India has experienced significant economic growth but still lags behind on key Millennium Development Goals like health, education, and gender equality. There are large disparities across states and between rural/urban and women/men. While India's growth and survival rates are better than Sub-Saharan Africa, it fares worse on nutrition. India has grown faster than Bangladesh economically but lags in health outcomes. China has grown much faster economically than India and consequently achieved better development results in areas like life expectancy, literacy, and child health.

1. Reflections on Session 1
The world we live in
A. K. Shiva Kumar

2. On Millennium Development Goals
The Millennium Declaration
6 fundamental values - essential to international
relations in the 21st century.
Freedom
Equality
Solidarity
Tolerance
Respect for nature
Shared responsibility
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3. India
What we find

4. Recognize…
• Significant expansion and diversification in
production
• Enviable growth record
• Impressive expansion in physical and
social infrastructure
But…in terms of MDGs – and in particular health,
education, nutrition and gender equality…
4

5. Poor performance
• India’s IMR is 50
– Malaysia 6, Thailand 12
• India’s MMR is 230
– Malaysia (29), Thailand (12)
• 28% babies born low birth weight
– 11% in Malaysia, 9% in Thailand
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6. Persistent inequality
• Across states
• Between rural and urban areas
• Between women and men
• Across communities – SC, ST and others
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7. An unequal India
Kerala Tamil India Uttar Bihar
Nadu Pradesh
Population in millions - 2011 33 72 1200 200 104
Per capita SDP in 2009-10 at Rs. 52,984 52,112 38,142 18,564 12,683
2004-05 prices
Growth in per capita GSDP: 2004- 7.7 8.5 7.1 5.1 8.8
2010 (%)
Education:
Literacy rate (%) - 2011 94 80 74 70 64
Female literacy rate (%) 92 74 65 59 53
% of females with no education 4 22 41 54 62
% girls 6-17 years attending school 90 85 71 69 56
Health:
Infant mortality rate - 2009 12 28 50 63 52
Children under 3 who are under- 29 33 46 47 59
weight (%)
Source: Census of India, NFHS-3; Census of India 2011

8. More differences...
Kerala Tamil India Uttar Bihar
Nadu Pradesh
Total Fertility Rate 1.9 1.8 2.7 3.8 4.0
% of children 12-23 75 81 44 23 31
months fully immunized
Institutional births (%) 100 90 41 22 22
Female-to-male ratio 1084 995 940 908 916
% of girls getting married 17 25 46 52 64
before 18
Source: NFHS-3; Census of India 2011

9. Anti-female biases
• Men continue to outnumber women.
– 927 in 1991
933 in 2001
– 940 in 2011
• Sex ratio of the child population (0-6
years) fell from
– 945 in 1991
– 927 in 2001
– 914 in 2011 9

10. How is India faring
vis-à-vis
Sub-Saharan Africa?

11. Better on growth and survival…
India Sub-Saharan Africa
Population in millions - 2009 1,198 841
GDP per capita (US$) - 2009 1,170 1,147
Annual growth rate in GDP (%): 1990-2009 4.8 1.8
Life expectancy at birth (years) 64 53
Infant mortality rate 50 81
Source: The State of the World’s Children 2011
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12. Not too different on some health and education
indicators …
India Sub-Saharan Africa
GDP per capita (US$) – 2009 1,170 1,147
Annual growth rate in GDP (%): 1990-2009 4.8 1.8
Life expectancy at birth (years) 64 50
Infant mortality rate - 2009 50 81
Neo-natal mortality (first 28 days of life) 34 37
Adult Literacy rate (%) 63 63
% popln. using improved sanitation 31 31
facilities
Female adult literacy rate (%) 48 51
Skilled attendant at delivery (%) 53 45
Source: The State of the World’s Children 2011
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13. Even worse than Sub-Saharan Africa on
nutrition…
India Sub-Saharan Africa
GDP per capita (US$) - 2009 1,170 841
Annual growth rate in GDP (%): 1990-2009 4.8 1.8
Life expectancy at birth (years) 64 53
Infant mortality rate 50 81
Neo-natal mortality (first 28 days of life) 34 37
Adult Literacy rate (%) 63 63
% popln. using improved sanitation facilities 31 31
Adult female literacy as % of male literacy 68 75
Skilled attendant at delivery (%) 53 45
Children under 5 underweight (%) 43 22
% infants with low birth weight 28 14
Source:The State of the World’s Children 2011 13

14. How effectively has economic growth
translated into improvements in health?

15. India has fared better than Bangladesh on
the economic front…
India Bangladesh
Population in millions - 2009 1198 162
GNI per capita (US$) – 2009 1,170 590
Annual growth rate in GDP (%): 1990-2009 4.8 3.4
Source: The State of the World’s Children 2011
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16. But Bangladesh moves ahead…
India Bangladesh
GNI per capita (US$) - 2009 1,170 590
Annual growth rate in GDP (%): 1990-2007 4.8 3.4
Life expectancy at birth (years) 64 67
Infant mortality rate 50 41
Under-5 mortality rate
1990 118 148
2009 66 52
Children under 5 underweight (%) 43 41
Source: The State of the World’s Children 2011
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17. China-India:
Racing towards what goals?

18. Country classifications
The World Bank uses Gross National Income per
capita to classify countries into three categories:
Low Income
Middle Income
Lower Middle Income
Upper Middle Income
High Income
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19. Country classifications
According to the World Bank:
GNI per capita 2009
Low Income $ 995 or less
Middle Income
Lower Middle Income $ 996 - $3,945
Upper Middle Income $ 3,946 - $12,195
High Income $ 12,196 or more
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20. Catching up with China:
What it means?
India China
GNI per capita (US$) - 2009 1,170 3,620
Annual Growth in GDP per capita 4.8 9.0
1990-2009 (%)
Life expectancy (years) - 2009 64 73
Adult literacy rate (%) 66 94
Infant Mortality Rate - 2009 50 17
Maternal Mortality Rate 230 34
Children under-5 under-weight (%) 43 8
Source: World Bank and UNICEF

21. The End