent List for common interests. Federalism aims to balance unity and regional diversity. Key aspects include mutual trust between levels of government and a constitutionally guaranteed division of powers.
Federalism the LEGEND OF INDIA
this is my frist upload , I took help from one of my friend in the slide share to do this ( ONLY INFORMATION ) I have done it not only for my project they become useful for u whenever needed As i did it whit a lot of hardwork
Constitution
this explains concept of Constitution which contains meaning, definition,classification,characteristics of good constitution and brief introduction Constituent Assembly of India
Studying the federal system
A federal system of government divides powers between a national government and regional governments as outlined in the constitution. In India, the federal system is based on the Canadian model and was needed due to the country's large size and social/cultural diversity. It establishes a dual government structure with powers divided between the state and central governments, and citizens have citizenship of the country but not individual states.
UNIT 5.pptx
The document discusses the federal system in India. It outlines the division of powers between the central and state governments as laid out in the constitution. The central government has powers listed in the Union List, states have powers in the State List, and both have concurrent powers in the Concurrent List. Residuary powers primarily rest with the central government. The distribution of powers aims to balance unity and diversity in India.
UNIT 5.pptx
The document discusses the federal system in India. It outlines the division of powers between the central and state governments as laid out in the constitution. Key points include:
- The constitution divides powers into three lists - the Union List, State List, and Concurrent List which delineate the jurisdiction of the central and state governments.
- Residuary powers primarily rest with the central government, though there are exceptions that allow parliament to legislate on state matters during emergencies.
- The system aims to balance unity and diversity across India's regions while allowing for self-governance. Overall it establishes a framework for cooperation between different levels of government.
Similar to Indian Constitution Unitary & Federal (20)
Indian polity by Legacy IAS Academy- Best IAS Coaching in Bangalore
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Features of the Indian Federalism along with its Unitary Nature
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Criminal Investigation & Forensic Science
Criminal investigation plays a pivotal role in maintaining law and order by establishing the facts of a crime and identifying the victim and culprit. It involves understanding the nature of the crime and criminal to effectively investigate by collecting evidence to answer questions about what happened, who was involved, when and where it occurred, what the motive was, and whether witnesses can be trusted. Police are the main investigators, but they work with other specialists and the evidence they gather is used to establish the details of the crime and identify the responsible parties.
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This document discusses several factors that can influence criminal behavior according to different criminological theories:
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2) Modernization, urbanization, and industrialization can sometimes lead to social disorganization and cultural conflicts between groups, resulting in deviant behavior.
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Powers of Controller in India
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Regulation on sale of Medicines
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Situation
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Composition of Arbitral Tribunal.
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Definition & Kinds Of States
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Section 4, Indian Patent Act, 1970
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
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国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理方法：
1客户提供办理新西兰林肯大学新西兰林肯大学毕业证学位证信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
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6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
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2：国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书这个入网证书并且可以归档到地方。
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4：个人职称评审加20分个人信誉贷款加10分。
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Patenting_Innovations_in_3D_Printing_Prosthetics.pptx
slide deck : Patenting innovations in 3D printing
原版制作(PSU毕业证书)宾州州立大学公园分校毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(PSU毕业证书)宾州州立大学公园分校毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
It's the Law: Recent Court and Administrative Decisions of Interest
2024 Idaho Water Users Association, Sun Valley, Idaho - June 11, 2024. Presented by Payton Hampton and Garrett Kitamura
快速办理(SCU毕业证书)澳洲南十字星大学毕业证文凭证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(SCU毕业证书)澳洲南十字星大学毕业证文凭证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
From Promise to Practice. Implementing AI in Legal Environments
Pim Betist's presentation about generative AI in the legal sector at Lexpo.com '24
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